Phylogeny versus body size as determinants of food web structure

Food webs are the complex networks of trophic interactions that stoke the metabolic fires of life. To understand what structures these interactions in natural communities, ecologists have developed simple models to capture their main architectural features. However, apparently realistic food webs can be generated by models invoking either predator-prey body-size hierarchies or evolutionary constraints as structuring mechanisms. As a result, this approach has not conclusively revealed which factors are the most important. Here we cut to the heart of this debate by directly comparing the influence of phylogeny and body size on food web architecture. Using data from 13 food webs compiled by direct observation, we confirm the importance of both factors. Nevertheless, phylogeny dominates in most networks. Moreover, path analysis reveals that the size-independent direct effect of phylogeny on trophic structure typically outweighs the indirect effect that could be captured by considering body size alone. Furthermore, the phylogenetic signal is asymmetric: closely related species overlap in their set of consumers far more than in their set of resources. This is at odds with several food web models, which take only the view-point of consumers when assigning interactions. The echo of evolutionary history clearly resonates through current food webs, with implications for our theoretical models and conservation priorities.

RESOURCES, DEPRIVATION AND THE MEASUREMENT OF POVERTY

Ringen has advocated the use of both income and deprivation criteria in identifying those excluded from society due to lack of resources, a widely accepted definition of poverty. We illustrate with Irish data how this might be done, paying particular attention to how appropriate indicators of deprivation are to be selected. The results show that employing both income and deprivation criteria rather than income alone can make a substantial difference to both the extent and composition of measured poverty. This highlights the restrictive nature of poverty conceived in terms of exclusion rather than minimum rights to resources.

Coordination of palliative cancer care in the community: "unfinished business"

Goal: This study assessed the degree to which services in south-central Ontario, Canada, were coordinated to meet the supportive care needs of palliative cancer patients and their families. Participants and method: Programs within the region that were identified as providing supportive care to palliative cancer patients and their families were eligible to participate in the study. Program administrators participated in a semi-structured interview and direct-care providers completed a survey instrument. Main results: Administrators from 37 (97%) of 38 eligible programs and 109 direct-care providers representing 26 (70%) programs participated in the study. Most administrator and direct-care respondents felt that existing services in the community were responsive to palliative care patients' individual needs. However, at a system level, most respondents in both groups felt that required services were not available and that resources were inadequate. The most frequently reported unmet supportive care need identified by both respondent groups was psychological/social support. Most administrator (69%) and direct-care (64%) respondents felt that palliative care services were not available when needed. The majority of administrator and direct-care respondents were satisfied with the exchange of patient information within and between programs, although direct-care staff identified a deficit in information transferred on palliative care patients' social/psychological status. Conclusions: The study demonstrated the value of a theory-based approach to evaluate the coordination of palliative cancer care services. The findings revealed that service programs faced significant challenges in their efforts to provide coordinated care. © 2009 Springer-Verlag.

Population enumeration and assessing conservation status in a widespread amphibian: A case study of Rana temporaria in Ireland

Global amphibian declines are a major element of the current biodiversity crisis. Monitoring changes in the distribution and abundance of target species is a basic component in conservation decision making and requires robust and repeatable sampling. For EU member states, surveillance of designated species, including the common frog Rana temporaria, is a formal requirement of the 'EC Habitats & Species Directive'. We deployed established methods for estimating frog population density at local water bodies and extrapolated these to the national and ecoregion scale. Spawn occurred at 49.4% of water bodies and 70.1% of independent 500-m survey squares. Using spawn mat area, we estimated the number of adult breeding females and subsequently the total population assuming a sex ratio of 1:1. A negative binomial model suggested that mean frog density was 23.5 frogsha [95% confidence interval (CI) 14.9-44.0] equating to 196M frogs (95%CI 124M-367M) throughout Ireland. A total of 86% of frogs bred in drainage ditches, which were a notably common feature of the landscape. The recorded distribution of the species did not change significantly between the last Article 17 reporting period (1993-2006) and the current period (2007-2011) throughout the Republic of Ireland. Recording effort was markedly lower in Northern Ireland, which led to an apparent decline in the recorded distribution. We highlight the need to coordinate biological surveys between adjacent political jurisdictions that share a common ecoregion to avoid apparent disparities in the quality of distributional information. Power analysis suggested that a reduced sample of 40-50 survey squares is sufficient to detect a 30% decline (consistent with the International Union for Conservation of Nature Category of 'Vulnerable') at 80% power providing guidance for minimizing future survey effort. Our results provin assessments for R. temporaria and other clump-spawning amphibians. 2013 The Zoological Society of London.

