Frequência de anticorpos contra o vírus da língua azul em ovinos do estado do Ceará, Brasil

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Eficácia do glyphosate e 2,4-D no controle de Commelina villosa

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a eficácia de glyphosate e 2,4-D, isolados e em mistura, no controle de Commelina villosa. Foram estudadas duas metodologias de avaliação de absorção de herbicidas em oito intervalos de tempo para a lavagem (simulando chuva após a aplicação) e corte (simulando abortamento, como estratégia de defesa) das folhas: 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24 e 48 horas após a aplicação dos herbicidas, além de um tratamento sem lavagem ou corte das folhas, em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições, dispostos em um esquema fatorial 3 x 7 + 1 (três herbicidas x sete períodos - horas após a aplicação). Os herbicidas e doses testados foram: glyphosate (1.440 g ha-1), 2,4-D (720 g ha-1) e a mistura glyphosate + 2,4-D (1.080 + 720 g ha-1). A simulação de chuva interferiu de forma negativa no controle das plantas com o herbicida glyphosate. O controle com o herbicida 2,4-D foi influenciado apenas no período de 2 horas. Os períodos de simulação de chuva não influenciaram no controle das plantas com a mistura de glyphosate + 2,4-D. Para o estudo com corte das folhas tratadas, todos os tratamentos independente do período para corte das folhas foram influenciados de forma negativa no controle, sendo que as plantas apresentaram rebrotas quando tratadas com o herbicida 2,4-D isolado.

Efeito de pós vegetais sobre Sitophilus zeamais (Mots., 1855) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Objetivou-se testar a atividade inseticida de pós vegetais em Sitophilus zeamais. Foram testados os pós de Anadenanthera colubrina (folhas); Annona muricata (sementes); Azadirachta inidica (folhas e flores); Caesalpinia pyramidalis (folhas), Chenopodium ambrosioides (folhas e flores); Cymbopogon sp. (folhas); Cymbopogon citratus (folhas); Momordica charantia (folhas e frutos); Piper nigrum (sementes); e Ricinus communis (folhas). Além disso, avaliou-se o potencial inseticida de folhas e flores de C. ambrosioides em diferentes dosagens. Na avaliação de repelência foi estabelecido um índice de preferência, e utilizado o teste t para comparação das médias das espécies vegetais. Também foi realizada a comparação das médias das plantas que foram classificadas como repelentes. Para avaliação da mortalidade, procedeu-se a análise de variância e a comparação das médias pelo teste de Tukey e também o teste t para comparação das médias dos tratamentos C. ambrosioides e P. nigrum. Os dados de emergência foram analisados pelo teste de Tukey. Para avaliar os dados de mortalidade, ocasionados por C. ambrosioides, determinou-se a CL50 utilizando a análise de Probit. Os dados de emergência foram verificados pela análise de regressão. As plantas que provocaram repelência foram Cymbopogon sp., C. citratus e C. ambrosioides. A planta que mais afetou a sobrevivência da praga foi C. ambrosioides, que provocou mortalidade total dos insetos infestantes e nenhuma emergência. Adultos de S. zeamais são mais suscetíveis a concentração de 0,125 g do pó de C. ambrosioides.

A survey of the entomofauna associated with the inflorescences of pejibaye (Arecaceae: Bactris gasipaes Kunth) in the Ribeira Valley, SP, Brazil

