Espironolactona reduz a pressão arterial e a albuminúria de hipertensos obesos com síndrome metabólica

INTRODUÇÃO: A aldosterona tem sido implicada na fisiopatologia da síndrome metabólica (SM), assim como da hipertensão arterial a ela associada; entretanto, o uso de antagonistas do receptor mineralocorticoide neste grupo de indivíduos foi pouco estudado. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar os efeitos do bloqueio mineralocorticoide no comportamento pressórico, em parâmetros metabólicos, inflamatórios e renais de indivíduos com SM. MÉTODOS: Vinte e nove indivíduos com SM foram avaliados em estudo prospectivo que consistiu de dois períodos: basal (duas semanas), no qual foram obtidos dados demográficos e suspensa a medicação anti-hipertensiva, e período de tratamento, no qual foi administrada espironolactona (25 a 50 mg/dia), por 16 semanas. Em ambos os períodos, foram avaliados marcadores inflamatórios, metabólicos e renais, além da realização da monitorização ambulatorial da pressão arterial. RESULTADOS: Após tratamento com espironolactona, a pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica de 24 horas reduziu de 143,5 ± 15,17 mmHg para 133,2 ± 17,34 mmHg (p = 0,025) e de 85,2 ± 11,10 mmHg para 79,3 ± 11,78 mmHg (p = 0,026), respectivamente. Os níveis de colesterol HDL aumentaram de 44,0 ± 8,67 para 49,0 ± 6,75mg/dL (p = 0,000) e a proteína C reativa reduziu significantemente de 6,3 ± 7,54 mg/L para 4,6 ± 6,30 mg/L. Os níveis de glicemia de jejum, insulina, HOMA-IR e triglicérides não apresentaram alteração significante após bloqueio do receptor mineralocorticoide. A filtração glomerular estimada não se alterou, enquanto o logaritmo da albuminúria reduziu significantemente de 2,5 ± 0,92 para 2,0 ± 0,95. CONCLUSÃO: A administração de espironolactona em monoterapia a hipertensos com SM foi eficaz no controle da hipertensão arterial, reduziu a excreção urinária de albumina e elevou os níveis de colesterol HDL.

Efeito do exercício físico e suplementação de potássio sobre a pressão arterial, metabolismo glicídico e albuminúria de ratos hipertensos

Introdução: Ainda é controverso se ocorre sinergismo entre as diferentes medidas não farmacológicas utilizadas no tratamento da hipertensão arterial. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito do exercício físico aeróbico, da sobrecarga oral de potássio e da sua associação sobre a pressão arterial, metabolismo glicídico, excreção urinária de albumina e morfologia glomerular de ratos espontaneamente hipertensos (SHR). Métodos: SHRs foram divididos em: Grupo Controle (SHR; dieta padrão e sedentário, n = 10); Grupo Exercício (SHR + E; treinado em esteira rolante, dieta padrão, n = 10), Grupo Potássio (SHR + K; sedentário, dieta rica em potássio, n = 10) e Grupo Exercício + Potássio (SHR + E + K; exercitado, dieta rica em potássio, n = 10). Semanalmente, foi aferido o peso corporal (PC) e a pressão arterial de cauda (PAC). Ao final de 16 semanas, foi realizado o Teste de Tolerância oral a Glicose. A albuminúria foi determinada nos períodos basal, na 8ª e 16ª semana. Após o sacrifício, foi realizada a análise do índice de esclerose glomerular e a pesagem da gordura visceral. Resultados: A PAC e o PC não variaram significativamente. Houve melhora da sensibilidade à insulina no Grupo Exercício e Grupo Potássio, mas não no Grupo Exercício + Potássio. Na 16ª semana, a albuminúria de todos os grupos foi significativamente menor que o grupo SHR Controle. O índice de esclerose glomerular e o peso da gordura visceral também foram significativamente menores em todos os grupos tratados quando comparados ao controle. Conclusão: A dieta rica em potássio e o exercício físico determinaram melhora no metabolismo glicídico, na albuminúria e na morfologia glomerular, porém, a sobreposição dos tratamentos não apresentou sinergismo.

