Producción audiovisual indígena, una experiencia de agencia política. Estudio de caso: el video indígena del Cauca

Esta investigación busca indagar el fenómeno de producción audiovisual indígena o video indígena, a la luz de los elementos teóricos que ofrece la categoría de agencia política. Por ello, la investigación intenta responder a la pregunta de si es posible definir o no dicha práctica como una experiencia de agencia, para lo cual analizamos los alcances que como ejercicios de ruptura, permiten las prácticas de representación y memoria en las narrativas audiovisuales de dos videos indígenas producidos en el Cauca, al sur de Colombia, planteados como estudio de caso. En el desarrollo de esta exploración, nos aproximamos a cuestiones importantes para la discusión como la apertura de sujetos, espacios y medios para la agencia, memorias alternativas, la construcción del relato histórico, las luchas indígenas, los agenciamientos simbólicos de los pueblos indígenas, las posibilidades políticas desde la comunicación alternativa, entre otras, cuestiones que permiten articular a la pregunta de investigación, preocupaciones de gran importancia en el ejercicio de indagación sobre la alteridad.

Hagiografía e invención en Plácido (1871), novela de Francisco Campos (Dossier: La novela ecuatoriana del siglo XIX)

Con la escritura de Plácido, novela (1871), Francisco Campos empleó la hagiografía y la retórica como una forma de articular el pensamiento para promover la acción social frente a las dificultades de su realidad. Recurrió a esta forma de escritura para difundir su mensaje y contribuir como intelectual a crear sujetos ideales para el Estado nacional.

Nelson Estupiñán Bass: escritor de dos orillas (Homenaje)

Este ensayo examina el significado y la función de la literatura escrita y leída desde la experiencia de la negritud en Ecuador, especialmente en lo que se refiere al ejemplo de Nelson Estupiñán Bass (1912-2002), a quien se considera uno de los principales escritores afroecuatorianos. Parte del problema que se analiza tiene que ver con cómo identificar el contexto social en el cual se lee la producción literaria de Estupiñán. De ahí, el análisis se mueve entre la llamada ciudad letrada y las áreas rurales del norte de Esmeraldas donde varias comunidades luchan por tomar control de sus propias representaciones. Por lo tanto, la pregunta que emerge tiene que ver con el rol conflictivo de un escritor afroesmeraldeño que pretende articular e interpretar las necesidades, los intereses y las historias que definen a los habitantes de la provincia de Esmeraldas mientras asume una posición jerárquica de un intelectual socialmente comprometido que, inconsciente y paradójicamente, deja sin voz a aquellas comunidades que, durante siglos, han hablado por medio de sus mayores y ancestros.

Museo del Carnaval de Pasto: una mirada a sus políticas de gestión cultural (2000-2011)

El trabajo que presento a continuación desarrolla una mirada sobre los alcances y dificultades del Museo del Carnaval, espacio dedicado a la memoria del Carnaval de Negros y Blancos de la ciudad de Pasto, Nariño, Colombia. El Carnaval se encuentra inscrito en la Lista Representativa del Patrimonio Cultural Inmaterial de la Nación y de la Humanidad, situación que deviene en una constante interrelación entre gestores, instituciones y políticas culturales. La categoría central de este trabajo es la memoria, a partir de ésta se desarrollan nociones como marcos sociales de la memoria y la salvaguardia del patrimonio inmaterial. En el ámbito metodológico, el diálogo entre la revisión de referentes teóricos, de fuentes documentales, observación directa y el desarrollo de entrevistas a actores estratégicos, permiten articular al tema de investigación discusiones de gran importancia para la vida cultural de la ciudad de Pasto. Esta exploración se desarrolla en dos capítulos: uno, hace referencia a la memoria y tiempo del Carnaval de Negros y Blancos. En este identificamos antecedentes teóricos sobre culturas populares, carnaval y referenciamos algunos estudios locales. El segundo capítulo despliega una reflexión sobre políticas culturales relacionadas al Carnaval de Negros y Blancos, para entrar finalmente en una crítica a la implementación de dichas políticas en clave de memoria.