A cultura da pupunheira (Bactris gasipaes Kunth) vem se expandindo no Brasil, especialmente no Vale do Ribeira, SP, onde encontra condição edafoclimática compatível à sua produção. Com o objetivo de conhecer os insetos visitantes da inflorescência da pupunheira, foi realizado levantamento em duas áreas de coleção de pupunheiras selecionadas originárias de Yurimaguas, Peru, no - Polo Regional do Vale do Ribeira - APTA/SAA-SP, localizado no Município de Pariquera-açu, SP, e em uma propriedade particular no Município de Registro, SP. Durante o mês de janeiro de 2006 e 2007, foram instaladas armadilhas adesivas entomológicas amarelas em inflorescências de diferentes matrizes de pupunheira logo após a abertura de suas brácteas, as quais foram mantidas durante a antese feminina e masculina e retiradas no término do ciclo, cerca de 72 horas. Efetuou-se a separação, contagem e identificação ao nível de ordem dos 9.743 insetos totais coletados. Verificou-se que os insetos mais frequentes na inflorescência da pupunheira no Vale do Ribeira, SP, pertencem às ordens Diptera, Coleoptera e Hymenoptera.

Influência de plantas invasoras na abundância de himenópteros parasitoides (Insecta, Hymenoptera) coletados em cultura de coqueiro anão verde, em Linhares, ES, Brasil

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a influência de plantas invasoras na abundância de himenópteros parasitoides associados a uma cultura de coqueiro anão verde, no Município de Linhares, ES. Para a captura dos insetos foram utilizadas armadilhas tipo Möericke, de cor amarela, em duas áreas, uma mantida roçada e outra com a presença de plantas invasoras. em cada área foram instaladas seis armadilhas ao nível do solo, distanciadas entre si por 22,5 m. As amostragens, semanais, foram realizadas entre março de 2008 e fevereiro de 2009. Foram coletados 19.861 himenópteros parasitoides dos quais 70,8% ocorreram na área com plantas invasoras e 29,2% na roçada. As famílias mais frequentemente coletadas foram Diapriidae, Scelionidae, Ceraphronidae, Eulophidae, Mymaridae, Encyrtidae e Ichneumonidae; as demais famílias apresentaram frequencias relativas inferiores a 3%. As plantas invasoras presentes na área foram Ageratum conyzoides L., Bidens pilosa L., Emilia sanchifolia (L.) DC., Sonchus oleraceus L. (Asteraceae), Alternanthera tenella Colla (Amaranthaceae), Commelina benghalensis L. (Commelinaceae), Ipomoea sp. (Convolvulaceae), Euphorbia hirta L. (Euphorbiaceae), Cassia hirsuta L., Desmodium barbatum (L.), Indigofera hirsuta L. (Fabaceae), Sida sp. (Malvaceae), Borreria verticillata (L.) (Rubiaceae), Lantana camara L. e Stachytarphetta cayenensis (Rich.) M. Vahl (Verbenaceae); para algumas delas há relatos na literatura como fornecedoras de recursos alimentares e suplementares para a sobrevivência de himenópteros parasitoides.

Intraspecific evolution of Rhizoctonia solani AG-1 IA associated with soybean and rice in Brazil based on polymorphisms at the ITS-5.8S rDNA operon

Rhizoctonia solani AG-1 IA causes leaf blight on soybean and rice. Despite the fact that R. solani AG-1 IA is a major pathogen affecting soybean and rice in Brazil and elsewhere in the world, little information is available on its genetic diversity and evolution. This study was an attempt to reveal the origin, and the patterns of movement and amplification of epidemiologically significant genotypes of R. solani AG-1 IA from soybean and rice in Brazil. For inferring intraspecific evolution of R. solani AG-1 IA sampled from soybean and rice, networks of ITS-5.8S rDNA sequencing haplotypes were built using the statistical parsimony algorithm from Clement et al. (2000) Molecular Ecology 9: 1657-1660. Higher haplotype diversity (Nei M 1987, Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Columbia University Press, New york: 512p.) was observed for the Brazilian soybean sample of R. solani AG-1 IA (0.827) in comparison with the rest of the world sample (0.431). Within the south-central American clade (3-2), four haplotypes of R. solani AG-1 IA from Mato Grosso, one from Tocantins, one from Maranhao, and one from Cuba occupied the tips of the network, indicating recent origin. The putative ancestral haplotypes had probably originated either from Mato Grosso or Maranhao States. While 16 distinct haplotypes were found in a sample of 32 soybean isolates of the pathogen, the entire rice sample (n=20) was represented by a single haplotype (haplotype 5), with a worldwide distribution. The results from nested-cladistic analysis indicated restricted gene flow with isolation by distance (or restricted dispersal by distance in nonsexual species) for the south-central American clade (3-2), mainly composed by soybean haplotypes.

