Expediency of Penetration Ratio and Evaluation of Mean Throughput for Safety and Commercial Applications in VANETs

Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) applications are principally categorized into safety and commercial applications. Efficient traffic management for routing an emergency vehicle is of paramount importance in safety applications of VANETs. In the first case, a typical example of a high dense urban scenario is considered to demonstrate the role of penetration ratio for achieving reduced travel time between source and destination points. The major requirement for testing these VANET applications is a realistic simulation approach which would justify the results prior to actual deployment. A Traffic Simulator coupled with a Network Simulator using a feedback loop feature is apt for realistic simulation of VANETs. Thus, in this paper, we develop the safety application using traffic control interface (TraCI), which couples SUMO (traffic simulator) and NS2 (network simulator). Likewise, the mean throughput is one of the necessary performance measures for commercial applications of VANETs. In the next case, commercial applications have been considered wherein the data is transferred amongst vehicles (V2V) and between roadside infrastructure and vehicles (I2V), for which the throughput is assessed.

Assessing Degree of Novelty of Products to Ascertain Innovative Products

Substantial increase in competition compels design firms to develop new products at an increasingly rapid pace. This situation pressurizes engineering teams to develop better products and at the same time develop products faster [1]. Continuous innovation is a key factor to enable a company to generate profit on a continued basis, through the introduction of new products in the market – a prime intention for Product Lifecycle Management. Creativity, affecting a wide spectrum of business portfolios, is regarded as the crucial factor for designing products. A central goal of product development is to create products that are sufficiently novel and useful. This research focuses on the determination of novelty of engineering products. Determination of novelty is important for ascertaining the newness of a product, to decide on the patentability of the design, to compare designers' capability of solving problems and to ascertain the potential market of a product. Few attempts at measuring novelty is available in literature [2, 3, 4], but more in-depth research is required for assessing degree of novelty of products. This research aims to determine the novelty of a product by enabling a person to determine the degree of novelty in a product. A measure of novelty has been developed by which the degree of ''novelty'' of products can be ascertained. An empirical study has been conducted to determine the validity of this method for determining the 'novelty' of the products.

Combined Electron Transfer Dissociation-Collision-Induced Dissociation Fragmentation in the Mass Spectrometric Distinction of Leucine, Isoleucine, and Hydroxyproline Residues in Peptide Natural Products

Distinctions between isobaric residues have been a major challenge in mass spectrometric peptide sequencing. Here, we propose a methodology for distinction among isobaric leucine, isoleucine, and hydroxyproline, a commonly found post-translationally modified amino acid with a nominal mass of 113 Da, through a combined electron transfer dissociation-collision-induced dissociation approach. While the absence of c and z(center dot) ions, corresponding to the Yyy-Xxx (Xxx = Leu, Ile, or Hyp) segment, is indicative of the presence of hydroxyproline, loss of isopropyl (Delta m = 43 Da) or ethyl radicals (Delta m = 29 Da), through collisional activation of z(center dot) radical ions, are characteristic of leucine or isoleucine, respectively. Radical migration processes permit distinctions even in cases where the specific e ions, corresponding to the Yyy-Leu or -Ile segments, are absent or of low intensity. This tandem mass spectrometric (MSn) method has been successfully implemented in a liquid chromatography MSn platform to determine the identity of 23 different isobaric residues from a mixture of five different peptides. The approach is convenient for distinction of isobaric residues from any crude peptide mixture, typically encountered in natural peptide libraries or proteomic analysis.