La plurinacionalidad como chivo expiatorio: Violencia mimética en el conflicto de Sucre (mayo de 2008) [Tema Central]

El diálogo en el presente trabajo articulará los textos del crítico literario, historiador y filósofo francés René Girard (2002): “Es preciso que llegue el escándalo”, “El ciclo de la violencia mimética”, “Satán”, en Veo caer a Satán como el relámpago, con los textos de la abogada Judith Salgado (2004): “Discriminación, racismo y xenofobia”, y de Antonio Cornejo Polar (1996), crítico literario peruano: “Una heterogeneidad no dialéctica. Sujeto y discursos migrantes en el Perú moderno”.

Ferrocarriles hacia el Oriente. Articulación del territorio y construcción nacional a inicios del siglo XX en el Ecuador (Estudios)

The railway lines proyect to the Eastern provinces of Ecuador that was established in the process of nation building at the beginning of the 20th Century formed an integral part of the program promoted by the liberal governmentes, that had intrest in articulating the region and control of the amazonic space. There is an analysis on the debate about the constrution of roads to the East at the beginning of Century and the development a railines to the cities of Ambato to Curaray, also sketching other railroad proyects to the East. The study contributes to redeeming the history of one of the raillines that has ocuppied significat political debates in the period and to situated some of the contradictions that were presented in the process of nation building.

La corrupción, mecanismos de participación ciudadana y control social; y, el Plan Nacional de Prevención y Lucha Contra la Corrupción del Ecuador

La presente investigación tiene como objeto analizar si el Plan Nacional de Prevención y Lucha Contra la Corrupción de Ecuador, elaborado por la Función de Transparencia y Control Social, es o podría convertirse en una herramienta adecuada para combatir la corrupción y qué mecanismos, actividades, programas y políticas servirían para lograrlo. La tesis abarca en el primer capítulo el marco conceptual sobre lo que significa la corrupción, el análisis de sus causas y consecuencias para sentar las bases de una definición que sirva de fundamento teórico durante la investigación. En el desarrollo se resalta el alcance de la lucha contra la corrupción en el Ecuador, el marco jurídico actual haciendo énfasis en los principales instrumentos internacionales que se han suscrito como país en dicha materia y, el papel de la Función de Transparencia y Control Social. El segundo capítulo aborda la manera cómo se intenta combatir la corrupción mediante la participación ciudadana y el control social, en especial se detallan a profundidad los mecanismos que servirían de herramientas para que la ciudadanía se convierta en un actor fundamental para frenar la corrupción. El tercer capítulo explica cómo se construyó y cuáles son los elementos del Plan Nacional de Lucha y Prevención contra la Corrupción, que es la guía más importante con la que cuenta el país en la actualidad para dirigir y articular la lucha contra la corrupción. El cuarto capítulo enfoca la medición de la corrupción, cuyo sistema constituye una falencia del Plan y, a partir de ese análisis, propone una serie de indicadores que constituyen una hoja de ruta para alcanzar ese objetivo. En la parte final expone las conclusiones y las recomendaciones.

Generation of anti-complement "prodrugs": cleavable reagents for specific delivery of complement regulators to disease sites

Expression of biologically active molecules as fusion proteins with antibody Fc can substantially extend the plasma half-life of the active agent but may also influence function. We have previously generated a number of fusion proteins comprising a complement regulator coupled to Fc and shown that the hybrid molecule has a long plasma half-life and retains biological activity. However, several of the fusion proteins generated had substantially reduced biological activity when compared with the native regulator or regulator released from the Fc following papain cleavage. We have taken advantage of this finding to engineer a prodrug with low complement regulatory activity that is cleaved at sites of inflammation to release active regulator. Two model prodrugs, comprising, respectively, the four short consensus repeats of human decay accelerating factor (CD55) linked to IgG4 Fc and the three NH2-terminal short consensus repeats of human decay accelerating factor linked to IgG2 Fc have been developed. In each, specific cleavage sites for matrix metalloproteinases and/or aggrecanases have been incorporated between the complement regulator and the Fc. These prodrugs have markedly decreased complement inhibitory activity when compared with the parent regulator in vitro. Exposure of the prodrugs to the relevant enzymes, either purified, or in supernatants of cytokine-stimulated chondrocytes or in synovial fluid, efficiently cleaved the prodrug, releasing active regulator. Such agents, having negligible systemic effects but active at sites of inflammation, represent a paradigm for the next generation of anti-C therapeutics.