Discursive Control, Non-Domination and Hegelian Recognition Theory: Marrying Pettit’s Account(s) of Freedom with a Pippinian/Brandomian Reading of Hegelian Agency

The aim of this article is to combine Pettit’s account(s) of freedom, both his work on discursive control and on non-domination, with Pippin’s and Brandom’s reinterpretation of Hegelian rational agency and the role of recognition theory within it. The benefits of combining these two theories lie, as the article hopes to show, in three findings: first, re-examining Hegelian agency in the spirit of Brandom and Pippin in combination with Pettit’s views on freedom shows clearly why and in which way a Hegelian account of rational agency can ground an attractive socio-political account of freedom; second, the reconciling of discursive control and non-domination with Hegelian agency shows how the force and scope of recognition become finally tangible, without either falling into the trap of overburdening the concept, or merely reducing it to the idea of simple respect; third, the arguments from this article also highlight the importance of freedom as non-domination and how this notion is, indeed, as Pettit himself claims, an agency-freedom which aims at successfully securing the social, political, economic and even (some) psychological conditions for free and autonomous agency.

A rapid PCR-based assay for identification of cryptic Myotis spp. (M. mystacinus, M. brandtii and M. alcathoe)

The development of a quick PCR-based method to distinguish European cryptic Myotis spp., Myotis mystacinus, Myotis brandtii and Myotis alcathoe is described. Primers were designed around species-specific single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP's) in the ND1 mitochondrial gene, and a pair of control primers was designed in the 12S mitochondrial gene. A multiplex of seven primer combinations produces clear species-specific bands using gel electrophoresis. Robustness of the method was tested on 33 M. mystacinus, 16 M. brandtii and 15 M. alcathoe samples from across the European range of these species. The method worked well on faecal samples collected from maternity roosts of M. mystacinus. The test is intended to aid collection of data on these species through a rapid and easy identification method with the ability to use DNA obtained from a range of sources including faecal matter.

Isolation and characterization of eight polymorphic microsatellite loci for Natterer's bat, Myotis nattereri (Vespertilionidae, Chiroptera)

Eight new microsatellite loci were isolated and characterized for the Natterer's bat Myotis nattereri from a microsatellite-enriched genomic library. The usefulness of these markers was assessed by screening a sample comprising 100 specimens collected from throughout the species range in Europe. Both moderately and highly polymorphic loci were identified with 3-17 alleles segregating per locus (mean 8.1 SE +/- A 0.048). No evidence for departure from HWE or linkage disequilibrium among loci was observed. These markers will provide a valuable addition to the molecular toolbox currently available for studies of population genetic structure, parentage and social organisation of M. nattereri and related species.

Ecological dynamics of extinct species in empty habitat networks. 2. The role of host plant dynamics

