El impacto fiscal de la explotación de los recursos naturales no renovables en los países de América Latina y el Caribe

Este documento apunta a efectuar un análisis de los regímenes fiscales aplicados sobre las actividades extractivas de recursos naturales no renovables en los países de la región, especialmente en aquellos donde su relevancia en términos del financiamiento del Estado resulta considerable. Asimismo, se analizan sus consecuencias en materia de distribución regional de los ingresos fiscales y las posibilidades que brindan estos instrumentos en materia de protección ambiental.

An assessment of fiscal and regulatory barriers to deployment of energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies in Belize

Belize is currently faced with several critical challenges associated with the production, distribution and use of energy. Despite an abundance of renewable energy resources, the country remains disproportionately dependent on imported fossil fuels, which exposes it to volatile and rising oil prices, limits economic development, and retards its ability to make the investments that are necessary for adapting to climate change, which pose a particularly acute threat to the small island states and low-lying coastal nations of the Caribbean. This transition from energy consumption and supply patterns that are based on imported fossil fuels and electricity towards a more sustainable energy economy that is based on environmentally benign, indigenous renewable energy technologies and more efficient use of energy requires concerted action as the country is already challenged by limited fiscal space which reduces its ability to provide some fiscal incentives, which have been proven to be effective tools for the promotion of sustainable energy markets in a number of countries. This report identifies the fiscal and regulatory barriers to implementation of energy efficiency measures and renewable energy technologies in Belize. Data and information were derived from stakeholder consultations conducted within the country. The major result of the assessment is that the transition of policies and plans into tangible action needs to be increased. In this regard, it is necessary to articulate sub-policies of the National Energy Policy to amend the Public Utilities Commission Act, to develop a grid interconnection policy, to establish minimum energy performance standards for buildings and equipment and to develop a public procurement policy. Finally, decisions on renewable energy and energy efficiency-related incentives from the Government formally requires decision-makers to solve what may be extremely complex optimization problems in order to obtain the lowest-cost provision of energy services to society, thereby weighing the cost of revenue losses with the benefits of fuel and infrastructure expansion savings. The establishment of a management system that is efficient, flexible, and transparent, which will facilitate the implementation of the strategic objectives and outputs in the time available, with the financial resources allocated is recommended. Support is required for additional institutional and capacity strengthening.

An assessment of fiscal and regulatory barriers to deployment of energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies in Curaçao

The current energy systems within Curaçao depend primarily on high cost, imported fossil fuels, and typically constitute power sectors that are characterized by small, inefficient generation plants which result in high energy prices. As a consequence of its dependence on external fuel supplies, Curaçao is extremely vulnerable to international oil price shocks, which can impact on economic planning and foreign direct investment within their industrial sectors. The ability of the successive governments to source capital for economic stimulation and social investment is therefore significantly challenging. Additionally, there is over-dependence on two of the most climate-sensitive economic sectors, namely the tourism and fisheries sectors, but the vulnerabilities of the country to the effects of climate change make adaptation difficult and costly. It is within this context that this report focuses on identification of the fiscal and regulatory barriers to implementation of energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies in Curaçao with a view of making recommendations for removal of these barriers. Consultations with key Government officials, the private sector as well as civil society were conducted to obtain information and data on the energy sector in the country. Desktop research was also conducted to supplement the information gathered from the consultations. The major result of the assessment is that Curaçao is at an early stage in the definition of its energy sector. Despite some infrastructural legacies of the pre-independence era, as well as a number of recent developments including the modernization and expansion of its windfarms and completion of a modern Electricity Policy, there are still a number of important institutional and policy gaps within the energy sector in Curaçao. The most significant deficiency is the absence of a ministry or Government agency with portfolio responsibility for the energy sector as a whole; this has: limited the degree to which the activities of energy sector stakeholders are coordinated and retarded the development and implementation of a comprehensive national energy policy. The absence of an energy policy, which provides the framework for energy planning, increases investor risk. Also, the lack of political continuity that has emanated from the frequent changes in Government administrations is a concern among stakeholders and has served to reduce investor confidence in particular, and market confidence in general.

Training manual: innovative fiscal and regulatory incentives for energy efficiency and renewable energy initiatives

This course will be designed for the officers within government departments who have responsibilty for guiding the country’s energy policy and energy management framework. Other stakeholders also will include private sector representatives who have interest in providing energy efficiency equipment and renewable energy solutions to the market towards advancing improvements in both energy efficiency and meeting renewable energy targets. The course will provide insight into all aspects of energy management with specific emphasis on energy efficiency as well as renewable energy. Emphasis will be placed on highlighting issues and challenges that countries face in pursuing energy efficiency and renewable energy strategies. International and regional best practices will be highlighted as a means of showcasing how various countries have overcome the barriers to advancing renewable energy targets and increasing energy efficiencies towards meeting national energy goals. The curriculum is divided into five modules and is designed to be covered over a 3-day period. The course will be designed to ensure practical application of the learning. The course also is designed to enable the Caribbean to demonstrate leadership in energy efficiency practices and the adoption of renewable energy strategies, serving as a model for other small island developing states.

