Potential of Spectroradiometry to Classify Soil Clay Content

ABSTRACT Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) is a fast and cheap alternative for soil clay, but needs further investigation to assess the scope of application. The purpose of the study was to develop a linear regression model to predict clay content from DRS data, to classify the soils into three textural classes, similar to those defined by a regulation of the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply. The DRS data of 412 soil samples, from the 0.0-0.5 m layer, from different locations in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, were measured at wavelengths of 350 to 2,500 nm in the laboratory. The fitting of the linear regression model developed to predict soil clay content from the DRS data was based on a R2 value of 0.74 and 0.75, with a RMSE of 7.82 and 8.51 % for the calibration and validation sets, respectively. Soil texture classification had an overall accuracy of 79.0 % (calibration) and 80.9 % (validation). The heterogeneity of soil samples affected the performance of the prediction models. Future studies should consider a previous classification of soil samples in different groups by soil type, parent material and/or sampling region.

Discriminant ECOC: a heuristic method for application dependent design of error correcting output codes

We present a heuristic method for learning error correcting output codes matrices based on a hierarchical partition of the class space that maximizes a discriminative criterion. To achieve this goal, the optimal codeword separation is sacrificed in favor of a maximum class discrimination in the partitions. The creation of the hierarchical partition set is performed using a binary tree. As a result, a compact matrix with high discrimination power is obtained. Our method is validated using the UCI database and applied to a real problem, the classification of traffic sign images.

