Regulierungen an der Schnittstelle zwischen den Ressourcen Wald und Klima : Einflussfaktoren auf die Inwertsetzung der CO₂-Senkenleistung des Waldes

Les forêts dont le volume sur pied augmente contribuent à atténuer les changements climatiques et constituent un puits de carbone. En Suisse, seul très peu d'entreprises forestières valorisent le service de puits de carbone. Ce travail vise à chercher les raisons expliquant cette réticence. Les facteurs politiques et juridiques influençant les décisions des entreprises forestières sont analysées à l'aide du modèle des régimes institutionnels de ressource. Les résultats obtenus sont vérifiés et complétés à l'aide d'informations collectées lors d'interviews d'experts menées auprès d'entreprises forestières et décideurs politiques. Cette étude identifie des facteurs favorisant ou entravant la valorisation du service de puits de carbone des forêts et propose des options d'action.

Redes informais nas organizações: a co-gestão do conhecimento

As redes informais nas organizações constituem estruturas auto-organizantes que, respondendo em grande parte pela capacidade de as organizações lidarem com os problemas imprevistos, configuram-se como instrumentos importantes ao enfrentamento dos desafios associados à sociedade da informação. Este trabalho aborda as redes informais sob a perspectiva do processamento humano da informação e do conhecimento que efetuam e dos suportes eletrônicos de comunicação que ampliam sua utilização dentro das organizações.

Mass movement characterization using a reflexion and refraction seismic survey with the sloping local base level concept

This study proposes a new concept for upscaling local information on failure surfaces derived from geophysical data, in order to develop the spatial information and quickly estimate the magnitude and intensity of a landslide. A new vision of seismic interpretation on landslides is also demonstrated by taking into account basic geomorphic information with a numeric method based on the Sloping Local Base Level (SLBL). The SLBL is a generalization of the base level defined in geomorphology applied to landslides, and allows the calculation of the potential geometry of the landslide failure surface. This approach was applied to a large scale landslide formed mainly in gypsum and situated in a former glacial valley along the Rhone within the Western European Alps. Previous studies identified the existence of two sliding surfaces that may continue below the level of the valley. In this study. seismic refraction-reflexion surveys were carried out to verify the existence of these failure surfaces. The analysis of the seismic data provides a four-layer model where three velocity layers (<1000 ms(-1), 1500 ms(-1) and 3000 ms(-1)) are interpreted as the mobilized mass at different weathering levels and compaction. The highest velocity layer (>4000 ms(-1)) with a maximum depth of similar to 58 m is interpreted as the stable anhydrite bedrock. Two failure surfaces were interpreted from the seismic surveys: an upper failure and a much deeper one (respectively 25 and 50 m deep). The upper failure surface depth deduced from geophysics is slightly different from the results obtained using the SLBL, and the deeper failure surface depth calculated with the SLBL method is underestimated in comparison with the geophysical interpretations. Optimal results were therefore obtained by including the seismic data in the SLBL calculations according to the geomorphic limits of the landslide (maximal volume of mobilized mass = 7.5 x 10(6) m(3)).

Ultrastructure of adhesion and movement of the tetraspores of Gelidium Lamour (Geldiaceae; Rhodophyta)

The outer part of the tetraspora cell wall in Gelidium crinale (Turner) J.V. Lamour. and G. spathulatum (Kutz.) Bornet is morphologically described in relation to the movements and displacement of these spores when they settle on a substratum. We also describe the mechanism of adhesión and the transformations undergone by this mechanism over time. The cell wall shows a network of fibrillar threads embedded in abundant mucilage. The deformations that tetraspores undergo show that the cell wall is relatively elastic.

Photosynthesis and Rubisco kinetics in spring wheat and meadow fescue under conditions of simulated climate change with elevated CO[sub 2] and increased temperatures

Selostus: Kevätvehnän ja nurminadan fotosynteesi ja Rubisco-kinetiikka simuloidun ilmastonmuutoksen eli kohotetun hiilidioksidipitoisuuden ja kohotetun lämpötilan oloissa

Field Measurement of Bridges for Long-term Structural Movement, HR-295, 1988

This report describes the field application of the tilt sensing method for monitoring movement of the Black Hawk and Karl King Bridges. The study objectives were: to design a data acquisition system for tilt sensing equipment utilizing a telephone telemetry system; to monitor possible movement of the main span pier, Pier No. 2, on the Black Hawk Bridge in Lansing and the possible long-term movement of Pier No. 4 on the Karl King Bridge in Fort Dodge; and to assess the feasibility, reliability, and accuracy of the instrumentation system used in this study.

Long-Term Structural Movement, HR-275, 1986

This report describes the field application of the tilt sensing method for monitoring movement of the Black Hawk and Karl King Bridges. The study objectives were: to design a data acquisition system for tilt sensing equipment utilizing a telephone telemetry system; to monitor possible movement of the main span pier, Pier No. 2, on the Black Hawk Bridge in Lansing and the possible long-term movement of Pier No. 4 on the Karl King Bridge in Fort Dodge; and to assess the feasibility, reliability, and accuracy of the instrumentation system used in this study.

