Comercio de productos alimenticios entre China y América Latina. El caso del Ecuador

En la última década, el comercio mundial de alimentos ha experimentado un auge importante, principalmente fruto de la creciente demanda de China que incrementó los precios internacionales de los alimentos. En este escenario, los países de América Latina, como exportadores netos de alimentos, se han beneficiado al incrementar sus ingresos por divisas y han ganado un nuevo y creciente socio tanto a nivel comercial como en cooperación. Sin embargo, a largo plazo es necesario formular estrategias conjuntas en la región para la negociación frente a China como bloque y la canalización de la inversión china en sectores con mayor valor agregado y tecnología. Ecuador, como país andino y exportador de alimentos, ha incrementado las relaciones comerciales con China. Sin embargo presenta falencias a nivel estructural y productivo en su industria local por lo que el gigante asiático ha logrado incursionar fácilmente, generando dependencia tanto a nivel comercial como financiero. El presente trabajo analiza la dinámica del comercio de alimentos entre China y los países de América Latina en el siglo XXI, describe las características y actores principales de dicho comercio y se fundamenta en el análisis del sector agrícola chino y sus políticas de desarrollo interno. Detalla las relaciones comerciales existentes entre China y los países andinos tanto a nivel de exportación como de importación de alimentos, analizando el caso de Ecuador y los efectos del flujo de comercio actual sobre su sector agrícola. El contexto implica una coyuntura internacional donde las economías de la región deben plantearse estrategias conjuntas para lograr beneficios mutuos de la creciente relación comercial con China.

Desafíos de la cooperación Sur-Sur: China a la cabeza de los “donantes emergentes” (Tema Central)

La cooperación Sur-Sur (CSS) emerge y se consolida ante los constantes cuestionamientos en torno a la cooperación tradicional Norte-Sur. China, a la cabeza de los donantes emergentes “del Sur”, surge como un actor prometedor. Su fuerte dinamismo está cambiando las reglas de juego del sistema internacional de cooperación. Sin embargo, mucho se cuestiona su ayuda como reproductora de las falencias de la cooperación tradicional. Así, China ejemplifica las contradicciones en las que ha caído la CSS: por un lado, las oportunidades de reconfiguración del sistema internacional, y por otro, los desafíos que deberá superar para convertirse en un verdadero modelo alternativo de cooperación y desarrollo en el mundo.

La heterogeneidad de la imagen de China en la política exterior latinoamericana. Perspectivas para la concertación de políticas (Tema Central)

The text shows the heterogeneous views of various Latin American countries, like Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Colombia and Venezuela, in terms of their analyses of and studies about foreign policy. This paper aims to make clear the different images that China generates as a rising power in the world economy, particularly as a major trade partner of these countries. The goal of this article is to provide elements for analysis about policy coordination vis-àvis China. The central argument states that there should be coordination between regional integration strategies and foreign policies in relation to China. However, these heterogeneous visions can work against that goal as well.

Las implicaciones políticas de la relación China-América Latina: el Consenso Asiático como red de poder global y el caso brasileño (Tema Central)

This paper analyzes the People’s Republic of China economic and political ascendance in the 21st century, focusing on the evolution of its sui géneris economic development model and its significance for the relationship between China and the developing countries of the peripheral ‘Global South.’ The objective of this article is to analyze the relationship between China and Latin America in the 21st century, characterizing it as a new Center-periphery global power network based on trade and investment, which is often referred to as the ‘Asian Consensus’. The article will give special attention to the Brazilian case.

Condiciones, no concesiones. Cooperación económicofinanciera China-Ecuador (Tema Central)

In the last decade, the presence of China in Latin America has been characterized by a model of economic cooperation based on pragmatic principles of complementarity and mutual benefits. Latin America is presented as a “paradise” of natural resources and expanding markets, while China stands as the main financier and investor in the region. In this scenario, particularly since 2009, Ecuador has become one of the top recipients of Chinese funding and investment, mainly in strategic sectors such as energy and infrastructure. The presence of China in the country has been the subject of extensive discussions about the true benefits and costs behind its model of economic cooperation.