Plate tectonics of the Altaids

Abstract: The Altaids consist in a huge accretionary-type belt extending from Siberia through Mon-golia, northern China, Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan. They were formed from the Vendian through the Jurassic by the accretion of numerous displaced and exotic terranes (e.g. island arc, ribbon microcontinent, seamount, basaltic plateau, back-arc basin). The number, nature and origin of the terranes differ according to the palaeotectonic models of the different authors. Thanks to a geo- dynamic study (i.e. definition of tectonic settings and elaboration of geodynamic scenarios) and plate tectonics modelling, this work aims to present an alternative model explaining the Palaeozoic palaeotectonic evolution of the Altaids. Based on a large set of compiled geological data related to palaeogeography and geodyna¬mic (e.g. sedimentology, stratigraphy, palaeobiogeography, palaeomagnetism, magmatism, me- tamorphism, tectonic...), a partly new classification of the terranes and sutures implicated in the formation of the Altaids is proposed. In the aim to elaborate plate tectonics reconstructions, it is necessary to fragment the present arrangement of continents into consistent geological units. To avoid confusion with existing terminology (e.g. tectonic units, tectono-stratigraphic units, micro- continents, terranes, blocks...), the new concept of "Geodynamic Units (GDU)" was introduced. A terrane may be formed by a set of GDUs. It consists of a continental and/or oceanic fragment which has its own kinematic and geodynamic evolution for a given period. With the same ap-proach, the life span and type of the disappeared oceans is inferred thanks to the study of the mate-rial contained in suture zones. The interpretation of the tectonic settings within the GDUs comple-ted by the restoration of oceans leads to the elaboration of geodynamic scenarios. Since the Wilson cycle was presented in 1967, numerous works demonstrated that the continental growth is more complex and results from diverse geodynamic scenarios. The identification of these scenarios and their exploitation enable to elaborate plate tectonics models. The models are self-constraining (i.e. space and time constraints) and contest or confirm in turn the geodynamic scenarios which were initially proposed. The Altaids can be divided into three domains: (1) the Peri-Siberian, (2) the Kazakhstan, and (3) the Tarim-North China domains. The Peri-Siberian Domain consists of displaced (i.e. Sayan Terrane Tuva-Mongolian, Lake-Khamsara Terrane) and exotic terranes (i.e. Altai-Mongolian and Khangai-Argunsky Terrane) accreted to Siberia from the Vendian through the Ordovician. Fol-lowing the accretion of these terranes, the newly formed Siberia active margin remained active un-til its part collision with the Kazakhstan Superterrane in the Carboniferous. The eastern part of the active margin (i.e. East Mongolia) continued to act until the Permian when the North-China Tarim Superterrane collided with it. The geodynamic evolution of the eastern part of the Peri-Siberian Domain (i.e. Eastern Mongolia and Siberia) is complicated by the opening of the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean in the Silurian. The Kazakhstan Domain is composed of several continental terranes of East Gondwana origin amalgamated together during the Ordovician-Silurian time. After these different orogenic events, the Kazakhstan Superterrane evolved as a single superterrane until its collision with a Tarim-North China related-terrane (i.e. Tianshan-Hanshan Terrane) and Siberian Continent during the Devonian. This new organisation of the continents imply a continued active margin from Siberia, to North China through the Kazakhstan Superterrane and the closure of the Junggar- Balkash Ocean which implied the oroclinal bending of the Kazakhstan Superterrane during the entire Carboniferous. The formation history of the Tarim-North China Domain is less complex. The Cambrian northern passive margin became active in the Ordovician. In the Silurian, the South Tianshan back-arc Ocean was open and led to the formation of the Tianshan-Hanshan Terrane which collided with the Kazakhstan Superterrane during the Devonian. The collision between Siberia and the eastern part of the Tarim-North China continents (i.e. Inner Mongolia), implied by the closure of the Solonker Ocean, took place in the Permian. Since this time, the major part of the Altaids was formed, the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean only was still open and closed during the Jurassic. Résumé: La chaîne des Altaïdes est une importante chaîne d'accrétion qui s'étend en Sibérie, Mon-golie, Chine du Nord, Kirghizstan et Kazakhstan. Elle s'est formée durant la période du Vendian au Jurassique par l'accrétion de nombreux terranes déplacés ou exotiques (par exemple arc océa-nique, microcontinent, guyot, plateau basaltique, basin d'arrière-arc...). Le nombre, la nature ou encore l'origine diffèrent selon les modèles paléo-tectoniques proposés par les différents auteurs. Grâce à une étude géodynamique (c'est-à-dire définition des environnements tectoniques et éla-boration de scénarios géodynamiques) et à la modélisation de la tectonique des plaques, ce travail propose un modèle alternatif expliquant l'évolution paléo-tectonique des Altaïdes. Basé sur une large compilation de données géologiques pertinentes en termes de paléo-géographie et de géodynamique (par exemple sédimentologie, stratigraphie, paléo-biogéographie, paléomagnétisme, magmatisme, métamorphisme, tectonique...), une nouvelle classification des terranes et des sutures impliqués dans la formation des Altaïdes est proposée. Dans le but d'élabo¬rer des reconstructions de plaques tectoniques, il est nécessaire de fragmenter l'arrangement actuel des continents en unités tectoniques cohérentes. Afin d'éviter les confusions avec la terminolo¬gie existante (par exemple unité tectonique, unité tectono-stratigraphique, microcontinent, block, terrane...), le nouveau concept d' "Unité Géodynamique (UGD)" a été introduit. Un terrane est formé d'une ou plusieurs UGD et représente un fragment océanique ou continental défini pas sa propre cinétique et évolution géodynamique pour une période donnée. Parallèlement, la durée de vie et le type des océans disparus (c'est-à-dire principal ou secondaire) est déduite grâce à l'étude du matériel contenu dans les zones de sutures. L'interprétation des environnements tectoniques des UGD associés à la restauration des océans mène à l'élaboration de scénarios géodynamiques. Depuis que le Cycle de Wilson a été présenté en 1967, de nombreux travaux ont démontré que la croissance continentale peut résulter de divers scénarios géodynamiques. L'identification et l'ex-ploitation de ces scénarios permet finalement l'élaboration de modèles de tectonique des plaques. Les modèles sont auto-contraignants (c'est-à-dire contraintes spatiales et temporelles) et peuvent soit contester ou confirmer les scénarios géodynamiques initialement proposés. Les Altaïdes peuvent être divisées en trois domaines : (1) le Domaine Péri-Sibérien, (2) le Domaine Kazakh, et (3) le Domaine Tarim-Nord Chinois. Le Domaine Péri-Sibérien est composé de terranes déplacés (c'est-à-dire Terrane du Sayan, Tuva-Mongol et Lake-Khamsara) et exotiques (c'est-à-dire Terrane Altai-Mongol et Khangai-Argunsky) qui ont été accrétés au craton Sibérien durant la période du Vendien à l'Ordovicien. Suite à l'accrétion de ces terranes, la marge sud-est de la Sibérie nouvellement formée reste active jusqu'à sa collision partielle avec le Superterrane Ka-zakh au Carbonifère. La partie est de la marge active (c'est-à-dire Mongolie de l'est) continue son activité jusqu'au Permien lors de sa collision avec le Superterrane Tarim-Nord Chinois. L'évolu¬tion géodynamique de la partie est du Domaine Sibérien est compliquée par l'ouverture Silurienne de l'Océan Mongol-Okhotsk qui disparaîtra seulement au Jurassique. Le Domaine Kazakh est composé de plusieurs terranes d'origine est-Gondwanienne accrétés les uns avec les autres avant ou pendant le Silurien inférieur et leurs evolution successive sous la forme d'un seul superterrane. Le Superterrane Kazakh collisione avec un terrane Tarim-Nord Chinois (c'est-à-dire Terrane du Tianshan-Hanshan) durant le Dévonien et le continent Sibérien au Dévonien supérieur. Ce nouvel agencement des plaques induit une marge active continue le long des continents Sibérien, Kazakh et Nord Chinois et la fermeture de l'Océan Junggar-Balkash qui provoque le plissement oroclinal du Superterrane Kazakh durant le Carbonifère. L'histoire de la formation du Domaine Tarim-Nord Chinois est moins complexe. La marge passive nord Cambrienne devient active à l'Ordovicien et l'ouverture Silurienne du bassin d'arrière-arc du Tianshan sud mène à la formation du terrane du Tianshan-Hanshan. La collision Dévonienne entre ce dernier et le Superterrane Kazakh provoque la fermerture de l'Océan Tianshan sud. Finalement, la collision entre la Sibérie et la partie est du continent Tarim-Nord Chinois (c'est-à-dire Mongolie Intérieure) prend place durant le Permien suite à la fermeture de l'Océan Solonker. La majeure partie des Altaïdes est alors formée, seul l'Océan Mongol-Okhotsk est encore ouvert. Ce dernier se fermera seulement au Jurassique.