Supersymmetric quantum mechanics and partially solvable potential

Supersymmetric quantum mechanics can be used to obtain the spectrum and eigenstates of one-dimensional Hamiltonians. It is particularly useful when applied to partially solvable potentials because a superalgebra allows us to compute the spectrum state by state. Some solutions for the truncated Coulomb potential, an asymptotically linear potential, and a nonpolynomial potential are shown to exemplify the method.

Preferência alimentar da formiga urbana Camponotus vittatus forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

For an adequate management program of urban ants, knowledge on their biology is required, with the aim of detecting and exploring their vulnerabilities. This type of information has been used in the manufacture of baits, which must show, among other characteristics, attractiveness to several species to be considered efficient and economically viable. Therefore, the present study was aimed to evaluate in the laboratory the attractiveness of sweet and fatty substances to Camponotus vittatus, trying to find which substances would be more efficient to be introduced as the attractive component in baits. Five colonies, 68 sweet substances and 23 fatty substances were utilized in the laboratory trials. The most attractive sweet and fatty substances, were, respectively, 75% demerara sugar and vegetable fat. When substances of both natures were tested together, sweet substances presented slightly higher attractive indexes than oily substances.

Development and Evaluation of a Nanoporous Iron (Hydr)oxide Electrode for Phosphate Sensing

Nanoporous iron (hydr) oxide electrodes are evaluated as phosphate sensors using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The intensity of the reduction peak current (I-cp) of the ferrihydrite working electrode is tied to phosphate concentration at low pH; however, a hematite electrode combined with the use of EIS provided reliable sensing data at multiple pH values. Nanoporous hematite working electrodes produced an impedance phase component (theta) that shifts with increasing phosphate, and, at chosen frequencies, theta values were fitted for the range 1 nM to 0.1 mM phosphate at pH 4 and pH 7 in 5 mM NaClO4.

Não-preferência para alimentação de traça-das-crucíferas por genótipos de couve-flor

The feeding nonpreference of Plutella xylostella (L.) larvae was tested in regard to the cauliflower genotypes Barcelona, Verona, Piracicaba Precoce, Sharon, Silver Streak (hybrids) and Teresopolis Gigante (cultivar). Choice and no-choice tests were carried out at the laboratories of the Departamento de Fitossanidade, FCAV/UNESP, Jaboticabal, state of São Paulo, Brazil, to study attractiveness and dry mass consumption by 1st-instar (just hatched) and 4th-instar larvae for 24 hours. No significant difference was found for attractiveness in choice and no-choice tests, for both 1st-and 4th-instar larvae. The consumption of dry mass in both tests, with 1st-and 4th-instar larvae, showed a significant difference between genotypes only for 1st-instar larvae, the hybrid Silver Streak being the most consumed (3.72 mg) by P. xylostella larvae. The cauliflower genotypes tested presented no variation in attractiveness for 1st-instar (just hatched) and 4th-instar larvae and did not present nonpreference feeding resistance for P. xylostella larvae.

Infestation of Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) biotype B (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) and Caliothrips phaseoli (Hood.) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in beans genotypes.