This paper explores the relative effects of host plant dynamics and butterfly-related parameters on butterfly persistence. It considers an empty habitat network where a rare butterfly (Cupido minimus) became extinct in 1939 in part of its historical range in north Wales, UK. Surviving populations of the butterfly in southern Britain were visited to assess use of its host plant (Anthyllis vulneraria) in order to calibrate habitat suitability and carrying capacity in the empty network in north Wales. These data were used to deduce that only a portion ( similar to 19%) of the host plant network from north Wales was likely to be highly suitable for oviposition. Nonetheless, roughly 65,460 eggs (3273 adult equivalents) could be expected to be laid in north Wales, were the empty network to be populated at the same levels as observed on comparable plants in surviving populations elsewhere. Simulated metapopulations of C. minimus in the empty network revealed that time to extinction and patch occupancy were significantly influenced by carrying capacity, butterfly mean dispersal distance and environmental stochasticity, although for most reasonable parameter values, the model system persisted. Simulation outputs differed greatly when host plant dynamics was incorporated into the modelled butterfly dynamics. Cupido minimus usually went extinct when host plant were at low densities. In these simulations host plant dynamics appeared to be the most important determinant of the butterfly's regional extirpation. Modelling the outcome of a reintroduction programme to C. minimus variation at high quality locations, revealed that 65% of systems survived at least 100 years. Given the current amount of resources of the north Wales landscape, the persistence of C. minimus under a realistic reintroduction programme has a good chance of being successful, if carried out in conjunction with a host plant management programme.

Navigating Grounded Theory:A critical and reflective response to the challenges of using grounded theory in an education PhD

This paper offers a critical reflection upon the use of a grounded theory approach within a doctoral study. As well as providing an outline of grounded theory, it begins by noting the existence of some powerful critiques of a grounded theory approach, in particular around the key concepts of ‘theory’, ‘discovery’ and ‘ground’. It is argued that, in some cases, grounded theory struggles to counter these challenges, especially in its ‘purist’ forms. However, with reference to research carried out as part of a PhD study of sharing education in Northern Ireland which employed a grounded theory approach, a case is made for an open and critical grounded theory based upon three principles: pragmatism; research as practice; and reflexivity. It is concluded that a reasonable case can be made for grounded theory where: grounded theory researchers maintain a balance between belonging to and critique of the grounded theory community; where there is an emphasis upon theorizing rather than the discovery of theory; and where the strengths of grounded theory as 'practice' and 'craft' are maximised.

Raymond Geuss’ radicalization of realism in political theory

Raymond Geuss has been viewed as one of the figureheads of the recent debates about realism in political theory. This interpretation, however, depends on a truncated understanding of his work of the past 30 years. I will offer the first sustained engagement with this work (in English and German) which allows understanding his realism as a project for reorienting political theory, particularly the relationship between political theory and politics. I interpret this reorientation as a radicalization of realismin political theory through the combination of the emphasis on the critical purpose of political theory and the provision of practical, contextual orientation. Their compatibility depends on Geuss’ understanding of criticism as negative, of power as ‘detoxified’ and of the critical purchase of political theory as based on the diagnostic engagement with its context. This radicalization particularly challenges the understanding of how political theory relates to its political context.

Isolation and characterization of thirty microsatellite loci for Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus L.)

Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus L.) is a widely distributed commercially important pelagic species. Little is known about the stock structure of this species, but it is thought to be undergoing a range extension due to environmental changes. Knowledge of the stock structure under these changing conditions is fundamental for effective management. In this paper, 30 highly polymorphic microsatellite loci developed with next generation sequencing are described. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 4 to 39 in two geographically distant populations, observed and expected heterozygosities ranged between 0. 370-0. 978 and 0. 426-0. 962, respectively. These loci are an important resource that will allow assessment of the current population genetic structure of this species, and enable monitoring of climate related changes in the species range and distribution. 

Competency-Based Theory For Achieving Innovation: The Case Of Post-Disaster Reconstruction

For those working in the humanitarian sector, achieving positive outcomes for postdisaster communities through reconstruction projects is a pressing concern. In the wake of recent natural disasters, NGOs have become increasingly involved in the permanent reconstruction of affected communities. They have encountered significant barriers as they implement reconstruction programmes and this paper argues that it is important to address the visible lack of innovation that is partially to blame. The theoretical bedrock of a current research project will be used as the starting point for this argument, the overall goal of which is to design a competency-based framework model that can be used by NGOs in post-disaster reconstruction projects. Drawing on established theories of management, a unique perspective has been developed from which a competency-based reconstruction theory emerges. This theoretical framework brings together 3 distinct fields; Disaster Management, Strategic Management and Project Management, each vital
to the success of the model. The objectives of this paper are a) to investigate the role of NGOs in post-disaster reconstruction and establish the current standard of practice b) to determine the extent to which NGOs have the opportunity to contribute to sustainable community development through reconstruction c) to outline the main factors of a theoretical framework first proposed by Von Meding et al. 2009 and d) to identify the innovative measures that can be taken by NGOs to achieve more positive outcomes in their interventions. It is important that NGOs involved in post-disaster reconstruction become familiar with concepts and strategies such as those contained in this paper. Competency-based organizational change on the basis of this theory has the potential to help define the standard of best practice to which future NGO projects might align themselves.