PAR(2) and Temporomandibular Joint Inflammation in the Rat

The proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR(2)) is a putative therapeutic target for arthritis. We hypothesized that the early pro-inflammatory effects secondary to its activation in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) are mediated by neurogenic mechanisms. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed a high degree of neurons expressing PAR(2) in retrogradely labeled trigeminal ganglion neurons. Furthermore, PAR(2) immunoreactivity was observed in the lining layer of the TMJ, co-localizing with the neuronal marker PGP9.5 and substance-P-containing peripheral sensory nerve fibers. The intra-articular injection of PAR(2) agonists into the TMJ triggered a dose-dependent increase in plasma extravasation, neutrophil influx, and induction of mechanical allodynia. The pharmacological blockade of natural killer 1 (NK(1)) receptors abolished PAR(2)-induced plasma extravasation and inhibited neutrophil influx and mechanical allodynia. We conclude that PAR(2) activation is proinflammatory in the TMJ, through a neurogenic mechanism involving NK(1) receptors. This suggests that PAR(2) is an important component of innate neuro-immune response in the rat TMJ.

Differing effects of exogenous and endogenous hydrogen sulphide in carrageenan-induced knee joint synovitis in the rat

Background and purpose: Recent findings suggest that the noxious gas H(2)S is produced endogenously, and that physiological concentrations of H(2)S are able to modulate pain and inflammation in rodents. This study was undertaken to evaluate the ability of endogenous and exogenous H(2)S to modulate carrageenan-induced synovitis in the rat knee. Experimental approach: Synovitis was induced in Wistar rats by intra-articular injection of carrageenan into the knee joint. Sixty minutes prior to carrageenan injection, the rats were pretreated with indomethacin, an inhibitor of H(2)S formation (dl-propargylglycine) or an H(2)S donor [Lawesson`s reagent (LR)]. Key results: Injection of carrageenan evoked knee inflammation, pain as characterized by impaired gait, secondary tactile allodynia of the ipsilateral hindpaw, joint swelling, histological changes, inflammatory cell infiltration, increased synovial myeloperoxidase, protein nitrotyrosine residues, inducible NOS (iNOS) activity and NO production. Pretreatment with LR or indomethacin significantly attenuated the pain responses, and all the inflammatory and biochemical changes, except for the increased iNOS activity, NO production and 3-NT. Propargylglycine pretreatment potentiated synovial iNOS activity (and NO production), and enhanced macrophage infiltration, but had no effect on other inflammatory parameters. Conclusions and implications: Whereas exogenous H(2)S delivered to the knee joint can produce a significant anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effect, locally produced H(2)S exerts little immunomodulatory effect. These data further support the development and use of H(2)S donors as potential alternatives (or complementary therapies) to the available anti-inflammatory compounds used for treatment of joint inflammation or relief of its symptoms.