Previous thyroid disease and risk of thyroid cancer in Switzerland

A hospital-based case-control study of 86 cases of thyroid cancer and 317 controls was done in the Swiss Canton of Vaud. Patients with thyroid cancer tended to be better educated (odds ratio [OR] 2.1 for greater than or equal to 14 vs. less than or equal to 8 years of education 95% CI 1.1-4.1) and of higher social class than controls. Cases more often had a history of benign thyroid nodules (OR 25.2, 95% CI 7.6-83.6) and non-toxic goitre (OR 5.3, 95% CI 2.5-11.2). Furthermore, patients with thyroid cancer were more likely to have resided in endemic goitre areas (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.0-3.0) and to have had first-degree relatives affected by benign thyroid disease (OR 3.9, 95% CI 2.1-7.1). Therefore, this study offers quantitative evidence of the association between various thyroid diseases and the risk of thyroid cancer which, despite difficulties in the classification of benign and malignant thyroid diseases, is remarkably consistent in studies from different countries.

The economic burden of alcohol dependence in europe.

AIMS: To determine the economic burden pertaining to alcohol dependence in Europe. METHODS: Database searching was combined with grey literature searching to identify costs and resource use in Europe relating to alcohol dependence as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) or the World Health Organisation's International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10). Searches combined MeSH headings for both economic terms and terms pertaining to alcohol dependence. Relevant outcomes included direct healthcare costs and indirect societal costs. Main resource use outcomes included hospitalization and drug costs. RESULTS: Compared with the number of studies of the burden of alcohol use disorders in general, relatively few focussed specifically on alcohol dependence. Twenty-two studies of variable quality were eligible for inclusion. The direct costs of alcohol dependence in Europe were substantial, the treatment costs for a single alcohol-dependent patient lying within the range euro1591-euro7702 per hospitalization and the annual total direct costs accounting for 0.04-0.31% of an individual country's gross domestic product (GDP). These costs were driven primarily by hospitalization; in contrast, the annual drug costs for alcohol dependence were low. The indirect costs were more substantial than the direct costs, accounting for up to 0.64% of GDP per country annually. Alcohol dependence may be more costly in terms of health costs per patient than alcohol abuse. CONCLUSIONS: This review confirms that alcohol dependence represents a significant burden for European healthcare systems and society. Difficulties in comparing across cost-of-illness studies in this disease area, however, prevent specific estimation of the economic burden.

An evaluation of volume-based morphometry for prediction of mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease.

