998 resultados para Axel Gyldén


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Few real software systems are built completely from scratch nowadays. Instead, systems are built iteratively and incrementally, while integrating and interacting with components from many other systems. Adaptation, reconfiguration and evolution are normal, ongoing processes throughout the lifecycle of a software system. Nevertheless the platforms, tools and environments we use to develop software are still largely based on an outmoded model that presupposes that software systems are closed and will not significantly evolve after deployment. We claim that in order to enable effective and graceful evolution of modern software systems, we must make these systems more amenable to change by (i) providing explicit, first-class models of software artifacts, change, and history at the level of the platform, (ii) continuously analysing static and dynamic evolution to track emergent properties, and (iii) closing the gap between the domain model and the developers' view of the evolving system. We outline our vision of dynamic, evolving software systems and identify the research challenges to realizing this vision.

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Much of the knowledge about software systems is implicit, and therefore difficult to recover by purely automated techniques. Architectural layers and the externally visible features of software systems are two examples of information that can be difficult to detect from source code alone, and that would benefit from additional human knowledge. Typical approaches to reasoning about data involve encoding an explicit meta-model and expressing analyses at that level. Due to its informal nature, however, human knowledge can be difficult to characterize up-front and integrate into such a meta-model. We propose a generic, annotation-based approach to capture such knowledge during the reverse engineering process. Annotation types can be iteratively defined, refined and transformed, without requiring a fixed meta-model to be defined in advance. We show how our approach supports reverse engineering by implementing it in a tool called Metanool and by applying it to (i) analyzing architectural layering, (ii) tracking reengineering tasks, (iii) detecting design flaws, and (iv) analyzing features.

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Seit Beginn der 1990er Jahre stimuliert die Idee des Sozialkapitals eine lebhafte Diskussion in den Sozialwissenschaften über den Wert sozialer Beziehungen. Nicht nur in der Soziologie, sondern auch in der Politologie und den Wirtschaftswissenschaften beschäftigt sich eine zunehmende Anzahl von Arbeiten mit den Fragen, was unter Sozialkapital zu verstehen ist, wie es entsteht, wie es in Gesellschaften verteilt ist und welche Konsequenzen mit einer mehr oder weniger guten Sozialkapitalausstattung von Individuen und Gesellschaften verbunden sind. Dieser Band gibt einen Einblick in den aktuellen Stand der Forschung. Neben einleitenden Beiträgen zur Theorie und zur Messung von Sozialkapital beschäftigen sich die Studien im zweiten Teil des Sonderhefts mit den politischen, sozioökonomischen und kulturellen Entstehungsbedingungen von Sozialkapital. Die Beiträge im dritten Teil analysieren die Auswirkungen von Sozialkapital auf Arbeits- und Gütermärkten, auf Unternehmensgründungen und wirtschaftliches Wachstum, bei Migrations- und Fertilitätsentscheidungen, auf die Stadtentwicklung, den Bildungserwerb und das politische Engagement.