Estudios de reinfección natural, vectores y dinámica de virus en ajo semilla

En Argentina, el ajo es una de las hortalizas que se destinan a consumo directo o a industria. Es un cultivo de alta rentabilidad que se destina a satisfacer la demanda nacional o a exportación, dependiendo ello del tipo clonal y de la calidad del producto. Un componente fundamental de la calidad, es la sanidad del material utilizado para la implementación del cultivo. Entre los problemas sanitarios, las virosis se constituyen en uno de los más difíciles de resolver. (...) Como resultados del desarrollo de un sistema de producción masiva de ajos libre de virus, de los que se están suministrando minibulbillos a los productores y los resultados obtenidos con materiales del tipo clonal Rosado Paraguayo en la provincia de Córdoba, el Laboratorio de Fitopatología de la Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias de la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba se propone poner a punto un método de detección temprana de infección en "semilla" de ajo del tipo clonal Colorado y evaluar la incidencia de las virosis en los rendimientos y la reinfección natural en otras zonas de producción del país. (...) Los Objetivos fijados son: * Medir el efecto de las virosis en sucesivas multiplicaciones de ajo. * Evaluar el comportamiento de materiales obtenidos por cultivo de merisistemas. * Determinar la reinfección por virus a campo en ajos libres de virus.

ETIOLOGÍA E IMPORTANCIA ECONÓMICA DE UNA NUEVA ENFERMEDAD VIRAL DE BATATA EN LA PROVINCIA DE CÓRDOBA

La batata se ubica en el séptimo lugar como cultivo destinado a la alimentación humana, y en el quinto luego de arroz, trigo, maíz y mandioca. Globalmente, existen 8 millones de hectáreas plantadas con batata y, aproximadamente el 95% de esa superficie se ubica en más de un centenar de países en desarrollo. En Argentina, la región pampeana (Buenos Aires, Córdoba y Santa Fe) y el NEA representan el 83% de la superficie plantada. Córdoba y Buenos Aires constituyen las principales provincias productoras. A pesar de su importancia potencial en la alimentación humana y animal, como producto exportable y para industrialización, se viene registrando una marcada reducción en el área cultivada con esta hortícola y, entre las causas más relevantes que determinan este fenómeno, se encuentran las enfermedades virales. Históricamente estas patologías han sido la principal limitante en la producción de este cultivo en Argentina y, especialmente en Córdoba. Recientemente y, tras brindar solución al grave problema ocasionado por el “enanismo clorótico” (Sweet potato chlorotic dwarf disease), virosis que afectó al cv Morada INTA en la década del 90, se observó, en nuestra provincia, la aparición de una severa sintomatología viral en lotes de producción implantados con el cv Arapey INIA, genotipo de creciente difusión en el cultivo por sus buenas características agronómicas. En virtud de dicha sintomatología, se sugiere que en la nueva patología viral se halla involucrado más de un agente etiológico y que la misma produce daños económicos en la producción de Arapey INIA. Por otra parte, la identificación de el/los virus presentes en la nueva patología es el primer eslabón para la búsqueda de resistencia a los mismos. Se supone, además, que, en germoplasma selecto de batata existen fuentes de resistencia a el/los virus involucrados y, que, al menos uno de los agentes patógenos de esta virosis de Arapey INIA, es transmitido por moscas blancas. Se propone, como paso inicial para el control de la nueva etiología: caracterizar biológica, serológica y molecularmente a el/los virus involucrados en ella; preparar reactivos de diagnóstico para los mismos y evaluar la gravedad de esta virosis a través de la estimación de su incidencia, prevalencia y severidad y de los daños que provoca sobre los componentes de rendimiento, en zonas productoras de la provincia de Córdoba. Por otra parte y, debido a que una de las principales formas de control de estas enfermedades es a través del empleo de germoplasma resistente y, considerando que la mayoría de los cultivares comerciales de batata, incluído Arapey INIA poseen escasa variabilidad genética por ser monoclonales, se pretende explorar molecularmente para genes de resistencia en aproximadamente 30 genotipos (clones) promisorios procedentes de la EEA INTA San Pedro ( Bs.As.), empleados como parentales en policruzamientos, además de hacerlo en el genotipo bajo estudio (Arapey INIA).