Voxel-based morphometry from conventional T1-weighted images has proved effective to quantify Alzheimer's disease (AD) related brain atrophy and to enable fairly accurate automated classification of AD patients, mild cognitive impaired patients (MCI) and elderly controls. Little is known, however, about the classification power of volume-based morphometry, where features of interest consist of a few brain structure volumes (e.g. hippocampi, lobes, ventricles) as opposed to hundreds of thousands of voxel-wise gray matter concentrations. In this work, we experimentally evaluate two distinct volume-based morphometry algorithms (FreeSurfer and an in-house algorithm called MorphoBox) for automatic disease classification on a standardized data set from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Results indicate that both algorithms achieve classification accuracy comparable to the conventional whole-brain voxel-based morphometry pipeline using SPM for AD vs elderly controls and MCI vs controls, and higher accuracy for classification of AD vs MCI and early vs late AD converters, thereby demonstrating the potential of volume-based morphometry to assist diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease.

Individual prediction of cognitive decline in mild cognitive impairment using support vector machine-based analysis of diffusion tensor imaging data.

Although cross-sectional diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) studies revealed significant white matter changes in mild cognitive impairment (MCI), the utility of this technique in predicting further cognitive decline is debated. Thirty-five healthy controls (HC) and 67 MCI subjects with DTI baseline data were neuropsychologically assessed at one year. Among them, there were 40 stable (sMCI; 9 single domain amnestic, 7 single domain frontal, 24 multiple domain) and 27 were progressive (pMCI; 7 single domain amnestic, 4 single domain frontal, 16 multiple domain). Fractional anisotropy (FA) and longitudinal, radial, and mean diffusivity were measured using Tract-Based Spatial Statistics. Statistics included group comparisons and individual classification of MCI cases using support vector machines (SVM). FA was significantly higher in HC compared to MCI in a distributed network including the ventral part of the corpus callosum, right temporal and frontal pathways. There were no significant group-level differences between sMCI versus pMCI or between MCI subtypes after correction for multiple comparisons. However, SVM analysis allowed for an individual classification with accuracies up to 91.4% (HC versus MCI) and 98.4% (sMCI versus pMCI). When considering the MCI subgroups separately, the minimum SVM classification accuracy for stable versus progressive cognitive decline was 97.5% in the multiple domain MCI group. SVM analysis of DTI data provided highly accurate individual classification of stable versus progressive MCI regardless of MCI subtype, indicating that this method may become an easily applicable tool for early individual detection of MCI subjects evolving to dementia.

Personalized care in neuro-oncology coming of age: why we need MGMT and 1p/19q testing for malignant glioma patients in clinical practice.

Histological subtyping and grading by malignancy are the cornerstones of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of tumors of the central nervous system. They shall provide clinicians with guidance as to the course of disease to be expected and the choices of treatment to be made. Nonetheless, patients with histologically identical tumors may have very different outcomes, notably in patients with astrocytic and oligodendroglial gliomas of WHO grades II and III. In gliomas of adulthood, 3 molecular markers have undergone extensive studies in recent years: 1p/19q chromosomal codeletion, O(6)-methylguanine methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter methylation, and mutations of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) 1 and 2. However, the assessment of these molecular markers has so far not been implemented in clinical routine because of the lack of therapeutic implications. In fact, these markers were considered to be prognostic irrespective of whether patients were receiving radiotherapy (RT), chemotherapy, or both (1p/19q, IDH1/2), or of limited value because testing is too complex and no chemotherapy alternative to temozolomide was available (MGMT). In 2012, this situation has changed: long-term follow-up of the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 9402 and European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer 26951 trials demonstrated an overall survival benefit from the addition to RT of chemotherapy with procarbazine/CCNU/vincristine confined to patients with anaplastic oligodendroglial tumors with (vs without) 1p/19q codeletion. Furthermore, in elderly glioblastoma patients, the NOA-08 and the Nordic trial of RT alone versus temozolomide alone demonstrated a profound impact of MGMT promoter methylation on outcome by therapy and thus established MGMT as a predictive biomarker in this patient population. These recent results call for the routine implementation of 1p/19q and MGMT testing at least in subpopulations of malignant glioma patients and represent an encouraging step toward the development of personalized therapeutic approaches in neuro-oncology.

