HEPATITIS B VIRUS INFECTION PROFILE IN CENTRAL BRAZILIAN HEMODIALYSIS POPULATION

Hepatitis B has proved to be a major health hazard in hemodialysis patients. In order to investigate the hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection profile in the hemodialysis population of Goiânia city - Central Brazil, all dialysis patients (N=282) were studied. The prevalence of any HBV marker (HBsAg, anti-HBs, and anti-HBc) was 56.7% (95% CI: 51.1-62.7), ranging from 33.3% to 77.7% depending on dialysis unit. HBV-DNA was detected in 67.6% and 88.2% of the HBsAg-positive serum samples, in 91.3% and 100% of the HBsAg/HBeAg-positive samples, and in 18.2% and 63.6% of the HBsAg/anti-HBe-reactive sera by hybridization and PCR, respectively. The length of time on hemodialysis was significantly associated with HBV seropositivity. Only 10% of the patients reported received hepatitis B vaccination. The findings of a high HBV infection prevalence in this population and the increased risk for HBV infection on long-term hemodialysis suggest the environmental transmission, emphasizing the urgent need to evaluate strategies of control and prevention followed in these units.

Gallium-67 imaging in a patient with paracoccidioidomycosis: a case report

A 26 year-old female was admitted with abdominal pain, fever and weight loss. The clinical and laboratory investigations led to the diagnosis of paracoccidioidomycosis. Gallium-67 whole body images correlated well with the clinical course of the disease and with the patient's prognosis.

Cytomegalovirus infection in children with Down syndrome in a day-care center in Brazil

This study evaluates the transmission of CMV infection in 120 children aged 1 to 15 years with Down syndrome who attended a day-care center for handicapped children in São Paulo, Brazil. A blood sample was obtained from each children at the beginning of the study for detection of IgG and IgM cytomegalovirus (CMV) antibodies by an immunofluorescence assay. Samples of saliva and urine were obtained every 3 months from the children with CMV antibodies to detect shedding of the virus by culture in human foreskin fibroblasts, by detection of pp65 CMV-antigen and by a nested PCR assay. The prevalence of anti CMV-IgG antibodies was 76.6% (92/120), and IgM anti-CMV antibodies were detected in 13% (12/92) of the seropositive children. During the first viral evaluation, CMV was detected in the urine and/or saliva in 39/90 (43.3%) of the seropositive children. In the second and third evaluations, CMV was detected in 41/89 (46%) and in 35/89 (39.3%) children, respectively. Detection of CMV was shown both in urine and saliva in 28/39 (71.8%), 19/41(46.3%) and 20/35 (57.1%) of the children excreting the virus, respectively. Additionally, in 33/49 (67.4%) of the excreters CMV could be demonstrated in urine or saliva in at least two out of the three virological evaluations carried out sequentially in a six month period. Of the 28 initially seronegative children, 26 were re-examined for anti-CMV IgG antibodies about 18 months after the negative sample; seroconversion was found in 10/26 (38.5%). Taking all 536 samples of urine or saliva examined by virus culture and pp65 antigen detection during the study into account, 159 (29.6%) were positive by virus culture and 59 (11%) gave a positive result with the pp65 assay. These data demonstrate the high prevalence of CMV shedding and the high risk of CMV infection in children with Down syndrome attending a day-care center for mentally handicapped patients. The virus culture was more sensitive than the pp65 CMV antigen assay for CMV detection in both urine and saliva samples.