Localização do adubo em relação à semente (I)

The authors discuss in the introduction the literature about the distribution and placemement of fertilizers in agricultural experiments in U.S.A. in such crops as cotton, corn, potato, beans and some vegetables. An experiment was carried out with corn in a randomized block with 7 treatments, and 4 repetitions. The plots were 11,2m wide by 10m long. The 7 treatments were the following: one broadcast, 3 applications of fertilizer in hills and 3 in rows. In the latter six treatments application in rows or hills was combined with applications in three different depths: below the seeds without mixing the soil, below the seeds but with mixing of the soil, and above the seeds without mixing the soil. The variation between treatments was significant, and the best treatment was the application of fertilizer in hill, below the seeds and with mixing of the soil. The most unfavorable was application in rows above the seed without mixing of the soil. The second best treatment was the application by broadcasting the fertilizer, with mixing the fertilizer and soil by hoeing. New experiments will be carried out, applying the fertilizer in two rows, parallel on each side to the seed row, at three depths: above, below and level with seeds planted. In their discussion the authors stress the need for more experimentation on the methods of applying fertilizers not only to corn plants, but with respect to all main crops and diferent types of soils.

Ocorrência de nematódeos do gênero Ditylenchus em tubérculos de batatinha no Est. de São Paulo

Irish potato tubers imported from Holland and Germany were planted at the Instituto Agronômico Experiment Station, Campinas, in April, 1955. At digging time, in July, 1955, the tubers were found to be injured by nematodes belonging to the genus Ditylenchus. No visible symptoms were found on the plants during the growing season, since the nematodes did not attack the stems. However, prevailing weather conditions from April to July were not favorable for nema activities, with low temperature and rain precipitation. Therefore, it does not seem safe to assume that, as a rule, the nemas do not attack buds and stems, for further observations may reveal such an occurrence, as it has been reported in the literature. The injury was characterized by spots consisting of decaying brown tissue, the nematodes being found mainly between this and the uninjured tissue. Larvae and adults occurred simultaneously. Fourteen different potato varieties were attacked by the nematodes, the percentage of disfigured tubers ranging from 6 (vars. Irene, Barima and Tedria) to 38 (var. Stamm 456). Studies en the morphology cf the parasites disclosed that two different Ditylenchus forms were present, with Apheten-chus sp. and Aphelenchoides sp. associated with them. The writers have not yet drawn a final conclusion about the identification of the Ditylenchi. However, it was clearly seen that no form can be identified either with D. dipsaci or with D. destructor. Both forms have lateral fields made up of 6 incisures, what separates them from D. dipsaci. On the other hand, measurements as well as some details in the organization of the oesophagus make the identification with D. destructor quite impossible. As far as the origin of the parasites is concerned, the fact that they could not be determined either as D. dipsaci or as D. destructor emphasizes the possibility of being two native species, not introduced with the tubers imported.

Experimentos com os nematieidas D. D, E.D.B., C.B.P. e Vapam no combate aos nematódeos que parasitam a batatinha em São Paulo

The writers report results on the application of four fumigants (D. D., E. D. B.-40, C. B. P. and Vapam) for control of root-knot and meadow nematodes attacking potato in beds filled with soil artificially inoculated. The data obtained were as follows: a) as reported by previous authors, potato is sensitive to C.B.P., the toxical effects of which disapearing only about 6 and half months after application. On the other hand, C.B.P. proved to have a significative residual nematicidal value, protecting the seeds from root-knot nematodes for a period of two years; b) D. D., E. D. B., and Vapam were effective for controling root-knot but with no residual value, having to be used prior to each planting; c) at the rates used, no nematicide was effective to control meadow nematodes; d) in the conditions of the experiments, all nematicides incited attacks bv Streptomyces scabies. Actually, in some cases scab did not affect any tuber from the check while the entire production from the treated beds was heavily desfigured. The writers assume that as the nematicides killed protozoa and too many bacteria-eating nematodes, they destroyed the biological equilibrium existing in the soil, thus allowing the S. scabies population to reach a high level.