Informe del Taller Regional sobre sostenibilidad fiscal y deuda (San José, Costa Rica, 30 de mayo de 2014)

El taller de expertos se desarrolló en el marco del Proyecto Regional “Fortalecimiento de Capacidades en el Análisis de la Política Macroeconómica en Centroamérica y la República Dominicana” CAPTAC-DR, en el que la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) participó conjuntamente con CAPTAC-DR/FMI en la coordinación de un equipo de consultores y técnicos de los Bancos Centrales y los Ministerios de Finanzas o Secretarías de Hacienda de los países de la región.

El Salvador: diagnóstico y lineamientos de un programa de apoyo al fortalecimiento del sistema fiscal para la inserción internacional y el desarrollo sustentable

Incluye bibliografía

Puerto Rico: Fiscal and economic growth challenges

The objective of this paper is to assess the challenges that Puerto Rico’s economy is currently facing. Puerto Rico’s development experience in the postwar period is briefly discussed in order to understand the nature of the island’s current situation. Puerto Rico’s recent economic performance, credit position, debt situation and fiscal conditions, including its complex capital structure and recently released fiscal and economic growth plan are also analyzed.

Impacto socioeconómico de YPF desde su renacionalización (Ley 26.741): análisis del impacto fiscal de las operaciones de YPF a nivel provincial. Volumen II

Convenio de Cooperación Técnica entre la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe e YPF S.A., Acta Complementaria de Cooperación Técnica Nº 1

Política fiscal no Brasil, 1994-2008

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Impacto fiscal de la volatilidad del precio del petróleo en América Latina y el Caribe: estudio sobre las causas y las consecuencias de la caída de los precios del petróleo y análisis de opciones de política para encaminar sus impactos

En este estudio se analiza el rol de América Latina y el Caribe dentro del contexto global en el que se desenvuelve el sector de los hidrocarburos. Asimismo, se abordan los factores que incidieron en la oferta y la demanda, y las causas de la volatilidad en los precios del petróleo y estudia los impactos sobre el sector fiscal, dividiendo el análisis entre los países productores/exportadores de petróleo y los consumidores/importadores. Finalmente, se estudian los impactos sobre otros ámbitos de la economía, lo que incluye un análisis sobre los nexos del petróleo con otras materias primas, los impactos sobre el sector externo, el tipo de cambio, crecimiento económico, endeudamiento externo y las inversiones en el sector petrolero y de las energías renovablesEl estudio cierra con una serie de recomendaciones y conclusiones

La economía política de la reforma fiscal ambiental en América Latina

Este trabajo presenta un análisis de las potencialidades de las reformas fiscales ambientales en el contexto de América Latina. El análisis de las potencialidades incorpora consideraciones del ámbito político y de la efectividad desde el punto de vista ambiental para reducir la degradación ambiental. En el trabajo se destaca que para que una reforma ambiental pueda ser viable, es necesario tomar en cuenta las particularidades de los sistemas tributarios en América Latina. De esta manera, en este trabajo se analizan diferentes aspectos relacionados con los procesos políticos que van desde la elaboración de las propuestas de reforma hasta la etapa de implementación, pasando por el proceso de discusión pública y por la tramitación de la iniciativa en el Parlamento.

La reforma fiscal ambiental en América Latina

El objetivo principal de este trabajo es analizar las reformas fiscales ambientales (RFA) desde una doble perspectiva: la de América Latina y el Caribe y la del desarrollo sostenible. Para estudiar la RFA se parte del enfoque pionero desarrollado en los países europeos, centrado en las externalidades asociadas con el cambio climático, en las medidas tributarias necesarias para solucionarlas y en la búsqueda de un "doble dividendo" que permitiría no sólo disminuir el daño ambiental sino, también, utilizar la recaudación adicional con objetivos como la reducción de la carga tributaria. El desarrollo sostenible, a su vez, entra en el análisis debido a que el ingreso por habitante de las economías de la región es menor al de las economías que fueron pioneras en aplicar la RFA y que aportaron la mayor cantidad de evidencia sobre ella. Este hecho tuvo como consecuencia que algunos aspectos de la RFA que son centrales para una economía en desarrollo no hayan sido suficientemente investigados y el trabajo se propone elaborar sobre este punto.