Applying the motivation-hygiene theory as a means of measuring learner satisfaction with blended learning courses in higher education

This study describes research on a postgraduate blended learning programme within the Department of Education at the University of Aveiro in Portugal. It is based on a multi-philosophical paradigm and examines students‟ satisfaction levels through the application of Herzberg‟s Motivation and Hygiene Theory. The main question being addressed in this research is: “Can the Motivation and Hygiene Theory be adopted as a means to measure student satisfaction with their blended learning environment?” Embedded within this research question are four fundamental questions which set the scene for the development of this research study and are explored in greater detail in Chapters 4 and 5 respectively: 1. What are the factors responsible for bringing about learning satisfaction with their b-Learning course? 2. What are the factors responsible for bringing about learning dissatisfaction with their b-Learning course? 3. Can these factors be represented as Motivation and Hygiene factors? 4. Will this method of measuring learning satisfaction lead to a set of guidelines that could be considered as a framework for the development of b-Learning courses? The results indicate that the Motivation and Hygiene Theory or an adapted version such as the Enricher and Enabler Theory proposed in this study could be considered as a plausible means of analysing an institution‟s b-Learning processes. The opportunity to carry out future research is evident and can be varied depending on the research objectives in mind. Examples where further exploration would be beneficial lay within the application of this theory to the wider sector; the use of larger samples, focusing on the teachers, as well as the learners and the application of Web 2.0 technologies as means of gathering information. The results of this research will be of great significance to those areas of education that are interested in locating quick and efficient means by which to evaluate their b-Learning and to no lesser extent e-Learning environments.