Elevated blood pressure prevalence in children did not follow the increase in overweight: results from a school-based study in a rapidly developing country, 1998-2006

Background: Blood pressure (BP) is strongly associated with body weight and there is concern that the pediatric overweight epidemic could lead to an increase in children's mean BP. Objectives: We analyzed BP trends from 1998 to 2006 among children of the Seychelles, a rapidly developing middle-income country in Africa. Methods: Serial school-based surveys of weight, height and BP were conducted yearly between 1998-2006 among all students of the country in four school grades (kindergarten, 4th, 7th and 10th years of compulsory school). We used the CDC criteria to define "overweight" (BMI _95th sex-, and age-specific percentile) and the NHBPEP criteria for "elevated BP" (BP _95th sex-, age-, and height specific percentile). Methods for height, weight, and BP measurements were identical over the study period. The trends in mean BMI and mean systolic/diastolic BP were assessed with linear regression. Results: 27,703 children aged 4-18 years (participation rate: 79%) contributed 43,927 observations on weight, height, and BP. The prevalence of overweight increased from 5.1% in 1998-2000 to 8.1% in 2004-2006 among boys, and from 6.1% to 9.1% among girls, respectively. The prevalence of elevated BP was 8.4% in 1998-2000 and 6.9% in 2004-2006 among boys; 9.8% and 7.8% among girls, respectively. Over the 9-years study period, age-adjusted body mass index (BMI) increased by 0.078 kg/m2/year in boys and by 0.083 kg/m2/year in girls (both sexes, P_0.001). Age- and height-adjusted systolic BP decreased by -0.37 mmHg/year in boys and by -0.34 mmHg/year in girls (both sexes, P_0.001). Diastolic BP did not change in boys (-0.02 mmHg/year, P: 0.40) and slightly increased in girls (0.07 mmHg/year, P: 0.003). These trend estimates were altered modestly upon further adjustment for BMI or if analyses were based on median rather than mean values. Conclusion: Although body weight increased markedly between 1998 and 2006 in this population, systolic BP decreased and diastolic BP changed only marginally. This suggests that population increases in body weight are not necessarily associated with corresponding rises in BP in children.

Bill Bernbach, el publicitario que hizo posible el éxito de Volkswagen en EEUU, instaurando un nuevo orden en la publicidad del momento que aún hoy sigue vigente

A lo largo de esta exposición se va a tratar de demostrar que Bill Bernbach, considerado como uno de los mejores publicitarios de todos los tiempos, consiguió generar, junto a su equipo, las condiciones necesarias para liderar una revolución creativa que cambió el concepto de publicidad convencional conocido hasta el momento. Con las campañas del Volkswagen Beetle como protagonistas, Bernbach cambió la percepción que el público americano de mediados de los 50 tenía del coche alemán. Mediante una publicidad sincera y honesta, cambió la reputación del coche hasta elevarlo a la categoría de símbolo cultural de una nación. Un nuevo concepto de publicidad que sentó las bases de la publicidad como actualmente la conocemos. Un hecho sin precedentes que motivó un cambio revolucionario en la forma de entender la publicidad, que se extendió no sólo por los EEUU, sino por todo el mundo.

Unemployment Risk and Wage Differentials

Workers in less secure jobs are often paid less than identical-looking workers in more secure jobs. We show that this lack of compensating differentials for unemployment risk can arise in equilibrium when all workers are identical and firms differ only in job security (i.e. the probability that the worker is not sent into unemployment). In a setting where workers search for new positions both on and off the job, the worker's marginal willingness to pay for job security is endogenous: it depends on the behavior of all firms in the labor market and increases with the rent the employing firm leaves to the worker. We solve for the labor market equilibrium, finding that wages increase with job security for at least all firms in the risky tail of the distribution of firm-level unemployment risk. Meanwhile, unemployment becomes persistent for low-wage and unemployed workers, a seeming pattern of 'unemployment scarring' created entirely by firm heterogeneity. Higher in the wage distribution, workers can take wage cuts to move to more stable employment.

Money Cycles

Operating overheads are widespread and lead to concentrated bursts of activity. To transfer resources between active and idle spells, agents demand financial assets. Futures contracts and lotteries are unsuitable, as they have substantial overheads of their own.We show that money – under efficient monetary policy – is a liquid asset that leads to efficient allocations. Under all other policies, agents follow inefficient “money cycle” patterns of saving, activity, and inactivity. Agents spend their money too quickly – a “hot potato effect of inflation”. We show that inflation can stimulate inefficiently high aggregate output.

