Catch rates and demographics of loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) captured from the Charleston, South Carolina, shipping channel during the period of mandatory use of turtle excluder devices (TEDs)

Trawling was conducted in the Charleston, South Carolina, shipping channel between May and August during 2004–07 to evaluate loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) catch rates and demographic distributions. Two hundred and twenty individual loggerheads were captured in 432 trawling events during eight sampling periods lasting 2–10 days each. Catch was analyzed by using a generalized linear model. Data were fitted to a negative binomial distribution with the log of standardized sampling effort (i.e., an hour of sampling with a net head rope length standardized to 30.5 m) for each event treated as an offset term. Among 21 variables, factors, and interactions, five terms were significant in the final model, which accounted for 45% of model deviance. Highly significant differences in catch were noted among sampling periods and sampling locations within the channel, with greatest catch furthest seaward consistent with historical observations. Loggerhead sea turtle catch rates in 2004–07 were greater than in 1991–92 when mandatory use of turtle excluder devices was beginning to be phased in. Concurrent with increased catch rates, loggerheads captured in 2004–07 were larger than in 1991–92. Eighty-five percent of loggerheads captured were ≤75.0 cm straight-line carapace length (nuchal notch to tip of carapace) and there was a 3.9:1 female-to-male bias, consistent with limited data for this location two decades earlier. Only juvenile loggerheads ≤75.0 cm possessed haplotypes other than CC-A01 or CC-A02 that dominate in the region. Six rare and one un-described haplotype were predominantly found in June 2004.

Age validation, growth, mortality, and demographic modeling of spotted gully shark (Triakis megalopterus) from the southeast coast of South Africa

This study documents validation of vertebral band-pair formation in spotted gully shark (Triakis megalopterus) with the use of fluorochrome injection and tagging of captive and wild sharks over a 21-year period. Growth and mortality rates of T. megalopterus were also estimated and a demographic analysis of the species was conducted. Of the 23 OTC (oxytetracycline) -marked vertebrae examined (12 from captive and 11 from wild sharks), seven vertebrae (three from captive and four from wild sharks) exhibited chelation of the OTC and fluoresced under ultraviolet light. It was concluded that a single opaque and translucent band pair was deposited annually up to at least 25 years of age, the maximum age recorded. Reader precision was assessed by using an index of average percent error calculated at 5%. No significant differences were found between male and female growth patterns (P>0.05), and von Bertalanffy growth model parameters for combined sexes were estimated to be L∞=1711.07 mm TL, k=0.11/yr and t0=–2.43 yr (n=86). Natural mortality was estimated at 0.17/yr. Age at maturity was estimated at 11 years for males and 15 years for females. Results of the demographic analysis showed that the population, in the absence of fishing mortality, was stable and not significantly different from zero and particularly sensitive to overfishing. At the current age at first capture and natural mortality rate, the fishing mortality rate required to result in negative population growth was low at F>0.004/ yr. Elasticity analysis revealed that juvenile survival was the principal factor in explaining variability in population growth rate.

Análise espaço-temporal do uso do habitat pelo boto-cinza (Sotalia Guianensis) na Baía de Guanabara, Rio de Janeiro