Gorgonians of the South of Portugal: biology, ecology and conservation

O papel ecológico das gorgónias (Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) nos fundos marinhos rochosos é mundialmente reconhecido. Contudo, a informação acerca da ecologia e biologia das espécies de gorgónias nas zonas temperadas do NE Atlântico é manifestamente escassa, especialmente tendo em consideração as actuais perturbações globais, regionais e locais. Nos fundos rochosos da costa algarvia até aos 30 m, verificouse que várias espécies de gorgónias são abundantes e frequentes, nomeadamente Eunicella labiata, Eunicella gazella, Eunicella verrucosa, Leptogorgia lusitanica e Leptogorgia sarmentosa. As populações de gorgónias são co-dominadas por diferentes espécies que apresentaram elevados índices de associação, indicando reduzidos níveis de competição entre elas. Em todo o caso, a estrutura dos povoamentos diferiu com as condições locais. Todas as espécies evidenciaram padrões de distribuição semelhantes ao longo do gradiente de profundidade, i.e. a abundância aumenta significamente com a profundidade após os 15 m. A profundidades mais baixas (até aos 15 m), a distribuição das gorgónias parece ser condicionada por factores abióticos e pela competição com algas. Com efeito, os padrões de distribuição espacial das espécies de gorgónias na costa algarvia são determinados pela interacção de pressões naturais e antropogénicas (ex. pesca). Ainda que as colónias de maior tamanho não tenham sido restritas a áreas menos pescadas, em áreas mais perturbadas pela pesca, a distribuição dos tamanhos das colónias estava maioritariamente desviada para tamanhos mais pequenos. Os efeitos das perturbações naturais nas populações de gorgónias foram evidenciados pela ocorrência de padrões demográficos distintos em áreas vizinhas sujeitas a níveis semelhantes de pressões antropogénicas. Estes estudos demonstraram, ainda, que os efeitos na distribuição de frequências de tamanho das colónias são dependentes das espécies de gorgónias em causa: Eunicella labiata não parece ser afectada; Leptogorgia sarmentosa é tendencialmente afectada por pressões antropogénicas; Eunicella gazella e Leptogorgia lusitanica aparentam ser afectadas, quer por pressões naturais, quer por pressões antropogénicas. Os efeitos verificados nos padrões da distribuição de frequências de tamanho, particularmente a tendência para o desvio destas frequências para tamanhos mais pequenos em áreas sujeitas a perturbações, poderão ter consequências para a biodiversidade dos fundos sublitorais rochosos na costa algarvia. Com efeito, o presente estudo apoia o paradigma geral de que os corais são habitats que suportam comunidades de elevada biodiversidade e abundância. Num dos poucos estudos que examinam a relação entre as gorgónias e as suas comunidades de invertebrados epibentónicos, foi verificado que as gorgónias (Eunicella gazella e Leptogorgia lusitanica) sustentam comunidades ricas (11 phyla, 181 taxa) e abundantes (7284 indivíduos). Estas comunidades são dominadas por anfípodes, mas os poliquetas tiveram um grande contributo para os níveis elevados de biodiversidade. Verificou-se, igualmente, que o tamanho da colónia desempenha um papel fundamental na biodiversidade, na medida em que as colónias de menor tamanho apresentaram um contributo mais baixo, comparativamente às médias e grandes. Ainda que ambas as gorgónias partilhem a maioria das espécies amostradas, 11 e 18 taxa foram exclusivos de Eunicella gazella e Leptogorgia lusitanica, respectivamente (excluindo indivíduos com presenças únicas). No entanto, a maioria destes taxa eram ou pouco abundantes ou pouco frequentes. A excepção foi a presença de planárias (Turbellaria) de coloração branca nas colónias de Eunicella gazella, provavelmente beneficiando do efeito de camuflagem proporcionado pelos ramos com a mesma coloração. Com efeito, a complementaridade entre as comunidades epibentónicas associadas a ambas as gorgónias diminuiu quando usados os dados de presença/ausência, sugerindo que os padrões de biodiversidade são mais afectados pelas alterações na abundância relativa das espécies dominantes do que pela composição faunística. As comunidades de epifauna bentónica associadas a estas gorgónias não só apresentaram valores elevados de ®-diversidade, como de ¯- diversidade, resultantes de padrões intrincados de variabilidade na sua composição e estrutura. Ainda que o conjunto de espécies disponíveis para colonização seja, na generalidade, o mesmo para ambos os locais, cada colónia apresenta uma parte deste conjunto. Na sua totalidade, as colónias de gorgónias poderão funcionar como uma metacomunidade, mas a estrutura das comunidades associadas a cada colónia (ex. número total de espécies e abundância) parecem depender dos atributos da colónia, nomeadamente superfície disponível para colonização (altura, largura e área), complexidade e heterogeneidade (dimensão fractal e lacunaridade, respectivamente) e cobertura epibentónica “colonial” (ex. fauna colonial e algas macroscópicas; CEC). Numa primeira tentativa para quantificar a relação entre as gorgónias e os invertebrados epibentónicos a elas associados (em termos de abundância e riqueza