Participation of peripheral tachykinin NK(1) receptors in the carrageenan-induced inflammation of the rat temporomandibular joint

Temporomandibular disorders represent one of the major challenges in dentistry therapeutics. This study was undertaken to evaluate the time course of carrageenan-induced inflammation in the rat temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and to investigate the role of tachykinin NK(1) receptors. Inflammation was induced by a single intra-articular (i.art.) injection of carrageenan into the left TMJ (control group received sterile saline). Inflammatory parameters such as plasma extravasation, leukocyte influx and mechanical allodynia (measured as the head-withdrawal force threshold) and TNF alpha and IL-1 beta concentrations were measured in the TMJ lavages at selected time-points. The carrageenan-induced responses were also evaluated after treatment with the NK(1) receptor antagonist SR140333. The i.art. injection of carrageenan into the TMJ caused a time-dependent plasma extravasation associated with mechanical allodynia, and a marked neutrophil accumulation between 4 and 24 h. Treatment with SR140333 substantially inhibited the increase in plasma extravasation and leukocyte influx at 4 and 24 h, as well as the production of TNF alpha and IL-1 beta into the joint cavity, but failed to affect changes in head-withdrawal threshold. The results obtained from the present TMJ-arthritis model provide, for the first time, information regarding the time course of this experimental inflammatory process. In addition, our data show that peripheral NK(1) receptors mediate the production of both TNF alpha and IL-1 beta in the TMJ as well as some of the inflammatory signs, such as plasma extravasation and leukocyte influx, but not the nociceptive component. 2008 European Federation of Chapters of the International Association for the Study of Pain. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Deiodinase-mediated thyroid hormone inactivation minimizes thyroid hormone signaling in the early development of fetal skeleton

Thyroid hormone (TH) plays a key role on post-natal bone development and metabolism, while its relevance during fetal bone development is uncertain. To Study this, pregnant once were made hypothyroid and fetuses harvested at embryonic days (E) 12.5, 14.5, 16.5 and 18.5. Despite a marked reduction in fetal tissue concentration of both T4 and T3, bone development, as assessed at the distal epiphyseal growth plate of the femur and vertebra, was largely preserved Lip to E16.5. Only at E18.5, the hypothyroid fetuses exhibited a reduction in femoral type I and type X collagen and osteocalcin mRNA levels, in the length and area of the proliferative and hypertrophic zones, in the number of chondrocytes per proliferative column, and in the number of hypertrophic chondrocyres, in addition to a slight delay in endochondral and intramembranous ossification. This Suggests that LIP to E 16.5, thyroid hormone signaling in bone is kept to a minimum. In fact, measuring the expression level of the activating and inactivating iodothyronine deiodinases (D2 and D3) helped understand how this is achieved. D3 mRNA was readily detected as early as E14.5 and its expression decreased markedly (similar to 10-fold) at E18.5, and even more at 14 days after birth (P14). In contrast. D2 mRNA expression increased significantly by E18.5 and markedly (similar to 2.5-fold) by P14. The reciprocal expression levels of D2 and D3 genes during early bone development along with the absence of a hypothyroidism-induced bone phenotype at this time Suggest that coordinated reciprocal deiodinase expression keeps thyroid hormone signaling in bone to very low levels at this early stage of bone development. (c) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

The effects of anticalcification treatments and hydration on the molecular dynamics of bovine pericardium collagen as revealed by (13)C solid-state NMR

This article describes a solid-state NMR (SSNMR) investigation of the influence of hydration and chemical cross-linking on the molecular dynamics of the constituents of the bovine pericardium (BP) tissues and its relation to the mechanical properties of the tissue. Samples of natural phenetylamine-diepoxide (DE)- and glutaraldehyde (GL)-fixed BP were investigated by (13)C cross-polarization SSNMR to probe the dynamics of the collagen, and the results were correlated to the mechanical properties of the tissues, probed by dynamical mechanical analysis. For samples of natural BP, the NMR results show that the higher the hydration level the more pronounced the molecular dynamics of the collagen backbone and sidechains, decreasing the tissue`s elastic modulus. In contrast, in DE- and GL-treated samples, the collagen molecules are more rigid, and the hydration seems to be less effective in increasing the collagen molecular dynamics and reducing the mechanical strength of the samples. This is mostly attributed to the presence of cross-links between the collagen plates, which renders the collagen mobility less dependent on the water absorption in chemically treated samples. Copyright (C) 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Perfil do atletismo do Rio Grande do Sul: características somáticas e motoras das categorias pré-mirim, mirim e menor