Redução da água corporal de renais crônicos em diálise peritoneal se associa com melhor controle da hipertensão arterial

Introdução: A hipertensão arterial tem alta prevalência em renais crônicos, sendo a hipervolemia um de seus fatores causais. Objetivo: Avaliar a influência da redução da volemia no controle pressórico e em parâmetros ecocardiográficos de pacientes renais crônicos em diálise peritoneal contínua. Métodos: Doze renais crônicos sem sinais clínicos de hipervolemia foram submetidos à intensificação da diálise com o objetivo de reduzir o peso corporal em 5%. A volemia foi avaliada pela bioimpedância elétrica e pela ultrassonografia de veia cava inferior (VCI). Os voluntários foram submetidos à monitorização ambulatorial da pressão arterial e a exame ecocardiográfico no período basal e após 5 semanas de intervenção. Resultados: Após a intensificação da ultrafiltração, houve redução significativa do peso corporal, da água extracelular e do diâmetro inspiratório da VCI, enquanto o índice de colapsamento da VCI não alterou de modo significativo. A despeito da redução do número de anti-hipertensivos, a pressão sistólica do período de sono reduziu de 138,4 ± 18,6 para 126,7 ± 18,0 mmHg, o descenso pressórico do sono aumentou e o diâmetro sistólico final do ventrículo esquerdo reduziu significantemente. Conclusão: A redução da volemia de pacientes em diálise peritoneal, clinicamente euvolêmicos, se associou a melhor controle pressórico e à diminuição do diâmetro sistólico final do ventrículo esquerdo.

Visual Customer Segmentation and Data Exploration with the Self-Organizing Map

Advancements in information technology have made it possible for organizations to gather and store vast amounts of data of their customers. Information stored in databases can be highly valuable for organizations. However, analyzing large databases has proven to be difficult in practice. For companies in the retail industry, customer intelligence can be used to identify profitable customers, their characteristics, and behavior. By clustering customers into homogeneous groups, companies can more effectively manage their customer base and target profitable customer segments. This thesis will study the use of the self-organizing map (SOM) as a method for analyzing large customer datasets, clustering customers, and discovering information about customer behavior. Aim of the thesis is to find out whether the SOM could be a practical tool for retail companies to analyze their customer data.

Does altering brachial artery tone with lower-body negative pressure and flow-mediated dilation affect arterial stiffness?

Although medium sized, muscular vessels normally respond to sympathetic stimulation by reducing compliance, it is unclear whether the large brachial artery is similarly affected by sympathetic stimulation induced via lower-body negative pressure (LBNP). Similarly, the impact of flow-mediated dilation (FMD) on brachial artery compliance and distensibility remains unresolved, hi addition, before such measures can be used as prognostic tools, it is important to investigate the reliability and repeatability of both techniques. Using a randomized order design, the effects of LBNP and FMD on the mechanical properties of the brachial artery were examined in nine healthy male subjects (mean age 24y). Non-invasive Doppler ultrasound and a Finometer were used to measure simultaneously the variation in systolic and diastolic diameter, and brachial blood pressure, respectively. These values were used to calculate compliance and distensibility values at baseline, and during both LBNP and FMD. The within-day and between-day repeatability of arterial diameter, compliance, distensibility, and FMD measures were assessed using the error coefficient and intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). While heart rate (P<0.01) and peripheral resistance increased during LBNP (P<0.05), forearm blood flow and pulse pressure decreased (P<0.01). hi terms of mechanical properties, vessel diameters decreased (P<0.05), but both compliance and distensibility were not changed. On the other hand, FMD resulted in a significant increase in diameter (P<0.001), with no change in compliance or distensibility. hi summary, LBNP and FMD do not appear to alter brachial artery compliance or distensibility in young, healthy males. Whereas measures ofFMD were not found to be repeatable between days, the ICC indicated that compliance and distensibility were repeatable only within-day.

