Desenvolvimento do capim-marandu com altura fixa ou variável durante as estações do ano

Aimed to identify, for assessing the tillering dynamics and morphogenesis , strategy (s ) suitable ( s) defoliation management to optimize the appearance of tillers and biomass of Urochloa Brizantha syn. Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu ( marandugrass ) throughout the year. The experiment was conducted from January 2013 to May 2014 were studied three strategies defoliation: Marandugrass with 30 cm throughout the experimental period (constant height); Marandugrass 15 cm in winter, the spring 30 cm and 45 cm in summer (increasing height); and Marandugrass 45 cm in winter, the spring 30 cm and 15 cm in summer (descending height). The experimental design was completely randomized in a split plot in time, with four replications. In winter, in the spring and summer, the following variables were calculated: appearance rate (TApP), mortality (TMoP) and survival (TSoP) of tillers, balance (BAL) between TApP and TMoP, stability index (IE) numbers of tillers and leaf elongation rates and stem, length of leaf blade and stem, leaf senescence rate, phyllochron and duration of life of the sheet. The TAPP was higher in the early spring and summer. For TMoP, the highest values were in the late spring and summer. The balance between TApP and TMoP was negative in winter and late spring, regardless of defoliation strategy. There was no difference in IE between the heights of the canopy during winter and late spring .. The number of tillers was higher in early spring and summer and lower in winter and late spring. The defoliation strategies have not changed phyllochron, leaf elongation rate. In spring and summer, there were increases in the rates of appearance, elongation and leaf senescence and, furthermore, decreased life span and phyllochron sheet. The plant height with increasing showed a lower rate of senescence and lower culm length in the spring. To increase the number of tillers marandu, it is advantageous to handle the plant with increasing height, ie, 15 cm in autumn and winter, the spring 30 cm and 45 cm in summer.The maintaining of B. brizantha cv. Marandu with fixed height of 30 cm or with variations between 15 and 45cm from the fall/winter to summer, does not influence the appearance and the growth of leaves per tiller, which indicates great flexibility on management defoliation in this forage plant.

Estrutura e dinâmica de perfilhamento do capim-marandu com alturas variáveis no inverno

The livestock system in Brazil mainly uses the pastures as source of food to cattle, and the marandu palisade grass is one of the main forage crop plants. In order to supply the demand of these animals in amount of forage, it is necessary to adopt management strategies aimed at increased forage production with adequate characteristics to animal intake. In this context, is requiered to identify management strategies of defoliation that improve tillering of marandu palisade grass during the seasons. There is a chance that the maintenance of lower marandu palisade grass during the fall and winter compared to spring and summer, increase the incidence of light at the base of the plants and, indeed, encourage tillering and modify the structure of the pasture compared to maintain marandu palisade grass with constant height along these stations.

Comparación de dos fertilizantes sintéticos versus un orgánico en el cultivo de maíz (Zea Mays L.), Variedad Nutrinta Amarillo, Centro Experimental las Mercedes,2015

El trabajo de investigación fue realizado en el centro de experimentación y validación de tecnología (CEVAT), Las Mercedes ubicado en el km 11 carretera norte, entrada al CARNIC 800 metros al norte, con coordenadas geográficas 12°10’14” a 12°08’05” de latitud Norte y 86°10’22” a 86°09’44” longitud Oeste a 56 msnm, durante los meses de octubre 2015 a enero 2016. Los suelos de esta zona son derivados de cenizas volcánicas, suelos jóvenes y pertenece a la serie Las Mercedes, con textura franco arcillosa. El objetivo es comparar el efecto que tiene las diferentes fuentes de fertilizantes sintéticos y orgánicos sobre el crecimiento y rendimiento del cultivo de maíz, el primero con fertilizante tradicional (12-30-10 y urea), el segundo con fertilizantes especial (fertimaiz y nitro xtend) y el orgánico (humus de lombriz). Se estableció un arreglo unifactorial en diseño de bloques completo al azar con cuatro repeticiones y tres tratamientos. Los datos fueron analizados con el programa INFOSTAT. La dimensión total del ensayo fue de 410.8 m2. El análisis de los resultados muestra que hubo diferencia significativa en la variable: diámetro del tallo (2.15 cm), largo de la hoja (98.89 cm), altura de inserción de la panoja (225.08 cm), presentando el tratamiento tradicional los mejores resultados, las variables, altura de la planta (215.43 m), numero de hojas (8.58), ancho de la hoja (8.78 cm), área foliar (604.06 cm2). Inserción de la espiga (129.77 cm), longitud de la mazorca (15.03 cm), numero de hileras (14.58), rendimiento (3453.48 kg ha-1) refleja los mejores resultados al fertilizar con el tratamiento especial. La fertilización orgánica no presentó buenos resultados en las variables de crecimiento y rendimiento en el cultivo de maíz generando pérdida económica en el primer ciclo de fertilización orgánica.

