A LINE2 repetitive DNA sequence from the cichlid fish, Oreochromis niloticus: sequence analysis and chromosomal distribution

We report the cloning and characterization of a long interspersed nucleotide element (LINE) fi-om a cichlid fish, Oreochromis niloticus, and show the distribution of this element, called CiLINE2 for cichlid LINE2, in the chromosomes of this species. The identification of an open reading frame in CiLINE2 with amino acid sequence similarity to reverse transcriptases encoded by LINE-like elements in Caenorhabditis elegans, Platemys spixii, Schistosoma mansoni, Gallus gallus (CRI), Drosophila melanogaster (I factor), and Homo sapiens (LINE2), as well as the structure of the element, suggest it is a member of this family of non-long terminal repeat-containing retrotransposons. Search of a DNA sequence database identified sequences similar to CiLINE2 in four other fish species (Haplotaxodon microlepis, Oreochromis mossambicus, Pseudotropheus zebra, and Fugu rubripes). Southern blot hybridization experiments revealed the presence of sequences similar to CiLINE2 in all Tilapiini species analyzed from the genera Oreochromis, Tilapia, and Sarotherodon, and gave an estimated copy number of about 5500 for the haploid genome of O. niloticus. Fluorescent in situ hybridization showed that CiLINE2 sequences were organized in small clusters dispersed over all chromosomes of O. niloticus, with a higher concentration near chromosome ends. Furthermore the long arm of chromosome 1 was strikingly enriched with this sequence. The distribution of LINE2-related elements might underlie the difference in chromosome banding patterns observed between cold-blooded vertebrates and mammals.

Wolbachia endosymbiont in a species of the Anastrepha fraterculus complex (Diptera: Tephritidae)

In Anastrepha sp.2 aff. fraterculus, the egg-cell harbours a large population of endosymbionts. The bacteria were identified as belonging to genus Wolbachia by PCR assay using primers of the ftsZ gene followed by sequencing of the amplified band. Newly deposited eggs stained in toto by Hoechst show that the bacteria are unevenly dispersed throughout the egg-cell, with a higher accumulation at the posterior pole, and that the degree of infestation varies from egg to egg. Analysis by transmission electron microscopy shows that bacteria are present in the female germ line of embryonic and larval stages, as well as in the different cell types of the ovaries at the adult stage. Mature ova within the follicles harbour a large population of the symbionts. The results indicate the existence of a transovarian transmission of the endosymbionts in this fly.

Localization of rDNA sites in holocentric chromosomes of three species of triatomines (Heteroptera, Triatominae).

Chromatin organization in the holocentric chromosomes of three triatomines species was cytologically studied by fluorescent in situ hybridization with a 45S rDNA probe of Drosophila melanogaster to localize ribosomal genes. In Triatoma tibiamaculata, metaphases I showed telomeric highlights in a single, larger bivalent. In T. protacta, hybridization was detected in one of the telomeres of an autosomal chromosome. In T. platensis, there were highlights in a single, smaller chromosome (X chromosome). The results obtained did not agree with the expected localization of rDNA genes in the sex chromosomes of triatomines, as demonstrated by silver impregnation, and suggest that the chromosome reorganization that occurred in this group during evolution may be a more important mechanism involved in rDNA distribution.

Differential characterization of holocentric chromosomes in triatomines (Heteroptera, Triatominae) using different staining techniques and fluorescent in situ hybridization

A comparative study of holocentric chromosomes in the triatomine species Panstrongylus megistus, Rhodnius pallescens and Triatoma infestans was carried out in order to characterize heterochromatin, rDNA active sites and nucleolar proteins. Cytological preparations of seminiferous tubules were stained by silver impregnation, C banding, fluorochromes CMA 3/DA and DAPI/DA, and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with Drosophila melanogaster 28S rDNA probe. Our results showed interesting aspects of the organization of chromatin and chromosomes in the meiotic cells of these insects. In R. pallescens, sex chromosomes (X, Y) were distinct from autosomes, when submitted to silver impregnation, C banding, CMA 3 staining, and FISH, confirming that these chromosomes bear nucleolar organizer regions (NORs). In P. megistus, two of the three sex chromosomes were CMA 3/DAPI-; at early meiotic prophase and at diakinesis, silver impregnation corresponded with FISH signals, indicating that in this species, two chromosomes (probably a sex chromosome and an autosome) bear NORs. In T. infestans, silver nitrate and FISH also stained corresponding areas on meiotic chromosomes. Our data suggest that in triatomines, in general, the number and location of NORs are species-specific. These regions may be considered important chromosome markers for comparative studies to improve the understanding of evolutionary mechanisms in these hematophagous insects. ©FUNPEC-RP.

Drosofilídeos e seus himenópteros parasitoides em coffea arabica L

The objective of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of Drosophilidae and their parasitoids in coffee fruits in Cravinhos, SP, Brazil. The fruits were collected directly from the tree, and a portion was exposed under the canopy. Fifty-nine drosophilid pupae were collected in all, of which 31 adults (including two Ganaspis exemplars) emerged. The survival rate of all pupae was 49.2%. Thirty-five drosopholid pupae were obtained from the fruit trees, 24 of which later emerged, three different species: Zaprionus indianus Gupta, Drosophila nebulosa Sturtevant and D. simulans Sturtevant. From the fruits under the canopy of plants were obtained 24 pupae of four different species: Z. indianus, D. cardini Sturtevant, D. immigrans Sturtevant and D. willistoni Sturtevant. The emergence of two Ganaspis sp. (Hymenoptera: Figitidae) examples, with a parasitism rate of 8.3%, was also observed. Half of the drosophilids collected are introduced species and represented 79% of the adults emerged. Associations between Z. indianus, D. cardini, D. immigrans, D. nebulosa, D. simulans and D. willistoni and the coffee crop are reported herein.

