In-situ formation of graphene-lead oxide composite and its use in trace arsenic detection

Reduced graphene oxide-lead dioxide composite is formed when EGO coated surface is electrochemically reduced along with lead ions in the solution. This composite has been shown to be an excellent material for low level detection of arsenic. Various functional groups present on EGO, in a wide pH range of 2-11, are responsible for the favorable interaction between metal ion and the modified electrode surface and subsequent trace level detection. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopic techniques confirm the formation of composite and its composition. Thin layer of lead dioxide along with reduced exfoliated graphene oxide has been shown to be responsible for the enhanced activity of the surface. The detection limit of arsenic is found to be 10 nM. This study opens up the possibility of using the composites for sensing applications and possibly simultaneous detection of arsenic and lead. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Unveiling Unusual Features of Formation of Septal Partition and Constriction in Mycobacteria-an Ultrastructural Study

The ultrastructural functions of the electron-dense glycopeptidolipid-containing outermost layer (OL), the arabinogalactan-mycolic acid-containing electron-transparent layer (ETL), and the electron-dense peptidoglycan layer (PGL) of the mycobacterial cell wall in septal growth and constriction are not clear. Therefore, using transmission electron microscopy, we studied the participation of the three layers in septal growth and constriction in the fast-growing saprophytic species Mycobacterium smegmatis and the slow-growing pathogenic species Mycobacterium xenopi and Mycobacterium tuberculosis in order to document the processes in a comprehensive and comparative manner and to find out whether the processes are conserved across different mycobacterial species. A complete septal partition is formed first by the fresh synthesis of the septal PGL (S-PGL) and septal ETL (S-ETL) from the envelope PGL (E-PGL) in M. smegmatis and M. xenopi. The S-ETL is not continuous with the envelope ETL (E-ETL) due to the presence of the E-PGL between them. The E-PGL disappears, and the S-ETL becomes continuous with the E-ETL, when the OL begins to grow and invaginate into the S-ETL for constriction. However, in M. tuberculosis, the S-PGL and S-ETL grow from the E-PGL and E-ETL, respectively, without a separation between the E-ETL and S-ETL by the E-PGL, in contrast to the process in M. smegmatis and M. xenopi. Subsequent growth and invagination of the OL into the S-ETL of the septal partition initiates and completes septal constriction in M. tuberculosis. A model for the conserved sequential process of mycobacterial septation, in which the formation of a complete septal partition is followed by constriction, is presented. The probable physiological significance of the process is discussed. The ultrastructural features of septation and constriction in mycobacteria are unusually different from those in the well-studied organisms Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis.

Pillar height dependent formation of unprecedented Pd-8 molecular swing and Pd-6 molecular boat via multicomponent self-assembly

Three-component self-assembly of a cis-blocked 90 degrees Pd(II) acceptor with a mixture of a tetraimidazole and a linear dipyridyl donor self-discriminated into unusual Pd-8 molecular swing (1) and Pd-6 molecular boat (2), which are characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis; their ability to bind C-60 in solution is established by fluorescence titration.

Differential Reaction Kinetics, Cleavage Complex Formation, and Nonamer Binding Domain Dependence Dictate the Structure-Specific and Sequence-Specific Nuclease Activity of RAGs

During V(D)J recombination, RAG (recombination-activating gene) complex cleaves DNA based on sequence specificity. Besides its physiological function, RAG has been shown to act as a structure-specific nuclease. Recently, we showed that the presence of cytosine within the single-stranded region of heteroduplex DNA is important when RAGs cleave on DNA structures. In the present study, we report that heteroduplex DNA containing a bubble region can be cleaved efficiently when present along with a recombination signal sequence (RSS) in cis or trans configuration. The sequence of the bubble region influences RAG cleavage at RSS when present in cis. We also find that the kinetics of RAG cleavage differs between RSS and bubble, wherein RSS cleavage reaches maximum efficiency faster than bubble cleavage. In addition, unlike RSS, RAG cleavage at bubbles does not lead to cleavage complex formation. Finally, we show that the ``nonamer binding region,'' which regulates RAG cleavage on RSS, is not important during RAG activity in non-B DNA structures. Therefore, in the current study, we identify the possible mechanism by which RAG cleavage is regulated when it acts as a structure-specific nuclease. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The omega phase formation during laser cladding and remelting of quasicrystal forming AlCuFe on pure aluminum

We report the formation omega phase in the remelted layers during laser cladding and remelting of quasicrystal forming Al65Cu23.3Fe11.7 alloy on pure aluminum. The omega phase is absent in the clad layers. In the remelted layer, the phase nucleates at the periphery of the primary icosahedral phase particles. A large number of omega phase particles forms enveloping the icosahedral phase growing into aluminum rich melt, which solidify as alpha-Al solid solution. On the other side it develops an interface with aluminum. A detailed transmission electron microscopic analysis shows that omega phase exhibits orientation relationship with icosahedral phase. The composition analysis performed using energy dispersive x-ray analyzer suggests that this phase has composition higher aluminum than the icosahedral phase. The analysis of the available phase diagram information indicates that the present results represent large departure from equilibrium conditions. A possible scenario of the evolution of the omega phase has been suggested.