Algunas características de los programas antárticos de India y China (Tema Central)

This paper states that even though the Antarctic Treaty is a remarkable instrument for peaceful collaboration and scientific research, it is, basically, a by-product of the Cold War that reaffirms a particular status quo. This paper explores whether the ATS will meet the needs of an emerging world order. Particularly, the paper evaluates the ATS in the face of new global challenges, both internal and external to the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS) itself, as well as power shifting processes on a world scale, climate change and the changing interests of new states. China is a key component in understanding this issue because its Antarctic engagement is entering a new phase one that challenges current multilateral provisions. China’s Antarctic program will be analyzed within the framework of International Relations approaches and theories.

Documento sobre la política de China hacia América Latina y el Caribe (Archivos)

Formando parte importante del conjunto de los países en vías de desarrollo, América Latina y el Caribe constituyen una fuerza relevante en el actual escenario internacional. Las nuevas circunstancias traen renovadas oportunidades de desarrollo para las relaciones sino-latinoamericanas y no-caribeñas. La elaboración por parte del Gobierno chino del Documento sobre la Política hacia América Latina y el Caribe tiene como propósito manifestar con mayor claridad los objetivos de la política china hacia la región, plantear los principios rectores de la cooperación en las diversas áreas durante un determinado período del futuro y promover el continuo desarrollo sano, estable e integral de las relaciones sino-latinoamericanas y sino-caribeñas.

Impact of Tibetan Orography and Heating on the Summer Flow over Asia

The influence on the summer flow over Asia of both the orographic and thermal forcing of the Tibetan Plateau is investigated using a sequence of idealised experiments with a global primitive equation model. The zonally averaged flow is prescribed and both realistic and idealised orography and heating are used. There is some similarity between the responses to the two forcings when applied separately. The upper tropospheric Tibetan anticyclone is predominantly forced by the heating but also weakly by the orography. Below this, both forcings tend to give air descending in an equatorward anticyclonic circulation down the isentropes to the west and rising in a similar poleward circulation to the east. However the heating-only response has a strong ascending southwesterly flow that is guided around the south and south-east of the orography when it is included. On the northern side, the westerly flow over the orography gives ascent on the upslope and descent on the downslope. It is found that heating over the Plateau leads to a potential vorticity (PV) minimum and that if it is sufficiently strong the flow is unstable, producing a quasi-biweekly oscillation. During this oscillation the Tibetan anticyclone changes between a single centre over the southwestern side of the Plateau and a split/double structure with centres over China and the Middle East. These characteristics are similar to observed variability in the region. Associated with this quasi-biweekly oscillation are significant variations in the strength of the ascent over the Plateau and the Rossby wave pattern over the North Pacific. The origin of the variability is instability associated with the zonally extended potential vorticity PV minimum on a θ-surface, as proposed by Hsu and Plumb (2000). This minimum is due to the tendency to reduce the PV above the heating over the Plateau and to advection by the consequent anticyclone of high PV around from the east and low PV to the west. The deep convection to the south and southeast of the Plateau tends to suppress the quasi-biweekly oscillation because the low PV produced above it acts to reduce the meridional PV gradient reversal. The occurrence of the oscillation depends on the relative magnitude of the heating in the two regions.

Overview of an innovative EU-China collaboration in education and research in sustainable built environment

This paper introduces an international collaboration of EU and Asia in education, training and research in the field of sustainable built environment, which attempts to develop a network of practical and intellectual knowledge and training exchange between Chinese and European Universities in the field of sustainable building design and construction. The projects funded by the European Commission Asia Link program, UK Foreign & Commonwealth Office, British Council and the UK Engineering Physical Sciences Council (EPSRC) have been introduced. The projects have significant impacts on promoting sustainable development in built environment in China. The aim of this paper is to share the experiences with those who are interested and searching the ways to collaborate with China in education and research.

Palaeovegetation (Communications arising): diversity of temperate plants in east Asia

The exceptionally broad species diversity of vascular plant genera in east Asian temperate forests, compared with their sister taxa in North America, has been attributed to the greater climatic diversity of east Asia, combined with opportunities for allopatric speciation afforded by repeated fragmentation and coalescence of populations through Late Cenozoic ice-age cycles1. According to Qian and Ricklefs1, these opportunities occurred in east Asia because temperate forests extended across the continental shelf to link populations in China, Korea and Japan during glacial periods, whereas higher sea levels during interglacial periods isolated these regions and warmer temperatures restricted temperate taxa to disjunct refuges. However, palaeovegetation data from east Asia2, 3, 4, 5, 6 show that temperate forests were considerably less extensive than today during the Last Glacial Maximum, calling into question the coalescence of tree populations required by the hypothesis of Qian and Ricklefs1.