Aplicação foliar de molibdênio em adubos verdes e o desempenho do feijoeiro em sucessão

The knowledge of molybdenum application in legumes on the availability of N, by BNF, increased enzymatic activity and the residual effect caused on crops growth and yield can contribute to the greater scientific understanding involved in green manure processes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the Mo application and the N from Crotalaria juncea and Canavalia ensiformis green manures on common bean performance. Were conducted field experiments for the crops succession system (green manures - common bean) and laboratory essays for the enzymatic activities. Green manure production was installed in a factorial arrangement 2 x 4, with two green manure legumes species, sunnhemp (Crotalaria juncea) and jack beans (Canavalia ensiformis), and four Mo doses (0, 40, 80, 120 g ha-1) in the form of sodium molybdate (Na2MoO4), foliar applied, in a randomized block design with four replicates. For succession crop (common bean) additional treatment was added, beans grown without any fertilization, following the same experimental design from the previous crop. The dry matter decomposition and the N mineralization of green manure were monitored through collection of residues over time, by using the litter bags method. In laboratory were carried out tests of nitrate reductase activity in green manures and common beans at 90 and 66 days after sowing, respectively. The sunnhemp responded linearly positively to the application of Mo as the dry matter and N accumulation. While the jack beans presented a negative quadratic response for dry matter and there was no adjustment of regression models to N. The jack beans showed a higher decomposition rate and N mineralization compared to sunnhemp. The half lives for decomposing 50% of dry matter on the soil was 123 and 104 days to sunnhemp and jack beans, respectively, and 50% of N present in the residues was mineralized at 93 and 85 days. In common bean, differed from the control for number of pods the dose of 40 g ha-1 of Mo in both species of green manures and the dose 80 g ha-1 of Mo in jack beans. For number of grains only in sunnhemp on the dose of 40 g ha-1 of Mo differ from the control. The nitrate reductase activity was influenced by developmental stage of green manure species. In common bean, the activity of nitrate reductase was up to three times higher than the dose 0 g ha-1 of Mo compared to treatment with application of Mo in both species. There was no effect of Mo doses or species of green manure on common bean yield.

Determinaci?n de nitr?geno lixiviado en el cultivo de estevia (Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni) aplicando fertilizantes nitrogenados de lenta liberaci?n por medio de lis?metros de drenaje [recurso electr?nico]

El presente trabajo de grado hace referencia al uso de fertilizantes nitrogenados de lenta liberaci?n, los cuales buscan soluciones de conservaci?n del medio ambiente y pretenden reducir los costos en la aplicaci?n de los fertilizantes. En Colombia, para el establecimiento de productos como la papa, del costo total de producci?n por hect?rea, se encuentra destinado aproximadamente un 29.6% a la aplicaci?n de fertilizantes, mientras que en cultivos como el cacao es el 8% (SAC, 2006). En el Valle del Cauca, se observan rangos que van desde el 11,5% para la arveja, hasta el 41,9% en el repollo (SEDAMA,2010); por lo tanto, existen sectores en los cuales los efectos ser?n mucho m?s cr?ticos, debido al gran consumo de fertilizantes nitrogenados que demanda el desarrollo adecuado del cultivo. Gran parte de los productores agr?colas aplican los fertilizantes de forma emp?rica de acuerdo con la respuesta del cultivo, y en ocasiones se cae en el error de aplicar m?s cantidad de fertilizante que el necesario por el cultivo, lo cual se traduce en una posterior contaminaci?n del medio ambiente y p?rdidas econ?micas para el agricultor.

Balanço de nutrientes em explorações agrícolas da Ilha Terceira

Dissertação de Mestrado, Engenharia Agronómica, 20 de Julho de 2016, Universidade dos Açores.

Produção de biomassa e composição química de adubos verdes cultivados no Vale do Ribeira

The contribution of green manure to soil improvement and crop production depends primarily on biomass production and its chemical composition, which vary depending on the species, region and growing season. The aim of this research was to evaluate the chemical composition of biomass produced by green manures in Vale do Ribeira, São Paulo, Brazil. In order to develop this research, was carried an experiment in Pariquera-Acu, in 2006/2007, in completely randomized blocks design with four treatments (three green manure and spontaneous vegetation) and five replications. At 30, 60, 90 and 120 after sowing samples were collected in 1m(2) of the shoots and determined fresh and dry, and chemical composition biomass. Sunhemp, pigeon pea and mucuna produced, in decreasing order, the largest quantities of biomass and were more efficient than the spontaneous vegetation. The biomass produced by green manure had higher quality than that produced by spontaneous vegetation. Sunhemp and pigeon pea have a higher proportion of dry matter in stems which have low N, high C/N and L/N ratio, variables indicating slow decomposition of residues. The analysis of dry matter partitioned to better indication of the chemical composition of the residues and the prevision of the availability of nutrients in the soil.