Este estudo teve por objetivo verificar as variáveis somato-motoras dos atletas de atletismo do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, nas categorias pré-mirim (12 e 13 anos de idade), mirim (14 e 15 anos de idade) e menor (16 e 17 anos de idade), em ambos os sexos. Os atletas da amostra (63 do sexo masculino e 48 do sexo feminino) foram divididos em 3 grupos de provas: potência de membros inferiores (PMI), potência de membros superiores (PMS) e resistência (R), seguindo como critério os resultados obtidos em competições no ano de 2001. Foram realizadas 11 medidas somáticas, incluindo estatura, envergadura, massa corporal, pregas de adiposidade subcutâneas, diâmetros e perímetros. O somatotipo foi determinado de acordo com o método de Heath-Carter. Entre os testes utilizados, estão o teste do quadrado (agilidade), salto horizontal (força explosiva de membros inferiores), corrida de 20 metros (velocidade), arremesso de medicine ball de 2 kg (força explosiva de membros superiores), teste de sentar e alcançar – “sit and reach” (mobilidade articular), sit-ups (força-resistência abdominal 60 segundos). Para descrever os resultados foi utilizado a estatística descritiva usual, com médias e desvios-padrão; para as análises inferenciais, foi utilizada a analise de variância ANOVA. O programa estatístico utilizado foi o SPSS 8.0. No sexo feminino os resultados foram muito semelhantes, sugerindo um grupo muito homogêneo entre as atletas. Os atletas do sexo masculino apresentaram diferenças estatísticas, principalmente entre as categorias pré-mirim e mirim e entre as categorias pré-mirim e menor. As diferenças entre as categorias mirim e menor foram mínimas. Recomenda-se uma atenção maior para a variável de flexibilidade que apresentou valores inferiores aos das avaliações do Projeto Esporte Brasil (PROESP-BR). As variáveis somáticas são os principais fatores para a determinação dos grupos de provas, quando os atletas ingressam na categoria pré-mirim. Na mesma categoria,houve diferenças estatisticamentesignificantes em relação às variáveis motoras entre os grupos de provas (PMI, PMS, R).

Escola pública e comunidade : relações em d'obras

Apresentamos neste trabalho um estudo sobre a processualidade das relações da escola pública com a comunidade, enfocando os agenciamentos que operam na constituição de diferentes modos de relação em uma instituição situada na região metropolitana de Porto Alegre. Sob os referenciais de Gilles Deleuze e Félix Guattari, procuramos pensar as relações como acontecimentos, efeitos de sentidos, agenciados coletivamente por instâncias heterogêneas que compõem o real social. Nosso problema se inscreve no âmbito do discurso e da subjetividade, partindo da hipótese de que é possível pensar as relações nas instituições, para além das representações individuais, para além das relações interpessoais, para além do pressuposto da reprodução social. Procuramos articular conhecimentos da Análise de Discurso na vertente Francesa com as discussões empreendidas por Deleuze e Guattari sobre uma Filosofia da Linguagem e uma Teoria da Subjetividade. Utilizamos o recurso cartográfico proposto por estes autores, trabalhando com os discursos produzidos no encontro da escola com a comunidade. Para tal acompanhamos as atividades de uma escola durante um ano, realizando entrevistas, observações, leitura de documentos, participando de reuniões e encontros festivos. Encontramos em nosso estudo algumas dobras das relações da escola com a comunidade, dobras que nos falam da sua complexidade, a qual temos deixado escapar, ao entendermos as relações, marcados pelo modo-indivíduo de subjetivação, que ganhou força desde a modernidade. Nossa cartografia registrou várias dobras, algumas um pouco mais intensas, como a dobra burocrática, a qual impede que outras forças possam ser potencializadas na escola. Procuramos aqui construir um modo de pensar as relações nas instituições, um pensar nas dobras, para regar um pouco o campo da Análise Institucional no âmbito da Psicologia e da Educação.