Curcumin-glucoside, A Novel Synthetic Derivative of Curcumin, Inhibits alpha-Synuclein Oligomer Formation: Relevance to Parkinson's Disease

alpha-Synuclein aggregation is centrally implicated in Parkinson's disease (PD). It involves multi-step nucleated polymerization process via the formation of dimers, soluble toxic oligomers and insoluble fibrils. In the present study, we synthesized a novel compound viz., Curcumin-glucoside (Curc-gluc), a modified form of curcumin and studied its anti-aggregating potential with alpha-synuclein. Under aggregating conditions in vitro, Curc-gluc prevents oligomer formation as well as inhibits fibril formation indicating favorable stoichiometry for inhibition. The binding efficacies of Curc-gluc to both alpha-synuclein monomeric and oligomeric forms were characterized by micro-calorimetry. It was observed that titration of Curc-gluc with alpha-synuclein monomer yielded very low heat values with low binding while, in case of oligomers, Curc-gluc showed significant binding. Addition of Curc-gluc inhibited aggregation in a dose-dependent manner and enhanced alpha-synuclein solubility, which propose that Curc-gluc solubilizes the oligomeric form by disintegrating preformed fibrils and this is a novel observation. Overall, the data suggest that Curc-gluc binds to alpha-synuclein oligomeric form and prevents further fibrillization of alpha-synuclein; this might aid the development of disease modifying agents in preventing or treating PD.

Some mechanisms of tribofilm formation in metal/metal and ceramic/metal sliding interactions

Tribological interaction often generates new structures and materials which form the interface between the sliding pair. The new material designated tribofilm here may be protective or tribologically deleterious. The tribofilm plays a major role in determining the friction and wear of the interaction. Here, we give three examples: mechanically mixed, chemically generated and thermally activated, of tribofilms formed in three different tribological systems and speculate on the mechanism of their formation.

The Role of Tool Design in Influencing the Mechanism for the Formation of Friction Stir Welds in Aluminum Alloy 7020

Design of the required tool is a key and important parameter in the technique of friction stir welding (FSW). This is so because tool design does exert a close control over the quality of the weld. In an attempt to optimize tool design and its selection, it is essential and desirable to understand the mechanisms governing the formation of the weld. In this research study, few experiments were conducted to systematically analyze the intrinsic mechanisms governing the formation of the weld and to effectively utilize the analysis to establish a logical basis for design of the tool. For this purpose, the experiments were conducted using different geometries of the shoulder and pin of the rotating tool in such a way that only tool geometry had an intrinsic influence on formation of the weld. The results revealed that for a particular diameter of the pin there is an optimum diameter of the shoulder. Below this optimum shoulder diameter, the weld does not form while above the optimum diameter the overall symmetry of the weld is lost. Based on experimental results, a mechanism for the formation of friction stir weld is proposed. A synergism of the experimental results with the proposed mechanism is helpful in establishing the set of welding parameters for a given material.

Daily relative humidity projections in an Indian river basin for IPCC SRES scenarios

A two-stage methodology is developed to obtain future projections of daily relative humidity in a river basin for climate change scenarios. In the first stage, Support Vector Machine (SVM) models are developed to downscale nine sets of predictor variables (large-scale atmospheric variables) for Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) (A1B, A2, B1, and COMMIT) to R (H) in a river basin at monthly scale. Uncertainty in the future projections of R (H) is studied for combinations of SRES scenarios, and predictors selected. Subsequently, in the second stage, the monthly sequences of R (H) are disaggregated to daily scale using k-nearest neighbor method. The effectiveness of the developed methodology is demonstrated through application to the catchment of Malaprabha reservoir in India. For downscaling, the probable predictor variables are extracted from the (1) National Centers for Environmental Prediction reanalysis data set for the period 1978-2000 and (2) simulations of the third-generation Canadian Coupled Global Climate Model for the period 1978-2100. The performance of the downscaling and disaggregation models is evaluated by split sample validation. Results show that among the SVM models, the model developed using predictors pertaining to only land location performed better. The R (H) is projected to increase in the future for A1B and A2 scenarios, while no trend is discerned for B1 and COMMIT.