Determinar áreas de vida tem sido um tema amplamente discutido em trabalhos que procuram entender a relação da espécie estudada com as características de seu habitat. A Baía de Guanabara abriga uma população residente de botos-cinza (Sotalia guianensis) e o objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar o uso espacial de Sotalia guianensis, na Baía de Guanabara (RJ), entre 2002 e 2012. Um total de 204 dias de coleta foi analisado e 902 pontos selecionados para serem gerados os mapas de distribuição. A baía foi dividida em quatro subáreas e a diferença no esforço entre cada uma não ultrapassou 16%. O método Kernel Density foi utilizado nas análises para estimativa e interpretação do uso do habitat pelos grupos de botos-cinza. A interpretação das áreas de concentração da população também foi feita a partir de células (grids) de 1,5km x 1,5km com posterior aplicação do índice de sobreposição de nicho de Pianka. As profundidades utilizadas por S. guianensis não apresentaram variações significativas ao longo do período de estudo (p = 0,531). As áreas utilizadas durante o período de 2002/2004 foram estimadas em 79,4 km com áreas de concentração de 19,4 km. Os períodos de 2008/2010 e 2010/2012 apresentaram áreas de uso estimadas em um total de 51,4 e 58,9 km, respectivamente e áreas de concentração com 10,8 e 10,4 km, respectivamente. As áreas utilizadas envolveram regiões que se estendem por todo o canal central e região nordeste da Baía de Guanabara, onde também está localizada a Área de Proteção Ambiental de Guapimirim. Apesar disso, a área de vida da população, assim como suas áreas de concentração, diminuiu gradativamente ao longo dos anos, especialmente no entorno da Ilha de Paquetá e centro-sul do canal central. Grupos com mais de 10 indivíduos e grupos na classe ≥ 25% de filhotes em sua composição, evidenciaram reduções de mais de 60% no tamanho das áreas utilizadas. A população de botos-cinza vem decrescendo rapidamente nos últimos anos, além de interagir diariamente com fontes perturbadoras, sendo estas possíveis causas da redução do uso do habitat da Baía de Guanabara. Por esse motivo, os resultados apresentados são de fundamental importância para a conservação desta população já que representam consequências da interação em longo prazo com um ambiente costeiro altamente impactado pela ação antrópica.

Convergence Properties and Fixed Points of Two General Iterative Schemes with Composed Maps in Banach Spaces with Applications to Guaranteed Global Stability

This paper investigates the boundedness and convergence properties of two general iterative processes which involve sequences of self-mappings on either complete metric or Banach spaces. The sequences of self-mappings considered in the first iterative scheme are constructed by linear combinations of a set of self-mappings, each of them being a weighted version of a certain primary self-mapping on the same space. The sequences of self-mappings of the second iterative scheme are powers of an iteration-dependent scaled version of the primary self-mapping. Some applications are also given to the important problem of global stability of a class of extended nonlinear polytopic-type parameterizations of certain dynamic systems.

Spatial and temporal variability in the relative contribution of king mackerel (Scomberomorus cavalla) stocks to winter mixed fisheries off South Florida

King mackerel (Scomberomorus cavalla) are ecologically and economically important scombrids that inhabit U.S. waters of the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) and Atlantic Ocean (Atlantic). Separate migratory groups, or stocks, migrate from eastern GOM and southeastern U.S. Atlantic to south Florida waters where the stocks mix during winter. Currently, all winter landings from a management-defined south Florida mixing zone are attributed to the GOM stock. In this study, the stock composition of winter landings across three south Florida sampling zones was estimated by using stock-specific otolith morphological variables and Fourier harmonics. The mean accuracies of the jackknifed classifications from stepwise linear discriminant function analysis of otolith shape variables ranged from 66−76% for sex-specific models. Estimates of the contribution of the Atlantic stock to winter landings, derived from maximum likelihood stock mixing models, indicated the contribution was highest off southeastern Florida (as high as 82.8% for females in winter 2001−02) and lowest off southwestern Florida (as low as 14.5% for females in winter 2002−03). Overall, results provided evidence that the Atlantic stock contributes a certain, and perhaps a significant (i.e., ≥50%), percentage of landings taken in the management-defined winter mixing zone off south Florida, and the practice of assigning all winter mixing zone landings to the GOM stock should

Implications of substrate complexity and kelp variability for south-central Alaskan nearshore fish communities

Understanding the interactions between kelp beds and nearshore fish is essential because anthropogenic changes and natural variability in these beds may affect available habitat for fishes. In this study fish communities were investigated in south-central Alaska kelp beds characterized by a range of substrate complexity and varying densities of both perennial understory kelps and annual canopy kelps. Many of the observed fish species, as well as understory and canopy kelps, were positively associated with structurally complex substratum. Targeted canopy and understory kelp beds supported seasonal populations of adult and juvenile Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus), rockfishes (Sebastes spp.), and year-round populations of greenlings (Hexagrammos spp.). Monthly changes in kelp and fish communities ref lected seasonal changes; the densities of some species were greatest during periods with higher temperatures. This work illustrates the importance of structurally complex kelp beds with persistent understory kelp populations as important fish habitat for several commercially and recreationally important fishes.