The association between body composition and arterial stiffness in peri-pubescent children

The objective of this study was to examine the association between body composition and arterial stiffuess in peri-pubescent boys and girls. Differences in arterial distensibility were measured in 68 children (45 normal weight, 12 overweight, and 11 obese) between the ages of9 to 12 years. Weight classification was based on age and gender-specific body mass index cut-offs, while pubertal maturation was self-reported using Tanner staging. Distensibility was determined using two-dimensional, B-Mode echo Doppler ultrasound to measure changes at the right common carotid artery (CCA) diameter changes, while carotid pulse pressure (cPP) was measured at the left CCA by applanation tonometry. One-way ANOV A analysis revealed significant differences (p<0.001) in all anthropometric measures between the normal weight and overweight children, as well as the normal weight and obese children. Body stature was only higher in obese children compared to normal weight children (p<0.01). No significant differences were found between groups regarding age or Tanner stage. Common carotid artery distensibility showed a significant difference (p<0.01) between normal weight children (0.008 ± 0.002 mmHg-1 ) compared to obese children (0.005 ± 0.002 mmHg-1 ), with a borderline significant difference between the normal and overweight subjects (p=0.06). There was no significant effect for gender between males and females across all independent variables. The strongest determinants of distensibility in children were cPP (r= -0.52, p

The Effects of a Psychosocial Behavioural Intervention on Arterial Health in Children

This study evaluated the effects of a Leisure and Well-Being Model (LWM) psychosocial intervention on arterial health, measured by arterial stiffness and thickness, in 82 children aged 10-13 (n=41; intervention, n=41; control) over one year. The intervention was to provide children with the awareness, skill development, and application of positive emotion, personal strengths, coping, and free-time vitality. Results showed no change in arterial health for children exposed to the intervention compared to controls. However, a significant systolic blood pressure decrease was found in children exposed to the intervention and increased in those of the control group (F (1, 73) = 4.085, p = 0.047). This is the first study to show that a psychosocial intervention has a positive effect on childhood cardiovascular health within one year. Hence, if exposed for-or followed for- a longer period of time, it may be possible to see further improvements in arterial health.

ARTERIAL STIFFNESS IN CHILDREN WITH AND WITHOUT DEVELOPMENTAL COORDINATION DISORDER

The purpose of this study was to determine whether children with potential developmental coordination disorder (p-DCD) demonstrate increased arterial stiffness and thickness compared to age and school matched controls (mean age 14.7 yrs). We also assessed whether these measures differed by sex. Compliance, distensibility, and intima-media thickness (IMT) were measured at the common carotid artery for 28 children with p-DCD and 47 controls. ECG-R-wave-toe pulse wave velocity (PWV) was also measured for 29 children with p-DCD and 45 controls. We found that compared to controls males with p-DCD had significantly higher PWV (3.8±0.2 vs. 4.1±0.3, p=0.001) and lower distensibility (0.82± 0.19 vs. 0.70± 0.17, p=0.034) while females showed no significant differences (p=0.523 and p=0.123 respectively). As a result, it is apparent that sex differences exist with respect to arterial health within this population and that children with p-DCD may be more likely to develop cardiovascular disease later in life.

The Influence of Sex on the Relationship Between Arterial Mechanical Properties and Cardiovagal Baroreflex Sensitivity

Cardiovagal baroreflex sensitivity (cvBRS) demonstrates a strong relationship with arterial mechanical properties. Both cvBRS and arterial mechanics differ by sex such that males demonstrate greater cvBRS, yet lower large artery elasticity than females. Whether the relationship between cvBRS and arterial mechanics is similar in males and females remains unexamined. As a result, it is unclear whether arterial mechanics contribute to sex differences in cvBRS. This study investigated the cross-sectional relationship between cvBRS and arterial mechanical properties of the common carotid, carotid sinus and aortic arch (AA) in 36 (18 females) young, healthy normotensives. The cvBRS-arterial mechanics relationship did not reach statistical significance and did not differ by sex. Both cvBRS and AA distensibility were greater in females than males. Sex differences in cvBRS were eliminated after controlling for AA distensibility. These findings suggest that in this sample, AA elasticity may contribute to the greater cvBRS in females than males.

