Adaptivity in programming languages

A programming style can be seen as a particular model of shaping thought or a special way of codifying language to solve a problem. An adaptive device is made up of an underlying formalism, for instance, an automaton, a grammar, a decision tree, etc., and an adaptive mechanism, responsible for providing features for self-modification. Adaptive languages are obtained by using some programming language as the device’s underlying formalism. The conception of such languages calls for a new programming style, since the application of adaptive technology in the field of programming languages suggests a new way of thinking. Adaptive languages have the basic feature of allowing the expression of programs which self-modifying through adaptive actions at runtime. With the adaptive style, programming language codes can be structured in such a way that the codified program therein modifies or adapts itself towards the needs of the problem. The adaptive programming style may be a feasible alternate way to obtain self-modifying consistent codes, which allow its use in modern applications for self-modifying code.

Adaptive device with underlying mechanism defined by a programming language

An adaptive device is made up of an underlying mechanism, for instance, an automaton, a grammar, a decision tree, etc., to which is added an adaptive mechanism, responsible for allowing a dynamic modification in the structure of the underlying mechanism. This article aims to investigate if a programming language can be used as an underlying mechanism of an adaptive device, resulting in an adaptive language.

Conception of adaptive programming languages

Adaptive devices show the characteristic of dynamically change themselves in response to input stimuli with no interference of external agents. Occasional changes in behaviour are immediately detected by the devices, which right away react spontaneously to them. Chronologically such devices derived from researches in the field of formal languages and automata. However, formalism spurred applications in several other fields. Based on the operation of adaptive automata, the elementary ideas generanting programming adaptive languages are presented.

Adaptive languages and a new programming style

A programming style can be seen as a particular model of shaping thought or a special way of codifying language to solve a problem. Adaptive languages have the basic feature of allowing the expression of programs which self-modifying through adaptive actions at runtime. The conception of such languages calls for a new programming style, since the application of adaptive technology in the field of programming languages suggests a new way of thinking. With the adaptive style, programming language codes can be structured in such a way that the codified program therein modifies or adapts itself towards the needs of the problem. The adaptive programming style may be a feasible alternate way to obtain self-modifying consistent codes, which allow its use in modern applications for self-modifying code.

Using adaptive automata in a multi-paradigm programming environment

In this paper the architecture of an experimental multiparadigmatic programming environment is sketched, showing how its parts combine together with application modules in order to perform the integration of program modules written in different programming languages and paradigms. Adaptive automata are special self-modifying formal state machines used as a design and implementation tool in the representation of complex systems. Adaptive automata have been proven to have the same formal power as Turing Machines. Therefore, at least in theory, arbitrarily complex systems may be modeled with adaptive automata. The present work briefly introduces such formal tool and presents case studies showing how to use them in two very different situations: the first one, in the name management module of a multi-paradigmatic and multi-language programming environment, and the second one, in an application program implementing an adaptive automaton that accepts a context-sensitive language.

Estruturação e processos isomórficos do campo organizacional de alambiques de cachaça artesanal em Bananal - SP

This work tries to comprehend, throw the prism of the Institutional Theory, the structural process of organizational field of cachaça¿s handicraft producers¿ from a Brazilian countryside region. The role of values and traditions on the determination of the structure and decision making on this industry are analyzed. It is necessary to research historic, economic and social facts, and confront them to the formation of Brazilian society to understand the field¿s formulation. An important aspect of this research is the mapping of isomorphic process and the comparison of the field¿s institutional degree, before and after the changes. It was noticed that the alteration on perception of Cachaça in the national market and the entrance of a new actor oriented by functional rationality are the major reasons for the mimetic changes on this field. As a contribution, this study confirms the applicability of Institutional Theory on analysis of specific fields and shows how this field has structured itself.

Competência e desempenho nas habilidades primarias: um estudo a luz dos determinantes socio-econômicos

Este trabalho, pretende ser uma contribuição, no sentido de aguçar as atenções despertadas na área do desenvolvimento cognitivo do pré-escolar, para que não se desviem do grave problema há muito instalado na nossa sociedade: as dificuldades nos primeiros anos escolares da população procedente da classe baixa. O desempenho neste período, é um dos fatores determinantes no futuro acadêmico. Portanto, faz-se necessário que a compreensão do ambiente social se torne definida, permitindo planejar medidas de intervenção, que resultem em promoção social, especialmente para as classes e grupos carentes. As preocupações mencionadas, orientaram os esforços deste estudo, afim de se entender as variações intelectuais em função do nível socioeconômico de pré-escolares, assim como, as possíveis interrelações entre essas variáveis. Partindo-se de uma sucinta análise através de uma breve revisão das principais concepções da inteligência, buscou-se interpretar e relacionar essas contribuições e suas consequências em nível pragmático. Destaque marcante atribuiu-se aos estudos de AF inspirados no instrumental de D. Wechsler, enfatizando-se a avaliação dos fatores mais comumente encontrados. O aspecto central do trabalho é representado por uma pesquisa instrumentada através do WISC e de um questionário sôcio-econômico. A Análise Fatorial (AF) dos dados coletados, levou a detectar 4 fatores, cuja interpretação constituiu um tema paralelo deste trabalho.