Analysis of experiments in square lattice with emphasis on variance components. i. Individual analysis

This paper focused on four alternatives of analysis of experiments in square lattice as far as the estimation of variance components and some genetic parameters are concerned: 1) intra-block analysis with adjusted treatment and blocks within unadjusted repetitions; 2) lattice analysis as complete randomized blocks; 3) intrablock analysis with unadjusted treatment and blocks within adjusted repetitions; 4) lattice analysis as complete randomized blocks, by utilizing the adjusted means of treatments, obtained from the analysis with recovery of interblock information, having as mean square of the error the mean effective variance of this same analysis with recovery of inter-block information. For the four alternatives of analysis, the estimators and estimates were obtained for the variance components and heritability coefficients. The classification of material was also studied. The present study suggests that for each experiment and depending of the objectives of the analysis, one should observe which alternative of analysis is preferable, mainly in cases where a negative estimate is obtained for the variance component due to effects of blocks within adjusted repetitions.

Construction of a scale to evaluate the diurnal impact of insomnia

The objective of this study was to develop and validate a scale to assess the diurnal impact of insomnia. The Insomnia Diurnal Impact Scale (IDIS) comprises six items designed to evaluate the daytime effects of insomnia. The sychometric properties of the original scale were analysed in a sample of 172 students, while its ability to differentiate insomniacs and non-insomniacs (according to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-10 criteria) was examined in a sample of 79 psychiatric patients and 82 individuals from the community. The psychometric properties of the English version were then analysed in a sample of 44 Englishspeaking participants. The results showed the internal consistency coefficient to be very good (0.86), with testretest reliability at 1 month being 0.79. A single factor explained almost 60% of the variance. Correlation of the IDIS with other scales varied between moderate and high values. Sensitivity was 78% and specificity 57% in the community sample, while the corresponding figures for the psychiatric population were 83% and 63%. Cronbach's ¿ coefficient for the English version reached a value of 0.93. These results indicate that the IDIS shows adequate reliability and validity with both general and psychiatric populations, and also that it can discriminate between the presence and absence of insomnia. The English version presents good preliminary results regarding item-corrected total correlation and internal consistency. In conclusion, the IDIS appears to be a useful tool in the primary care and mental health contexts for assessing insomnia-related diurnal dysfunction.

Indications and limitations of chemotherapy and targeted agents in non-small cell lung cancer brain metastases.

Lung cancer is characterized by the highest incidence of solid tumor-related brain metastases, which are reported with a growing incidence during the last decade. Prognostic assessment may help to identify subgroups of patients that could benefit from more aggressive therapy of metastatic disease, in particular when central nervous system is involved. The recent sub-classification of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) into molecularly-defined "oncogene-addicted" tumors, the emergence of effective targeted treatments in molecularly defined patient subsets, global improvement of advanced NSCLC survival as well as the availability of refined new radiotherapy techniques are likely to impact on outcomes of patients with brain dissemination. The present review focuses on key evidence and research strategies for systemic treatment of patients with central nervous system involvement in non-small cell lung cancer.