Spermatogenesis of Zaprionus indianus and Zaprionus sepsoides (Diptera, Drosophilidae): Cytochemical, structural and ultrastructural characterization

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Edge-interior differences in the species richness and abundance of drosophilids in a semideciduous forest fragment

Habitat fragmentation is the main cause of biodiversity loss, as remnant fragments are exposed to negative influences that include edge effects, prevention of migration, declines in effective population sizes, loss of genetic variability and invasion of exotic species. The Drosophilidae (Diptera), especially species of the genus Drosophila, which are highly sensitive to environmental variation, have been used as bioindicators. A twelve-month field study was conducted to evaluate the abundance and richness of drosophilids in an edge-interior transect in a fragment of semideciduous forest in São Paulo State, Brazil. One objective of the study was to evaluate the applied methodology with respect to its potential use in future studies addressing the monitoring and conservation of threatened areas. The species abundance along the transect showed a clear gradient, with species associated with disturbed environments, such as Drosophila simulans, Scaptodrosophila latifasciaeformis and Zaprionus indianus, being collected at the fragment edge and the species D. willistoni and D. mediostriata being found in the fragment's interior. Replacement of these species occurred at approximately 60 meters from the edge, which may be a reflection of edge effects on species abundance and richness because the species found within the habitat fragment are more sensitive to variations in temperature and humidity than those sampled near the edge. The results support the use of this methodology in studies on environmental impacts. © 2013 Penariol and Madi-Ravazzi; licensee Springer.

Moscas frugívoras, lepidópteros desfolhadores e seus parasitóides (Hymenoptera) associados a cultivo de café, em Cravinhos, SP

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Análise citogenética molecular em túbulos seminíferos de triatomíneos (Triatominae, Heteroptera)

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Caracterização molecular e bioquímica de uma esterase macho-específica em Zaprionus indianus

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Assembléia de drosofilídeos na borda e no interior de um fragmento de floresta estacional no noroeste do Estado de São Paulo

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Elementos de transposição no gênero Zaprionus (Diptera, Drosophilidae): estudos genômicos e evolutivos em ênfase nos retrotensposons copia, gypsy e micropia

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Espermatogênese de Zaprionus indianus e Zaprionus sepsoides (Diptera: Drosophilidae): caracterização citoquímica, estrutural e ultraestrutural

Pós-graduação em Genética - IBILCE

Zaprionus indianus: uma visão da espécie invasora sob o aspecto genético e evolutivo

Pós-graduação em Genética - IBILCE

Inventário dos Drosofilídeos (Diptera) associados a frutos, na Floresta Nacional de Caxiuanã, Melgaço, Pará, Brasil

O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a diversidade de Drosophilidae (Diptera) frugívoros, da Floresta Nacional de Caxiuanã, Melgaço, Pará, Brasil, através da implementação de um protocolo estruturado. Entre 2003 e 2004 foram realizadas duas expedições, onde procederam-se coletas com armadilhas contendo isca de banana fermentada, distribuídas em 12 transectos de 1 km, sendo dois deles em cada um dos seis interflúvios ao norte da baía de Caxiuanã, na Estação Científica Ferreira Pena, FLONA Caxiuanã. Foi obtido um total de 4.320 indivíduos, distribuídos em 35 táxons, pertencentes aos gêneros Drosophila, em sua maioria, e Neotanygastrella. A espécie dominante foi D. willistoni com 33,96% dos indivíduos coletados, seguido por D. paulistorum (21,94%), D. sturtevanti (18,73%), D. tropicalis (11,39%) e D. equinoxiahs (37%). Cinco espécies cosmopolitas do grupo melanogaster ocorreram em Caxiuanã, porém a freqüência do grupo foi apenas de 1,75%. As curvas de acumulação de espécies, com 315 amostras, aproximaram-se da assíntota, com estimativas que variaram entre 40 e 53 espécies para Caxiuanã. O estimador Chao2 produziu curvas que chegaram a estabilização, com estimativa de 50 espécies. As análises da matriz de incidência e abundância mostraram que os sítios são similares entre si, compartilhando entre 40% e 66% em composição (Jaccard), com distribuições de abundância praticamente iguais (Morisita entre 85% e 100%). O percentual de completitude do inventário (79%) indica que seriam necessárias somente 83 amostras adicionais (21% de incremento de esforço, sem adição de singletons), para acessar a diversidade total de Drosophilidae na FLONA Caxiuanã. Estes resultados refletem bem a eficiência do método utilizado para estimar diversidade de drosofilídeos de frutos. Das 23 espécies do subgênero Sophophora, identificadas nesse estudo, foram registradas 4 novas ocorrências para o Brasil (D. dacunhai, D. mil/cri, D. saltans e D. septentriosaltans) e 8 para Amazônia brasileira (D. austrosaltans, D. dacunhai, D. magalhaesi, D. milleri, D. neocordata, D. neoelhptica, D. saltam e D. septentriosaltans).