Awarding damages or demanding performance? a performance-oriented approach for international investment law

This paper examines two different approaches to judicial protection of entitlements in international economic law. One of them, ‘performance-oriented’, is applied by WTO adjudicators. Performance-oriented remedies focus on inducing wrongdoers to resume compliance with the underlying substantive rules. The other, ‘reparation-oriented’, is applied overwhelmingly in international investment law. Reparation-oriented remedies aim at offsetting the injury caused to private parties by the wrongful conduct. This paper discusses the utility of performance-oriented remedies within WTO law, and assesses the possibilities for otherwise reparation-oriented investment tribunals to have recourse to these remedies. It examines a number of decisions that, it is argued, favor performance over pecuniary compensation. From the viewpoint of the state found in breach, compensation then appears as a threatened sanction for non-compliance with the performance obligations determined.

Governança para resultados: estudo de caso em uma empresa pública de tecnologia da informação

A adoção de uma governança voltada para resultados na administração pública surgiu como uma abordagem de gestão organizacional, fazendo parte de um amplo movimento da nova gestão pública (NGP). No Brasil, as empresas públicas têm se preocupado em buscar melhores mecanismos de controle da gestão no sentido de lograr bons resultados na prestação dos serviços públicos para os clientes e à sociedade usuária dos serviços. O termo "Gestão de Desempenho Organizacional" refere-se a qualquer abordagem integrada e sistemática que vise melhorar o desempenho para alcançar objetivos estratégicos e promover a missão e os valores da organização. Assim, esta pesquisa estuda práticas relacionadas à gestão de desempenho organizacional, que possibilitem o direcionamento dos esforços na melhoria dos processos chaves, levando em consideração as particularidades inerentes à natureza pública. Outro aspecto de relevância deste trabalho advém dos estudos da Gestão por Objetivos e da Gestão para Resultados, adotando a compreensão de Gerenciar por Objetivos para se conquistar os Resultados. Deste modo, foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica para identificar os principais frameworks sobre desempenho organizacional. Após esta etapa, foi estabelecida uma análise crítica dos frameworks, observando as principais contribuições e pontos fortes. E por último, foi construído um modelo de avaliação com o propósito de fazer um diagnóstico dos processos gerenciais, e qualificar em qual estágio a empresa objeto deste estudo se encontra, sob o enfoque da governança para resultados. O resultado desta avaliação refletiu as percepções dos funcionários e gestores sobre o desempenho e seus determinantes.

The consequences of the culture aspect and the power distance in the execution of global strategies in multinational companies in Brazil

One of the challenges presented by the current conjecture in Global Companies is to recognize and understand that the culture and levels in structure of the Power Distance in Organizations in different countries contribute, significantly, toward the failure or success of their strategies. The alignment between the implementation and execution of new strategies for projects intended for the success of the Organization as a whole, rather than as an individual part thereof, is an important step towards reducing the impacts of Power Distance (PDI) on the success of business strategies. A position at odds with this understanding by Companies creates boundaries that increase organizational chasms, also taking into consideration relevant aspects such as, FSAs (Firm-Specific Advantages) and CSAs (Country-Specific Advantages). It is also important that the Organizations based in countries or regions of low Power Distance (PDI) between its individuals be more flexible and prepared to ask and to hear the suggestions from Regional and Local Offices. Thus, the purpose of this study is to highlight the elements of effective strategy implementation considering the relevant aspects at all levels of global corporate culture that justify the influences of power distance when implementing new strategies and also to minimize the impacts of this internal business relationship. This study also recognizes that other corporate and cultural aspects are relevant for the success of business strategies so consider, for instance, the lack of alignment between global and regional/local organizations, the need for competent leadership resources, as well as the challenges that indicate the distance between the hierarchical levels ─ Headquarters and Regional Office ─ as some of the various causes that prevent the successful execution of global strategies. Finally, we show that the execution of the strategy cannot be treated as a construction solely created by the Headquarters or by only one Board and that it needs to be understood as a system aimed at interacting with the surroundings.

An evaluation of the Business Model Canvas by technology-oriented startups in Brazil : a qualitative study about the usage of the tool by Brazilian entrepreneurs

The following paper was conducted with the support of several entrepreneurs and startups from Brazil. The aim of the research was to find out which impact the Business Model Canvas, further abbreviated as BMC, has on technology-oriented startups in Brazil. The first step of the study was identify some general concepts of entrepreneurship, as well as the conditions and environment of the country. Afterwards, it was focused on defining and comparing different business model tools and concepts to the BMC. After the literature review and meeting with several professionals in the area of entrepreneurship and startups, a questionnaire was formulated in order to conduct the qualitative study and identify the main impact of the tool. The questionnaire was answered by ten startups. In order to check the validity and credibility of the research outcomes, theory and investigator triangulation was used. As a result, the usage of the BMC could be evaluated by obtaining the outcomes and the theory, which showed that Brazilian tech startups are using Osterwalder’s model for the reason of idea creation and testing, validating and pivoting their business model. Interestingly, the research revealed that the entrepreneurs are using the tool often not in the traditional way of printing it, but rather applying it as a thinking approach. Besides, the entrepreneurs are focusing mostly on developing a strong Value Proposition, Customer Segment and sustainable Revenue Streams, while afterwards the remaining building blocks are built. Moreover, the research showed that the startups are using also other concepts, such as the Customer Development Process or Build-Measure-Learn Feedback Loop. These methodologies are often applied together with the BMC and helps to identify the most sustainable components of the business idea. Keywords: Business