específica), verificou-se que a natureza e a intensidade destas relações dependem da espécie hospedeira e variam para os grupos taxonómicos principais. No entanto, independentemente do grupo taxonómico, a riqueza específica e a abundância estão significativamente correlacionadas com a CEC. Com efeito, a CEC provavelmente devido a um efeito trófico (aumento da disponibilidade alimentar directo ou indirecto), combinado com a superfície disponível para colonização (efeito espécies-área) foram as variáveis mais relacionadas com os padrões de abundância e riqueza específica. Por outro lado, ainda que a complexidade estrutural seja frequentemente indicada como um dos factores responsáveis pela elevada diversidade e abundância das comunidades bentónicas associadas a corais, a dimensão fractal e a lacunaridade apenas foram relevantes nas comunidades associadas a Leptogorgia lusitanica. A validade do paradigma que defende que a complexidade estrutural promove a biodiversidade poderá ser, então, dependente da escala a que se realizam os estudos. No caso das gorgónias, o efeito da complexidade ao nível dos agregados de gorgónias poderá ser muito mais relevante do que ao nível da colónia individual, reforçando a importância da sua conservação como um todo, por forma a preservar a diversidade de espécies hospedeiras, o seu tamanho e estrutura. Actividades antropogénicas como a pesca, podem, ainda, ter efeitos negativos ao nível da reprodução de espécies marinhas. Analogamente ao verificado para os padrões de distribuição espacial das populações de gorgónias na costa algarvia, a informação relativa à sua reprodução é igualmente escassa. Os estudos realizados em populações de Eunicella gazella a 16m de profundidade, demonstraram que o desenvolvimento anual das estruturas reprodutivas é altamente sincronizado entre os sexos. A razão entre sexos na população foi de 1.09 (F:M), encontrando-se perto da paridade. A espermatogénese estende-se por 6 a 8 meses, enquanto que a oogénese é mais demorada, levando mais de um ano para que os oócitos se desenvolvam até estarem maduros. Antes da libertação dos gâmetas, foi observada uma elevada fecundidade nas fêmeas (27.30§13.24 oócitos pólipo−1) e nos machos (49.30§31.14 sacos espermáticos pólipo−1). Estes valores encontram-se entre os mais elevados reportados à data para zonas temperadas. A libertação dos gâmetas (não há evidência de desenvolvimento larvar, nem à superfície da colónia, nem no seu interior) occorre em Setembro/ Outubro, após um período de elevada temperatura da água do mar. As fêmeas emitem oócitos maduros de elevadas dimensões, retendo, todavia, os oócitos imaturos que se desenvolvem apenas na época seguinte. Ainda que o efeito da pesca nas populações de gorgónias da costa do Algarve seja perceptível, às taxas actuais, o mergulho recreativo não aparenta afectar seriamente estas populações. Contudo, sendo uma indústria em expansão e conhecendo-se a preferência de mergulhadores por áreas rochosas naturais ricas em espécies bentónicas, futuramente poderá vir a afectar estes habitats. A monitorização de mergulhadores na costa algarvia mostrou que a sua maioria (88.6 %) apresenta comportamentos que podem impactar o habitat, com uma taxa média de contactos de 0.340§0.028 contactos min−1. Esta taxa foi mais elevada em mergulhadores com moderada experiência e na fase inicial do mergulho (0–10 min). Os contactos com as barbatanas e mãos foram comuns, resultando, maioritariamente, na resuspensão do sedimento, mas geralmente apresentando um impacto reduzido. Todavia, a fauna também foi afectada, quer por danos físicos, quer pela interacção com os mergulhadores, e num cenário de expansão significativa desta actividade, os impactos na fauna local poderão aumentar, com consequências para os ecossistemas de fundos rochosos da costa sul de Portugal. Na sua globalidade, a informação recolhida nos estudos que contemplam esta tese, por ser em grande parte totalmente nova para a região, espera-se que contribua para a gestão da zona costeira do Algarve.

An Empirical Evaluation of the Reversal Theory State Measure Using Three Running Brand Video Commercials

This paper reports on the first known empirical use of the Reversal Theory State Measure (RTSM) since its publication by Desselles et al. (2014). The RTSM was employed to track responses to three purposely-selected video commercials in a between-subjects design. Results of the study provide empirical support for the central conceptual premise of reversal theory, the experience of metamotivational reversals and the ability of the RTSM to capture them. The RTSM was also found to be psychometrically sound after adjustments were made to two of its three component subscales. Detailed account and rationale is provided for the analytical process of assessing the psychometric robustness of the RTSM, with a number of techniques and interpretations relating to component structure and reliability discussed. Agreeability and critique of the two available versions of the RTSM – the bundled and the branched – is also examined. Researchers are encouraged to assist development of the RTSM through further use, taking into account the analysis and recommendations presented.