Stereoselective total synthesis of some insect pheromones: (±)-serricornine and (±)-invictolide

An efficient (12 steps, 12% overallyield) and stereoselective total synthesis of (±)-serricornine (1) the sex pheromone of the cigarette beetle (Lasioderma serricornine F) is described. The preparation of intermediate 5, which encompasses the proper relative configuration of three contiguous chiral centers of (±)-invictolide, (3), is discussed.

Thevetia peruviana (Family: Apocynaceae) in the control of slug and snail pests

An aqueous extract prepared from Kernels of the fruit of Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) Schumann (Family : Apocynaceae) was found under experimental conditions, to be toxic ti the slug Laevicaulis alte (Férussac) and the snail Achatina fulica Bowdich, the important agrihorticultural pests of Indo-Pacific countries. Concentrations as low as 1% (w/v) killed all the slugs exposed in less than 981.00 (± SD 22.76) min, and 2% of the extract killed 100% of the slugs L. alte and 50%, 50% and 30% of the snail A. fulica in between 92.34 (± SD 6.63) - 321.33 (± SD 4.14) and 271.20 (± SD 17.54) - 298.26 (± SD 16.69) min respectively. The most effective concentration of the extract was 20%; it killed 100% of exposed slugs and snails within a short time (40-50 and 90-1440 min respectively) when the extract was exposed on the soil in experimental trays or when it was applied to potato slices offered as food to the gastropods.

Interactions between parasites and insects vectors

This review stresses the importance of studies that will provide a basic understanding of the pathology of parasite-infected vector insects. This knowledge should be a vital component of the very focussed initiatives currently being funded in the areas of vector control. Vector fecundity reduction is discussed as an example of such pathology. Underlying mechanisms are being investigated in a model system, Hymenolepis diminuta-infected Tenebrio molitor and in Onchocerca-infected blackflies and Plasmodium-infected Anopheles stephensi. In all cases, host vitellogenesis is disrupted by the parasite and, in the tapeworm/beetle model, interaction between the parasite and the endocrine control of the insect's reproductive physiology has been demonstrated.

Bacillus and Serratia species for Scarab control

Few microorganisms are commercially available for use against white grubs (larvae of Scarabaeidae). Entomopathogenic bacteria, particularly Bacillus popilliae, have been used the longest for white grub suppression. Other bacteria, namely B. thuringiensis and Serratia spp. offer promise for future control. This papes examines two genera of bacteria (Bacillus and Serratia) from the historical and current perspective. Bacillus popilliae, the firs microbial control agent registered in the United States, has a long history of use in suppressing populations of the Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica. However, lack of in vitro production and the slow and sporadic nature of its activity, severely limits its utilization. B. thuringiensis, the most widely used microbial pesticide, has not been used for scarab, control. However, strains with scarab activity have recently been discovered. Scarab larvae have been collected in the United States with signs and symptoms similar to those characteristic of amber disease (caused by Serratia entomophila) in the New Zealand grass grub, Costelytra zealandica. A total of 147 bacteria have been obtained from the digestive tracts of larvae of the Japanese beetle and masked chafers, Cyclocephala spp., as well as from larvae and soil collected in Japan and China. Seventy five of these have been identified as Serratia spp. Most (40) of the remaining bacteria are in the genus Enterobacter. A majority of the bacteria (73) and of the Serratia (38) came from P. japonica.

Isolation of fungi from nature in the region of Botucatu, state of São Paulo, Brazil, an endemic area of paracoccidioidomycosis

In an attempt to isolate Paracoccidioides brasiliensis from nature 887 samples of soil from Botucatu, SP, Brazil, were collected cultured in brain heart infusion agar supplemented with dextrose, in potato dextrose agar and in yeast extract starch dextrose agar, all with antibiotics, at 25º and 37ºC. Five thermo-dependent dimorphic fungi morphologically resembling P. brasiliensis were isolated; two from armadillo holes; further studies of the biology, antigenicity and genetic features of the five dimorphic fungi are necessary to clarify their taxonomy and their possible relation to P. brasiliensis. In addition, 98 dematiaceous fungi and 581 different species of Aspergillus spp. were also isolated. Our findings emphasize that armadillos and their environment are associated with thermo-dimorphic fungi and confirm the ubiquity of pathogenic dematiaceous fungi and Aspergillus spp.