D. João V e a lisonja

pp. 161-176

Angioplastia Directa como Terapêutica de Reperfusão no Idoso Acima dos 75 Anos

Introdução: A angioplastia primária é a terapêutica de reperfusão com melhores resultados no enfarte agudo do miocárdio (EAM). Este facto assume particular relevância na população acima dos 75 anos, em que o risco hemorrágico relacionado com a trombólise se associa ao acréscimo de mortalidade condicionado pela idade. Objectivos: Avaliar em doentes com síndrome coronário agudo (SCA) com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST e submetidos a angioplastia directa, a influência da idade nos resultados, incluindo evolução clínica, morbilidade e mortalidade intrahospitalar. População e métodos: Análise retrospectiva de 245 doentes consecutivos admitidos entre Janeiro de 2000 e Dezembro de 2001 por SCA com supradesnivelamento ST, com idades entre os 31 e 90 anos (63+-13), submetidos a angioplastia primária. Destes, 46 doentes (18,8%) com idade superior a 75 anos foram comparados com os restantes. Avaliaram-se os seguintes parâmetros: factores de risco cardiovascular – hipertensão arterial (HTA), diabetes mellitus (DM), tabagismo, dislipid��mia, história familiar -, antecedentes de angina ou EAM e angioplastia prévia; extensão de doença coronária, resultados, evolução clínica e mortalidade intrahospitalar. Resultados: Nos doentes com idade superior a 75 anos, o sexo feminino foi predominante (26 doentes, 56,5%), assim como a existência de HTA, angina e DM tipo2, embora sem significado estatístico. O tabagismo foi mais prevalente em idades inferiores (54,3% vs 13%;p<0,001), assim como EAM antigo (p<0,05). A taxa de sucesso primário global foi de 96,7% (93,5% no grupo acima de 75 anos). A doença de 3 vasos foi significativamente mais frequente na população idosa (41,3% vs 26,2%; p<0,05); a utilização de inibidores da glicoproteína IIb/IIIa foi menor (80,4% vs 91%;p<0,05). A evolução em classe clínica Killip (KK) foi mais favorável no grupo com menos de 75 anos (KKI: 88,4% vs 69,8%;p<0,001). Dos eventos estudados, observámos na população idosa maior ocorrência de complicações hemorrágicas minor (3,5% vs 13,0%; p<0,05) e de morte intrahospitalar (4,5% vs 19,6%; p<0,001). Conclusão: A angioplastia primária mantém nesta população uma taxa de sucesso primário semelhante. A maior incid��ncia de complicações hemorrágicas implica um maior cuidado na selecção da terapêutica antitrombótica adjuvante. A mortalidade significativamente mais alta neste grupo etário mantém-se, mesmo quando a angioplastia é o método de reperfusão escolhido.

Operação de Ross: Resultados a Médio Prazo

The Ross procedure has been used in children and young adults for aortic valve replacement and the correction of complex obstruction syndromes of the left ventricular outflow tract. We report the mid-term results of the Ross procedure in a single institution and performed by the same surgical team. Population: Between March 1999 and December 2005, 18 patients were operated on using the Ross procedure. The mean age at the time of surgery was 12 years, being 12 patients male (67%). The primary indication for surgery was isolated aortic valve disease, being the predominant abnormality in 58% of cases aortic regurgitation and in 42% left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Associated lesions included sub-aortic membrane in 3 patients (16%), small VSD in 2 patients (11%), bicuspid aortic valve in 4 patients (22%) and severe left ventricular dysfunction and mitral valve regurgitation in 1 patient (6%). Ten of the 18 patients (56%) had been submitted to previous surgical procedures or percutaneous interventions. Results: Early post-operative mortality was not seen, but two patients (11%), had late deaths, one due to endocarditis, a year after the Ross procedure, and the other due to dilated cardiomiopathy and mitral regurgitation. The shortest time of follow-up is 6 months and the longest 72 months (median 38 months). Of the 16 survivors, 14 patients are in class I of the NYHA and 2 in class II, without significant residual lesions or need for re-intervention. The 12 patients with more than a year of follow up revealed normal coronary perfusion in all patients and no segmental wall motion abnormalities. Nevertheless, two of the 12 patients developed residual dynamic obstruction of LVOT and in three patients aortic regurgitation of a mild to moderate degree was evident. Significant gradients were not verified in the RVOT. Conclusions: The Ross procedure, despite its complexity, can be undertaken with excellent immediate results. Aspects such as the dilation of the neo aortic root and homograft evolution can not be considered in a study of this nature, seeing that the mean follow up time does not exceed 5 years.

Utilização de Stents Revestidos com Fármaco em Angioplastia Primária - Resultados Clínicos a Longo Prazo

INTRODUCTION: The use of drug-eluting stents in the context of mechanical reperfusion following ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (MI) was initially viewed with concern. The main fear was that the drugs' action in unstable lesions could increase the risk of thrombotic stent occlusion. Furthermore, there was no evidence that the proven benefit of reduced instent restenosis could be extended to such patients, since they were excluded from the initial clinical trials. OBJECTIVES: To assess the safety and long-term clinical outcomes of the use of drug-eluting stents in primary angioplasty. METHODS: The first 100 consecutive and non-selected patients admitted for MI and treated by primary angioplasty with drug-eluting stent implantation in the target lesion were analyzed retrospectively. The efficacy and safety of the procedure, in-hospital clinical evolution and the occurrence of major adverse cardiac events in the first year were assessed. RESULTS: Patients' mean age was 58.2 +/- 11.5 years, and 78 were male. The success rate of primary angioplasty was 99%. Stents coated with sirolimus were used in 67 patients, paclitaxel in 19 and dexamethasone in 16. In-hospital mortality was 3%. The follow-up rate at 12 months was 98%. During this period, the rate of target vessel revascularization was 1% (with no patient requiring target lesion revascularization), MI 2%, and overall mortality 3.9%. Fourteen patients had clinical indication for repeat coronary angiography, which showed no significant in-stent restenosis. One event was considered to be due to acute stent thrombosis. The incidence of major adverse events was 5.9%. CONCLUSION: The use of drug-eluting stents in MI patients undergoing primary mechanical revascularization is safe and is associated with a reduced incidence of major adverse events, thrombosis and clinical restenosis at one year.

Distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes among blood donors from mid-west region of Brazil

In order to investigate the hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes in mid-west region of Brazil, 250 anti-HCV positive blood donors were studied. Among them, the anti-HCV serological status was confirmed in 205 (82%). HCV RNA was detected in 165 samples, which were genotyped. HCV types 1, 2 and 3 were found in 67.9%, 3% and 29.1% of the donors, respectively. In Goiás state, subtype 1a (50%) was the most prevalent, followed by subtypes 3a (30.9%) and 1b (16.7%). In Mato Grosso state, subtype 1a was also predominant (41%), followed by subtypes 1b (29.5%) and 3a (25%). In Mato Grosso do Sul state, subtypes 1a and 1b were detected equally (36.8%), followed by 3a (21.1%). Subtype 2b was rare (2.4%, 4.5% and 5.3%, respectively). In Distrito Federal, subtype 3a (39%) was more frequent than 1a (31.7%) and the remaining (29.3%) belonged to subtype 1b.

D(i)vagar se vai ao longe – Viver bem no Ritmo certo: exemplos de Tondela

Dissertação apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Antropologia – Culturas em Cena e Turismo

Amamentação e Dieta Materna. Influência de Mitos e Preconceitos

Introdução. Durante a gravidez e amamentação, algumasmães alteram a sua dieta com o propósito de aumentar a quantidade e/ou qualidade do seu leite. Objectivos. Caracterizar as alterações dietéticas maternas durante a gravidez e amamentação, identificar factores associados a essas alterações e a sua relação com a manutenção do aleitamento materno aos três meses de vida. Metodologia. Estudo observacional, descritivo, transversal bifásico de uma amostra de 122 d��ades mãe-filho, realizado num hospital de apoio perinatal diferenciado. Primeira fase: auto-preenchimento de um inquérito nas 48h após o parto, avaliando variáveis sócio-demográficas, história prévia de amamentação, conhecimentos e atitudes face à amamentação e a dieta materna. Segunda fase: inquérito telefónico três meses após o parto, avaliando a duração da amamentação, alterações dietéticas realizadas e eventuais associações a sintomas no lactente. Resultados. A idade materna média foi 30 anos; 43% frequentou o ensino superior; 81% referiu ter alterado a dieta durante a gravidez. Noventa e nove por cento pretendia amamentar e 98% planeava alterar a dieta durante a amamentação: café, chocolate, refrigerantes com cafeína, enchidos, conservas e feijão seriam os alimentos a evitar/eliminar. Aos três meses, 67% das d��ades mantinha o aleitamento materno; 89% das mães alterou a sua dieta neste período, com um padrão de alimentos evitados/eliminados semelhante ao referido na primeira fase; em 39% dos casos foi associada sintomatologia do lactente, sobretudo cólicas, a alimentos da dieta materna. Não foi encontrada associação entre o número de alimentos evitados/eliminados durante a gravidez/amamentação e a manutenção da amamentação aos três meses de vida. Conclusões. Este estudo evidencia as restrições dietéticas efectuadas pelas mães durante a gravidez e amamentação. A limitação da dieta materna na gravidez e amamentação reduz a experiência de sabores a que é exposto o feto e o lactentecom potencial prejuízo na diversificação alimentar. É necessário implementar medidas de ensino dietético para superar preconceitos.

A escola e os outros: um estágio interventivo na escola secund��ria D. Pedro V

Relatório de Estágio de Mestrado em Sociologia na Área de Especialização em Conhecimento, Educação e Sociedade

The Spectrum of Mutations and Molecular Pathogenesis of Hemophilia A in 181 Portuguese Patients

Disease-causing alterations within the F8 gene were identified in 177 hemophilia A families of Portuguese origin. The spectrum of non-inversion F8 mutations in 101 families included 67 different alterations, namely: 36 missense, 8 nonsense and 4 splice site mutations, as well as 19 insertions/deletions. Thirty-four of these mutations are novel. Molecular modeling allowed prediction of the conformational changes introduced by selected amino acid substitutions and their correlation with the patients' phenotypes. The relatively frequent, population-specific, missense mutations together with de novo alterations can lead to significant differences in the spectrum of F8 mutations among different populations.