Nodulação e rendimento de soja co-infectada com Bacillus Subtilis e Bradyrhizobium Japonicum / Bradyrhizobium Elkanii

O Bacillus subtilis pode favorecer o desempenho simbiótico do rizóbio, pelos efeitos na inibição de fitopatógenos ou pela exsudação de fitormônios. Com o objetivo de verificar a viabilidade da co-infecção de sementes de soja com Bradyrhizobium e Bacillus foram conduzidos três experimentos, no Paraná, em solos com população estabelecida de Bradyrhizobium, em que as estirpes de Bradyrhizobium SEMIA 5019 e SEMIA 5080 e suas variantes tolerantes aos metabólitos de Bacillus foram co-infectadas com duas estirpes de Bacillus (AP-3 e PRBS-1), ou seus metabólitos. Na safra 1993/94, em Londrina, o tratamento de co-inoculação de Bradyrhizobium com os metabólitos formulados de Bacillus incrementou, significativamente, em relação ao não-inoculado, o número de nódulos (59%, estádio V3), a ocupação dos nódulos pelas estirpes de Bradyrhizobium (76%, R2) e o rendimento de grãos (24%); em Ponta Grossa, esses incrementos foram de 60%, 145% e 22%, respectivamente. Nessa safra, em Londrina, a co-inoculação das variantes tolerantes com os metabólitos de Bacillus também aumentou o rendimento (26%) e N total (17%) dos grãos de soja e incrementos significativos foram constatados, na ocupação dos nódulos, pela co-inoculação das variantes tolerantes com as células de Bacillus (78%). Os resultados obtidos indicam a viabilidade da co-inoculação, em sementes de soja, de metabólitos brutos ou formulados ou, ainda, de células de Bacillus subtilis, para incrementar a contribuição do processo de fixação biológica do nitrogênio.

Prospective and retrospective motion correction in diffusion magnetic resonance imaging of the human brain.

Diffusion-weighting in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) increases the sensitivity to molecular Brownian motion, providing insight in the micro-environment of the underlying tissue types and structures. At the same time, the diffusion weighting renders the scans sensitive to other motion, including bulk patient motion. Typically, several image volumes are needed to extract diffusion information, inducing also inter-volume motion susceptibility. Bulk motion is more likely during long acquisitions, as they appear in diffusion tensor, diffusion spectrum and q-ball imaging. Image registration methods are successfully used to correct for bulk motion in other MRI time series, but their performance in diffusion-weighted MRI is limited since diffusion weighting introduces strong signal and contrast changes between serial image volumes. In this work, we combine the capability of free induction decay (FID) navigators, providing information on object motion, with image registration methodology to prospectively--or optionally retrospectively--correct for motion in diffusion imaging of the human brain. Eight healthy subjects were instructed to perform small-scale voluntary head motion during clinical diffusion tensor imaging acquisitions. The implemented motion detection based on FID navigator signals is processed in real-time and provided an excellent detection performance of voluntary motion patterns even at a sub-millimetre scale (sensitivity≥92%, specificity>98%). Motion detection triggered an additional image volume acquisition with b=0 s/mm2 which was subsequently co-registered to a reference volume. In the prospective correction scenario, the calculated motion-parameters were applied to perform a real-time update of the gradient coordinate system to correct for the head movement. Quantitative analysis revealed that the motion correction implementation is capable to correct head motion in diffusion-weighted MRI to a level comparable to scans without voluntary head motion. The results indicate the potential of this method to improve image quality in diffusion-weighted MRI, a concept that can also be applied when highest diffusion weightings are performed.

The co-evolution of social institutions, demography, and large-scale human cooperation.

Human cooperation is typically coordinated by institutions, which determine the outcome structure of the social interactions individuals engage in. Explaining the Neolithic transition from small- to large-scale societies involves understanding how these institutions co-evolve with demography. We study this using a demographically explicit model of institution formation in a patch-structured population. Each patch supports both social and asocial niches. Social individuals create an institution, at a cost to themselves, by negotiating how much of the costly public good provided by cooperators is invested into sanctioning defectors. The remainder of their public good is invested in technology that increases carrying capacity, such as irrigation systems. We show that social individuals can invade a population of asocials, and form institutions that support high levels of cooperation. We then demonstrate conditions where the co-evolution of cooperation, institutions, and demographic carrying capacity creates a transition from small- to large-scale social groups.

Simulation of spring wheat responses to elevated CO‚́‚ and temperature by using CERES-wheat crop model

Selostus: Kohotettujen CO‚́‚:n ja lämpötilan vaikutukset kevätvehnän fenologiseen kehitykseen ja sadontuottomahdollisuuksiin

Crystal engineering studies: polymorphs and co-crystals

We review the key topics of one of the areas with the biggest impact of the last years in the chemical and pharmaceutical industry that is Crystal Engineering. The relevance of polymorphs and co-crystals from different points of view is been highlighted and broadly illustrated by means of several recent examples of studies carried out in this field. In addition, the most suitableinstrumental techniques and the intellectual property implications are reviewed.