Efeitos de absorventes de umidade e de aditivos químicos e microbianos sobre o valor nutritivo, o perfil fermentativo e as perdas em silagens de capim-marandu

The objective of this trial was to evaluate the nutritional value, fermentation profile and dry matter losses of Palisadegrass silages ensiled with either dried citrus pulp, soybean hulls, chemical or microbial additives. The trial was carried out in a completely randomized experimental design and in a factorial arrangement (3 x 5), with three dry matter levels (wet forage or forage ensiled with pelleted citrus pulp or pelleted soybean hulls) and five additives (without or with the presence of bacterial inoculants or the addition of: sodium benzoate, formic acid in the concentration of 62% or 44%), totalizing 15 treatments and 60 experimental silos. The variables analyzed were: nutritional value, losses due to gases and effluents, and dry matter recovery. The use of dried citrus pulp or soybean hulls at the ensiling time increased the dry matter content (29.4 and 28,9%) and decreased the effluent production (4.1 and 3.8 kg/t of fresh matter), also providing fermentable substrate to microorganisms, resulting in increased fermentation coefficient and digestibility of silages. The use of formic acid resulted in silages with higher digestibility and increased water-soluble carbohydrates and crude protein content. This additive was also effective in reducing the losses due to gases and, as a result, increased the total dry matter recovery. The treatment containing homolactic bacteria showed similar trend of increasing the digestibility and reducing the losses due to gases. The use of sodium benzoate was less effective in altering the fermentation pattern of tropical silages. The nutritional value and total dry matter losses of silages ensiled without additives can be considered satisfactory. However, wet forage ensiled with dried citrus pulp and, mainly, with soybeans hulls showed the best results. Treatments containing formic acid had a beneficial effect on the fermentation profile of tropical grass silages.

Avaliação da produção e da qualidade do capim Panicum maximum cv. Massai

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, 2016.

Avaliação das características morfogênicas de capim-sudão BRS Estribo submetido a diferentes disponibilidades hídricas.

Avaliou-se o efeito de diferentes disponibilidades hídricas sobre as características morfogênicas de capim-sudão BRS Estribo.

"O labor também é prazer": a prática e o sentido dos mutirões na comunidade Monte Sião, São Domingos do Capim - PA.

2015

Ferramentas metodológicas para transição agroecológica em unidades familiares do Pólo Rio Capim do programa PROAMBIENTE no Nordeste do Estado do Pará

No Pólo Rio Capim do programa PROAMBIENTE foram desencadeadas várias etapas metodológicas junto aos agricultores familiares como a elaboração do Plano de Desenvolvimento do Pólo (PD), Padrões de Certificação Socioambiental (PCSA), Diagnóstico Individual (DI), Plano de Utilização da unidade familiar (PU) e a construção de Acordos Comunitários (AC). Os resultados apontaram que as ferramentas metodológicas contribuem de forma significativa para produção e conservação ambiental do Pólo. Contudo, não se deve pressupor que essa metodologia seja uma solução simples para transição agroecológica. Neste sentido, é importante considerar os fatores de decisão (de caráter interno e externo) com os quais os agricultores deparam-se ao introduzir mudanças no uso da terra que serão capazes de fornecer maiores níveis produtivos e prestação de serviços ambientais o que denota a necessidade urgente de articulação entre políticas públicas agrícolas e ambientais.

Análisis de las políticas públicas de regulación de precios en los fertilizantes simples en Colombia

Bogotá (Colombia): Universidad de La Salle. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias. Maestría en Agronegocios

Produção de grãos de milho sob manejo da adubação fosfatada em latossolo amarelo distrófico no Oeste Paraense.

No Estado do Pará, na maioria dos solos onde se cultiva milho, o fósforo é um dos nutrientes que mais limita a produtividade dessa cultura. Objetivou-se avaliar a resposta do milho a doses de fertilizantes fosfatados. O experimento foi conduzido no campo, em Latossolo Amarelo distrófico textura muito argilosa, no Município de Belterra, Pará. Foi utilizado o delineamento em blocos ao acaso com três repetições, em esquema fatorial 3x5, correspondendo a três fontes de adubos fosfatados, sendo superfosfato simples, superfosfato triplo e fosfato natural reativo de Bayóvar, e cinco doses de P2O5 (0 kg.ha-1,80 kg.ha-1, 160 kg.ha-1, 240 kg.ha-1 e 320 kg.ha-1). O milho foi colhido aos 120 dias após o plantio para avaliação da produtividade de grãos. Os maiores teores de nutrientes na folha do milho foram obtidos nos tratamentos com SFT em relação ao SFS e Bayóvar. A cultura do milho respondeu em produtividade à adubação fosfatada, independente da fonte de P e do método de aplicação do fertilizante. A dose mais adequada para as fontes de adubos fosfatados foi 160 kg.ha-1 de P2O5.

Milho cultivado em sucessão a adubos verdes em sistemas sob bases agroecológicas.

2015