A new understanding of El Niño's impact over East Asia: dominance of the ENSO combination mode

Previous studies have shown that the Indo-Pacific atmospheric response to ENSO comprises two dominant modes of variability: a meridionally quasi-symmetric response (independent from the annual cycle) and an anti-symmetric response (arising from the nonlinear atmospheric interaction between ENSO variability and the annual cycle), referred to as the combination mode (C-Mode). This study demonstrates that the direct El Niño signal over the tropics is confined to the equatorial region and has no significant impact on the atmospheric response over East Asia. The El Niño-associated equatorial anomalies can be expanded towards off-equatorial regions by the C-Mode through ENSO’s interaction with the annual cycle. The C-Mode is the prime driver for the development of an anomalous low-level anticyclone over the western North Pacific (WNP) during the El Niño decay phase, which usually transports more moisture to East Asia and thereby causes more precipitation over southern China. We use an Atmospheric General Circulation Model that well reproduces the WNP anticyclonic anomalies when both El Niño sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies as well as the SST annual cycle are prescribed as boundary conditions. However, no significant WNP anticyclonic circulation anomaly appears during the El Niño decay phase when excluding the SST annual cycle. Our analyses of observational data and model experiments suggest that the annual cycle plays a key role in the East Asian climate anomalies associated with El Niño through their nonlinear atmospheric interaction. Hence, a realistic simulation of the annual cycle is crucial in order to correctly capture the ENSO-associated climate anomalies over East Asia.

Alternativas para a superação de obstáculos relativos à criação de valor, aumento da competitividade e acordos comerciais Internacionais na negociação comercial do Brasil com a China: o caso da soja

China and Brazil have got commercial potentials and strategic partnerships are desired from both sides, but in order to guarantee long term, stable relationship these countries must overcome barriers and obtain mutual gains. The objective of this study was to determine how one can overcome obstacles related to value creation, enhance of competitiveness and international deals in terms of Brazil-China commercial negotiation specifically for soy beans. The CEO of one of the biggest and most important international trading-companies has been contacted and mentioned problems faced by his company in terms of brazillian soy beans sale to chinese clients. Problems such as: the break up of legally based contracts, demanding public pressure, insufficient infra-structure in Brazil for production dispatching, cultural differences, lack of trust, power asymmetry were related and has been analyzed on this study. The perspective used on this study refers to elements, processes and forms of negotiation between these two continental giants.

Relações comerciais entre Brasil e China : uma análise de bem-estar a partir de um modelo de equilíbrio geral computável

O propósito deste trabalho é examinar possíveis ganhos de bem-estar provenientes de arranjos comerciais entre Brasil e China sob a ótica de um modelo de equilíbrio geral computável, o chamado “modelo GTAP” (sigla para Global Trade Analysis Project). Com base em uma descrição extensiva das estruturas econômicas e comerciais dos países e das Vantagens Comparativas de cada um deles, é possível simular acordos preferenciais de comércio e analisar os resultados de bem-estar por meio da medida de Variação Equivalente. Outro aspecto referente ao comércio sino-brasileiro que pode ser avaliado pela medida de bem-estar é o desalinhamento cambial dos dois países e as consequências deste para as transações comerciais entre ambos. Utilizando o mesmo ferramental anteriormente citado, o trabalho busca avaliar o impacto de tal desalinhamento no bem-estar dos países, uma vez que o câmbio seja corrigido via ajuste tarifário.

Aspectos do comércio entre China e Brasil e seus impactos

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo clarificar alguns pontos da relação comercial entre Brasil e China. Em grande parte é um trabalho descritivo, que utiliza diferentes agregações de produtos (Sistema harmônico; Broad Economic Categories), a fim de construir um cenário completo desta relação. Efeitos totais na produção brasileira, oriundos da demanda Chinesa por produtos Brasileiros também são analisados. Para tal utilizamos o ferramental de Matriz de Insumo Produto. Este efeito também é construído para o comércio do Brasil com os outros países do Mundo, e uma comparação é estabelecida. No fim do trabalho temos um estudo sobre possibilidades de comércio que ainda não foram exploradas entre esses dois países.