Microstructure and damping behaviour of consolidated magnesium chips

Chips produced by turning a commercial grade pure magnesium billet were consolidated by solid state recycling technique of cold compaction followed by hot extrusion. The cold compacted billets were extruded at four different temperatures: 250 degrees C, 300 degrees C, 350 degrees C and 400 degrees C. For the purpose of comparison, cast magnesium (pure) billets were extruded under similar conditions. Extruded products were characterized for damping properties. Damping capacity and dynamic modulus was measured as a function of time and temperature at a fixed frequency of 5 Hz 10 to 14% increase in damping capacity was observed in chip consolidated products compared to reference material. Microstructural changes after the temperature sweep tests were examined. Chip boundaries present in consolidated products were observed to suppress grain coarsening which otherwise was significant in reference material. The present work is significant from the viewpoint of recycling of machined chips and development of sustainable manufacturing processes. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Synthetic studies toward geranylated PPAP natural products oblongifolin A, oblongifolin D, and enervosanone

A concise approach of general utility toward mono- and di-geranylated PPAP frameworks employing `reconstructive aldol cyclization' as the key step is delineated. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Enantioselective syntheses of bioactive epoxyquinone natural products (+)-harveynone and (-)-asperpentyn

Stereo- and enantioselective syntheses of (+)-harveynone and (-)-asperpentyn are reported. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Vanadium pentoxide nanobelts: One pot synthesis and its lithium storage behavior

In this paper, we report a synthesis, characterization and electrochemical properties of V2O5 nanobelts. V2O5 nanobelts have been prepared via hydrothermal treatment of commercial V2O5 in acidic (HCl/H2SO4) medium at relatively low temperature (160 degrees C). The hydrothermally derived products have been characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photo electron spectroscopy (XPS), UV-Vis spectroscopy, Scanning/Transmission electron microscopy (SEM/TEM). XRD pattern of V2O5 nanobelts show an orthorhombic phase. From the FTIR spectrum, the peak observed at 1018 cm-1 is characteristic of the stretching vibration mode of the terminal vanadyl, V = O. The UV-Vis absorption spectrum of V2O5 nanobelts show maximum absorbance at 430 nm, which was blue-shifted compared to that of bulk V2O5. TEM micrographs reveal that the products consist of nanobelts of 40-200 nm in thickness and several tens of micrometers in length. The electrochemical analysis shows an initial discharge capacity of 360 mAh g-1 and its almost stabilized capacity is reached to 250 mAh g-1 after 55 cycles. A probable reaction mechanism for the formation of orthorhombic V2O5 nanobelts is proposed.

Model synthetic studies toward jiadifenin and majucin type seco-prezizaane natural products via a stereo- and enantioselective approach

A concise stereo- and enantioselective approach to seco-prezizaane sesquiterpenoids, leading to the acquisition of two bicyclic fragments, is delineated. (c) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Physically Based, Hydrologic Model Results Based on Three Precipitation Products

The main objective of the study is to examine the accuracy of and differences among simulated streamflows driven by rainfall estimates from a network of 22 rain gauges spread over a 2,170 km2 watershed, NEXRAD Stage III radar data, and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) 3B42 satellite data. The Gridded Surface Subsurface Hydrologic Analysis (GSSHA), a physically based, distributed parameter, grid-structured, hydrologic model, was used to simulate the June-2002 flooding event in the Upper Guadalupe River watershed in south central Texas. There were significant differences between the rainfall fields estimated by the three types of measurement technologies. These differences resulted in even larger differences in the simulated hydrologic response of the watershed. In general, simulations driven by radar rainfall yielded better results than those driven by satellite or rain-gauge estimates. This study also presents an overview of effects of land cover changes on runoff and stream discharge. The results demonstrate that, for major rainfall events similar to the 2002 event, the effect of urbanization on the watershed in the past two decades would not have made any significant effect on the hydrologic response. The effect of urbanization on the hydrologic response increases as the size of the rainfall event decreases.

Naphthalene Carbohydrazone Based Dizinc(II) Chemosensor for a Pyrophosphate Ion and Its DNA Assessment Application in Polymerase Chain Reaction Products

A new naphthalene carbohydrazone based dizinc(II) complex has been synthesized and investigated to act as a highly selective fluorescence and visual sensor for a pyrophosphate ion with a quite low detection limit of 155 ppb; this has also been used to detect the pyrophosphate ion released from polymerase-chain-reaction.