Estilo de vida en el paciente con hipertensión arterial

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias de Enfermería) UANL

Presión arterial post-ejercicio y terapia de luz

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias del Ejercicio con Acentuación en Deporte de Alto Rendimiento) UANL

Diabetes mellitus e hipertensión arterial en relación al ausentismo laboral

Tesis ( Maestría en Salud Pública, Especialidad Salud en el Trabajo) UANL.FaSPyN

Evaluación de polimorfismos genéticos asociados a hipertensión arterial.

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias con Orientación en Farmacia) UANL, 2010.

Consumo de alcohol y tabaco en adultos con diagnóstico de hipertensión arterial.

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias de Enfermería) UANL, 2013.

Segmentation d’images intravasculaires ultrasonores

L'imagerie intravasculaire ultrasonore (IVUS) est une technologie médicale par cathéter qui produit des images de coupe des vaisseaux sanguins. Elle permet de quantifier et d'étudier la morphologie de plaques d'athérosclérose en plus de visualiser la structure des vaisseaux sanguins (lumière, intima, plaque, média et adventice) en trois dimensions. Depuis quelques années, cette méthode d'imagerie est devenue un outil de choix en recherche aussi bien qu'en clinique pour l'étude de la maladie athérosclérotique. L'imagerie IVUS est par contre affectée par des artéfacts associés aux caractéristiques des capteurs ultrasonores, par la présence de cônes d'ombre causés par les calcifications ou des artères collatérales, par des plaques dont le rendu est hétérogène ou par le chatoiement ultrasonore (speckle) sanguin. L'analyse automatisée de séquences IVUS de grande taille représente donc un défi important. Une méthode de segmentation en trois dimensions (3D) basée sur l'algorithme du fast-marching à interfaces multiples est présentée. La segmentation utilise des attributs des régions et contours des images IVUS. En effet, une nouvelle fonction de vitesse de propagation des interfaces combinant les fonctions de densité de probabilité des tons de gris des composants de la paroi vasculaire et le gradient des intensités est proposée. La segmentation est grandement automatisée puisque la lumière du vaisseau est détectée de façon entièrement automatique. Dans une procédure d'initialisation originale, un minimum d'interactions est nécessaire lorsque les contours initiaux de la paroi externe du vaisseau calculés automatiquement sont proposés à l'utilisateur pour acceptation ou correction sur un nombre limité d'images de coupe longitudinale. La segmentation a été validée à l'aide de séquences IVUS in vivo provenant d'artères fémorales provenant de différents sous-groupes d'acquisitions, c'est-à-dire pré-angioplastie par ballon, post-intervention et à un examen de contrôle 1 an suivant l'intervention. Les résultats ont été comparés avec des contours étalons tracés manuellement par différents experts en analyse d'images IVUS. Les contours de la lumière et de la paroi externe du vaisseau détectés selon la méthode du fast-marching sont en accord avec les tracés manuels des experts puisque les mesures d'aire sont similaires et les différences point-à-point entre les contours sont faibles. De plus, la segmentation par fast-marching 3D s'est effectuée en un temps grandement réduit comparativement à l'analyse manuelle. Il s'agit de la première étude rapportée dans la littérature qui évalue la performance de la segmentation sur différents types d'acquisition IVUS. En conclusion, la segmentation par fast-marching combinant les informations des distributions de tons de gris et du gradient des intensités des images est précise et efficace pour l'analyse de séquences IVUS de grandes tailles. Un outil de segmentation robuste pourrait devenir largement répandu pour la tâche ardue et fastidieuse qu'est l'analyse de ce type d'images.