The substrate dependent competitive formation of cyclobutanones and cyclopentanones in an intramolecular rhodium carbenoid CH insertion reaction: enantiospecific total synthesis of silphiperfol-6-ene

The enantiospecific total synthesis of silphiperfol-6-ene has been accomplished starting from the readily available monoterpene (R)-limonene, employing a rhodium carbenoid insertion into the CH bond of a tertiary methyl group. A substrate dependent competitive insertion of the rhodium carbenoid in the gamma- and beta-CH bonds to form cyclopentanone and cyclobutanones, respectively, has been described. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A study on the formation of crystalline phases during solidification and crystallisation in the bulk metallic glass of Zr53Cu21Al10Ni8Ti8 composition

The present paper considers the formation of crystalline phases during solidification and crystallisation of the Zr53Cu21Al10Ni8Ti8 alloy. Solidification was carried out by a copper mould casting technique, which yielded a partially crystalline microstructure comprising a `big cube phase' in a dendritic morphology and a bct Zr2Ni phase. Detailed high-resolution microscopy was carried out to determine possible mechanisms for the formation of the crystalline phases. Based on microstructural examinations, it was established that the dendrites grew by the attachment of atomistic ledges. The bct Zr2Ni phase, formed during solidification and crystallisation, showed various types of faults depending on the crystallite size, and its crystallography was examined in detail. It has been shown that the presence of these faults could be explained by anti-site occupancy in the bct lattice of the Zr2Ni phase.

Estimating the Hausdorff-Besicovitch dimension of boundary of basin of attraction in helicopter trim

Helicopter trim involves solution of nonlinear force equilibrium equations. As in many nonlinear dynamic systems, helicopter trim problem can show chaotic behavior. This chaotic behavior is found in the basin of attraction of the nonlinear trim equations which have to be solved to determine the main rotor control inputs given by the pilot. This study focuses on the boundary of the basin of attraction obtained for a set of control inputs. We analyze the boundary by considering it at different magnification levels. The magnified views reveal intricate geometries. It is also found that the basin boundary exhibits the characteristic of statistical self-similarity, which is an essential property of fractal geometries. These results led the authors to investigate the fractal dimension of the basin boundary. It is found that this dimension is indeed greater than the topological dimension. From all the observations, it is evident that the boundary of the basin of attraction for helicopter trim problem is fractal in nature. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Dynamics of end-to-end loop formation: A flexible chain in the presence of hydrodynamic interaction

Based on the Wilemski-Fixman approach G. Wilemski, M. Fixman, J. Chem. Phys. 60 (1974) 866], we show that, for a flexible chain in theta solvent, hydrodynamic interaction treated with a pre-averaging approximation makes ring closing faster if the chain is not very short. We also show that the ring closing time for a long chain with hydrodynamic interaction in theta solvent scales with the chain length (N) as N-1.5, in agreement with the previous renormalization group calculation based prediction by Freidman and O'Shaughnessy B. Friedman, B. O'Shaughnessy, Phys. Rev. A 40 (1989) 5950]. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Computational investigations on covalent dimerization/oligomerization of polyacenes: Is it relevant to soot formation?

We have postulated a novel pathway that could assist in the nucleation of soot particles through covalent dimerization and oligomerizations of a variety of PAHs. DFT calculations were performed with the objective of obtaining the relative thermal stabilities and formation probabilities of oligomeric species that exploit the facile dimerization that is known to occur in linear oligoacenes. We propose that the presence of small stretches of linear oligoacence (tetracene or longer) in extended PAH, either embedded or tethered, would be adequate for enabling the formation of such dimeric and oligomeric adducts; these could then serve as nuclei for the growth of soot particles. Our studies also reveal the importance of p-stacking interactions between extended aromatic frameworks in governing the relative stabilities of the oligomeric species that are formed. (c) 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Influence of Bottom Bubbling Rate on Formation of Metal Emulsion in Al-Cu Alloy and Molten Salt System

In steel refining process, an increase of interfacial area between the metal and slag through the metal droplets emulsified into the slag, so-called ``metal emulsion'', is one prevailing view for improving the reaction rate. The formation of metal emulsion was experimentally evaluated using Al-Cu alloy as metal phase and chloride salt as slag phase under the bottom bubbling condition. Samples were collected from the center of the salt phase in the container. Large number of metal droplets were separated from the salt by dissolving it into water. The number, surface area, and weight of the droplets increased with the gas flow rate and have local maximum values. The formation and sedimentation rates of metal droplets were estimated using a mathematical model. The formation rate increased with the gas flow rate and has a local maximum value as a function of gas flow rate, while the sedimentation rate is independent of the gas flow rate under the bottom bubbling condition. Three types of formation mode of metal emulsion, which occurred by the rupture of metal film around the bubble, were observed using high speed camera. During the process, an elongated column covered with metal film was observed with the increasing gas flow rate. This elongated column sometimes reached to the top surface of the salt phase. In this case, it is considered that fine droplets were not formed and in consequence, the weight of metal emulsion decreased at higher gas flow rate.