Role of AP-1 family members in lymphomagenesis

Constitutive activation of the nuclear factor-KB (NF-KB) transcriptional pathway is the main characteristic of the activated B-cell-like (ABC) subtype of diffuse large B- cell lymphoma (DLBCL). This has been attributed to oncogenic mutations in the CARMA1, CD79A/B, MyD88 or RNF31 signaling proteins, which control NF-kB activation at different levels. Since several of these mutations lead to a state that mimics chronically antigen receptor-stimulated B-cells, and since the antigen receptor also triggers other transcription pathways, these might be important in ABC DLBCL malignancy too. In this study we analyzed whether abnormal expression and activity of members of the AP-1 transcription factor family could contribute to the pathogenesis of ABC DLBCL. Here, we identified activation of Jun as well as ATF members of the dimeric AP-1 transcription factor family, as a hallmark of ABC but not of germinal center B- cell-like (GCB) DLBCL cell lines. ABC DLBCL cell lines harbored an upregulated expression of c-Jun, JunB, JunD and ATF3 proteins. We could show that the upregulation of c-Jun, JunB and ATF3 was dependent on constitutive BCR and MyD88 signaling. Since AP-1 transcription factors need to dimerize to be active, Jun binding partners were investigated and we could demonstrate the presence of several ATF/Jun heterodimers (including c-Jun/ATF2, c-Jun/ATF3, c-Jun/ATF7, JunB/ATF2, JunB/ATF3, JunB/ATF7, JunD/ATF2, JunD/ATF3 and JunD/ATF7 heterodimers). The disruption of ATF/Jun heterodimers by A-Fos, a dominant negative form of Jun members, was toxic to ABC but not to GCB DLBCL cell lines. Finally, ATF3 immunohistochemistry on DLBCL patient samples revealed that samples classified as non-GCB had more intense and preferentially nuclear staining of ATF3, which could be of diagnostic relevance since the histological classification of the ABC and GCB DLBCL subtypes is difficult in clinical practice. In conclusion, we could show that ABC DLBCL are not only addicted to NF-KB signaling, but also to signaling by some members of the AP-1 transcription factor family. Thus, the AP-1 pathway might be a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of ABC DLBCL. Additionally, monitoring ATF3 levels could improve the diagnosis of ABC DLBCL by IHC. -- L'activation constitutive du facteur de transcription NF-KB est l'une des caractéristiques principales des lymphomes B du type ABC-DLBCL. Cette addiction est dépendante de mutations oncogéniques de CARMA1, CD79A/B, MyD88 et RNF31 qui contrôlent NF-KB à différents niveaux. Etant donné que la plupart de ces mutations mène à un état d'activation chronique du récepteur des cellules B (BCR) et que le BCR active d'autres voies de signalisation, d'autres facteurs de transcription pourraient être impliqués dans la lymphomagénèse des ABC-DLBCL. Dans cette étude, nous nous sommes demandé si les membres de la famille du facteur de transcription AP-1 contribuaient à la pathogénèse de ce type de lymphome. Dans des lignées cellulaires de lymphomes du type ABC-DLBCL en comparaison avec le type GCB-DLBCL, nous avons pu identifier une activation anormale de plusieurs membres de la famille Jun et ATF, deux sous-familles du facteur de transcription AP-1. Les lignées cellulaires dérivées de lymphomes du type ABC-DLBCL surexpriment les facteurs de transcription c-Jun, JunB, JunD et ATF3. Leur surexpression dépend de l'activation constitutive de la voie du BCR et de MyD88. Etant donné qu'AP-1 requiert la formation de dimères pour être actif, nous nous sommes intéressés aux partenaires d'interactions de c-Jun, JunB et JunD et avons pu montrer la formation de plusieurs hétérodimères Jun/ATF (incluant les hétérodimères c-Jun/ATF2, c-Jun/ATF3, c-Jun/ATF7, JunB/ATF2, JunB/ATF3, JunB/ATF7, JunD/ATF2, JunD/ATF3 et JunD/ATF7). Lorsque l'on empêche la formation de ces hétérodimères avec A-Fos, un dominant négatif des membres Jun, la survie des lignées cellulaires du type ABC-DLBCL est diminuée, tandis que les lignées cellulaires GCB-DLBCL ne sont pas affectées. Pour finir, des immunohistochimies (IHC) pour ATF3 sur des échantillons de patients classifiés comme GCB et non-GCB ont pu montrer une coloration d'ATF3 nucléaire et beaucoup plus intense que les échantillons du type GCB. Ainsi, ATF3 pourrait être potentiellement utile en clinique pour différencier le sous type non-GCB des GCB. En conclusion, nous avons pu montrer que les lymphomes du type ABC- DLBCL ne présentent pas uniquement une addiction à NF-KB, mais également de certains membres de la famille de facteur de transcription AP-1. Par conséquent, AP- 1 pourrait être une cible thérapeutique prometteuse pour le développement de futures stratégies. En outre, la détermination des niveaux d'ATF3 par IHC pourraient améliorer le diagnostic des patients du type ABC DLBCL.

Incidence of anatomical variations and disease of the maxillary sinuses as identified by cone beam computed tomography: a systematic review.