Existem Diferenças nos Resultados da Angioplastia Directa no Sexo Feminino?

Introdução: Em doentes com enfarte agudo do miocárdio (EAM), a angioplastia percutânea (ACTP) é de forma crescente aceite como a terapêutica de reperfusão mais eficaz. No sexo feminino estão descritos factores com implicação prognóstica na evolução do EAM. Existem diferenças detectáveis de morbilidade e mortalidade, após ACTP directa, no sexo feminino? Objectivos: Avaliar o perfil clínico e os resultados, em termos de morbilidade e mortalidade intrahospitalar, em mulheres submetidas a angioplastia directa por síndrome coronário agudo (SCA) com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST. Metodologia: Análise retrospectiva de 245 doentes consecutivos, 72 dos quais do sexo feminino (29,4 %), admitidos entre Janeiro de 2000 a Dezembro de 2001 por SCA com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST e submetidos a ACTP directa. Avaliámos a prevalência dos vários factores de risco cardiovascular – hipertensão arterial (HTA), tabagismo, dislipid��mia, diabetes mellitus, história familiar –; antecedentes pessoais de angina, EAM e angioplastia prévios; horas de evolução do enfarte; características angiográficas e evolução clínica.Resultados: Do estudo descritivo dos dados, verificou-se que os doentes do sexo feminino eram mais idosos (67,9 ± 11,6 vs 59,6 ± 13; p < 0,001), com maior prevalência de HTA (65,3% vs 47,4 %; p < 0,05) e angina (29,0% vs 16,0 %; p < 0,05) e menor prevalência de tabagismo (27,8% vs 54,3 %; p < 0,001). A demora média (horas) entre o início da sintomatologia e a ACTP foi significativamente maior nas mulheres (6,8 ± 4,1 vs 5,4 ± 3,7; p < 0,05). Angiograficamente, o número de lesões existentes e abordadas foi semelhante nos dois grupos. Utilizaram-se inibidores da glicoproteína IIb/IIIa em 84,7% das mulheres e 90,8% dos homens. Dos eventos considerados, verificou-se maior ocorrência de complicações hemorrágicas minor (5,6% vs 5,2 %), arritmias (15,3% vs 10,4 %) e mortalidade intrahospitalar (9,7% vs 6,4 %) no sexo feminino, sem no entanto apresentar significado estatístico. A demora média intra- -hospitalar foi semelhante nos dois grupos. Conclusão: Apesar da crescente preocupação com a homogeneidade de abordagens diagnósticas e terapêuticas nos dois sexos, particularmente no acesso a terapêutica de reperfusão, a morbilidade e mortalidade são tendencialmente superiores na nossa população, sem contudo atingir significado estatístico. A idade mais avançada e a maior demora até à realização da angioplastia, podem explicar esta discrepância.

A Rare Variation of the Extensor Indicis Proprius Tendon With Important Clinical Implications

Introduction: Anatomical variations of the extensor tendons to the fingers are of great clinical interest, due to the relatively high frequency of tendon injury in clinical practice. Material and methods: During routine dissection of the right upper limb of a 67-year-old female preserved corpse, the extensor indicis proprius (EIP) muscle belly originated 3 independent tendons, each with a separate fascial sheath, forming a triple EIP tendon. There was a larger tendon, which occupied a central position, that represented the usual single EIP tendon. In addition, there were two thinner radial and ulnar accessory EIP tendons. The radial-EIP tendon crossed deep to the extensor digitorum communis (EDC) tendon to the index finger in the distal half of the dorsum of the hand to reach the radial side of the extensor expansion hood of the index finger. Discussion: According to the literature, the frequency of a triple EIP tendon ranges from 0%, to as high as 7%, although most authors do not acknowledge the presence of this variant in their series. This variant of the EIP tendon, in which the radial-EIP terminated laterally to the termination of the tendon of the EDC to the index finger, may be a source of confusion intraoperatively, as the EIP tendon has traditionally been identified on the basis of its ulnar location with respect to the EDC tendon. Conclusion: The possibility of a triple EIP tendon should certainly be born in mind by all surgeons when performing tendon repairs, tenoplasties or tendon transfers.