PURPOSE: To analyze available evidence on the incidence of anatomical variations or disease of the maxillary sinuses as identified by cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in dentistry. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A focused question was developed to search the electronic databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Oral Health Group Trials Register, and CENTRAL and identify all relevant papers published between 1980 and January 19, 2013. Unpublished literature at ClinicalTrials.gov, in the National Research Register, and in the Pro-Quest Dissertation Abstracts and Thesis database was also included. Studies were included irrespective of language. These results were supplemented by hand and gray literature searches. RESULTS: Twenty-two studies were identified. Twenty were retrospective cohort studies, one was a prospective cohort study, and one was a case control study. The main indication for CBCT was dental implant treatment planning, and the majority of studies used a small field of view for imaging. The most common anatomical variations included increased thickness of the sinus membrane, the presence of sinus septa, and pneumatization. Reported sinus disease frequency varied widely, ranging from 14.3% to 82%. There was a wide range in the reported prevalence of mucosal thickening related to apical pathology, the degree of lumenal opacification, features of sinusitis, and the presence of retention cysts and polyps. More pathologic findings in the maxillary sinus were reported in men than in women, and the medial wall and sinus floor were most frequently affected. CONCLUSION: CBCT is used primarily to evaluate bony anatomy and to screen for overt pathology of the maxillary sinuses prior to dental implant treatment. Differences in the classification of mucosal findings are problematic in the consistent and valid assessment of health and disease of the maxillary sinus.

Assessing the epidemiology and pattern of care of colorectal cancer in Valais, Switzerland

Background: The Valais's cancer registry (RVsT) of the Observatoire valaisan de le santé (OVS) and the department of oncology of Valais's Hospital conducted a study on the epidemiology and pattern of care of colorectal cancer in Valais. Colorectal cancer is the third cause of death by cancer in Switzerland with about 1600 deaths per year. It is the third most frequent cancer for males and the second most frequent for females in Valais. The number of new colorectal cancer cases (average per year) increased between 1989 and 2009 for males as well as for females in Valais. The number of colorectal cancer death cases (average per year) slightly increased between 1989 and 2009 for males as well as for females in Valais. Age-standardized rates of incidence were stable for males and females in Valais and in Switzerland between 1989 and 2009, while age-standardized rates of mortality decreased for males and females in Valais and Switzerland. Results: 774 cases were recorded (59% males). Median age at diagnosis was 70 years old. Most of cancers were invasive (79%) and the main localization was the colon (71%). The most frequent mode of detection was a consultation for non emergency symptoms (75%), but almost 10% of patients consulted in emergency. 82% of patients were treated within 30 days from diagnosis. 90% of the patients were treated by surgery alone or with combined treatment. The first treatment was surgery, including endoscopic resection in 86% of the cases. The treatment was different according to the localization and the stage of the cancer. Survival rate was 95% at 30 days and 79% at one year. The survival was dependent on the stage and the age at diagnosis. Cox model shows an association between mortality and age (better survival for young people) and between mortality and stage (better survival for the lower stages). Methods: RVsT collects information on all cancer cases since 1989 for people registered in the communes of Valais. RVsT has an authorization to collect non anonymized data. All new incident cancers are coded according to the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology (ICD-O-3) and the stages are coded according to the TNM classification. We studied all cases of in situ and invasive colorectal cancers diagnosed between 2006 and 2009 and registered routinely at the RVsT. We checked for data completeness and if necessary sent questionnaires to avoid missing data. A distance of 15 cm has been chosen to delimitate the colon (sigmoid) and the rectal cancers. We made an active follow-up for vital status to have a valid survival analysis. We analyzed the characteristics of the tumors according to age, sex, localization and stage with stata 9 software. Kaplan-Meier curves were generated and Cox model were fitted to analyze survival. Conclusion: The characteristics of patients and tumors and the one year survival were similar to those observed in Switzerland and some European countries. Patterns of care were close to those recommended in guidelines. Routine data recorded in a cancer registry can be used, not only to provide general statistics, but also to help clinicians assess local practices.

Apport du CT-3D dans le diagnostic et le traitement des fractures des plateaux tibiaux [Value of 3D CT in diagnosis and treatment of fractures of the tibial plateau]

A precise classification and an optimal understanding of tibial plateau fractures are the basis of a conservative treatment or adequate surgery. The aim of this prospective study is to determine the contribution of 3D CT to the classification of fractures (comparison with standard X-rays) and as an aid to the surgeon in preoperative planning and surgical reconstruction. Between November 1994 and July 1996, 20 patients presenting 22 tibial plateau fractures were considered in this study. They all underwent surgical treatment. The fractures were classified according to the Müller AO classification. They were all investigated by means of standard X-rays (AP, profile, oblique) and the 3D CT. Analysis of the results has shown the superiority of 3D CT in the planning (easier and more acute), in the classification (more precise), and in the exact assessment of the lesions (quantity of fragments); thereby proving to be of undeniable value of the surgeon.