The objective of this work was to evaluated the infestion of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) B biotype and thrips Caliothrips phaseoli (Hood) in fifteen beans genotypes in field condition. The genotypes IAPAR 31, Rosinha G2, Jalo precoce, Perola, IAC Harmonia, Gen 99TGR110, Gen 99TG2868, Gen 99TGR3416, Gen 99TG3450, Gen 99TG823, Gen 99TGR609, IAC Jaragua, Gen 95A10061531, Gen 99TGR3114 e Gen 96A1473153V2 was used. The experiment was conducted from May to July 2006. The statistical design was randomized blocks, totalizing 15 treatments and four replications. Evaluation was realized weekly, totalizing seven samplings. The evaluations were accomplished on a weekly basis by counting B. tabaci biotype B eggs and nymphs and nymphs of C. phaseoli in 10 leaflets per plot. The less oviposition genotypes by B. tabaci biotype B were IAC Harmonia, Perola, Gen TG3114 e Gen 95A10061531, while the most oviposited were IAC Jaragua and Gen 99TG3450. The less presence of nymphs of whitefly were observed on Perola and IAC Harmonia and the most at IAC Jaragua. It was observed a negative and non significant linear correlation between average temperature versus number of silverleaf whitefly and temperature versus number of thrips was verified.

Intrinsic and extrinsic factors in the conservation of ants and their use as bioindicators.

Ant communities are sensitive to fragmentation responding through: extinction of specialist species compared with large habitats, invasion of generalist species, changes in community composition and richness of species. Because of these characteristics, this review aims at examining the main risks that ants have been facing to maintain their communities, as well as to report current conservation practices in Brazil and in the world.

Evaluation of aspiration method for bat brain collection for rabies diagnosis.

The diagnosis of rabies in bats is usually performed using the brain of suspected animals. The main hypothesis tested by the present study was whether the aspiration method using a plastic pipette (Pasteur type) was effective in the collection of bat brain sample for rabies diagnosis when compared to the skull-opening method. A total of 200 bats of 4 species were studied: Molossus rufus E. Geoffroy, 1805, Molossus molossus (Pallas, 1766), Artibeus lituratus (Olfers, 1818) and Myotis nigricans (Schinz, 1821). The proportion of brain weight compared to body weight was statistically higher when using the traditional method, although the brain mass collected by the aspiration method was enough for rabies diagnosis and did not damage any skull biometric characteristics. The results demonstrate that both collection methods detected positive samples, while the aspiration method has the advantage of skull preservation, permitting the identification of the species.

Biological aspects of Orius insidiosus (Say) feeding on eggs of Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus) and Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller).

The objective of this work was to evaluate the biology of Orius insidiosus fed on eggs of Plutella xylostella and Anagasta kuehniella. The eggs used were obtained from the Laboratorio de Biologia e Criacao de Insetos, Departamento de Fitossanidade, FCAV/UNESP. The experiment was carried out with a total of 50 12-to-24-hour-old O. insidiosus nymphs, 1 per Petri dish (50 replications). P. xylostella or A. kuehniella eggs were places into each Petri dish daily, along with a small cotton pad moistened with distilled water. The evaluations were carried out daily. The adults were separated in couples, and placed in Petri dishes. The following biological aspects were evaluated: duration, survival rate and consumption of the nymph instars and of the nymph period; longevity of males and females; consumption per day and adult longevity; eggs per day; female fecundity; egg viability; embryonic period; preoviposition period, oviposition period, post-oviposition period. The fertility life table parameters were also evaluated. The predator O. insidiosus did not present significant differences for its biological characteristics, when feeding on P. xylostella and A. kuehniella eggs, however it showed improved fertility life table parameters when fedo n eggs of P. xylostella, suggesting the possibility of using these eggs in the mass rearing of this insect.

Atividade predatória de Euseius citrifolius Denmark & Muma (Acari: Phytoseiidae) sobre Tenuipalpus heveae (Acari: Tenuipalpidae)

The rubber tree red false spider mite, Tenuipalpus heveae Baker, is an important pest of Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex. Adr. de Juss.) Muell. Arg. The phytoseiid mite Euseius citrifolius Dennmark & Muma has frequently been recorded on rubber tree crops. The objective of this work was to determine the predatory activity of E. citrifolius on the different life stages (egg, larva, nymph and adult) of T. heveae. The experiments were carried out in Petri dishes (9-cm diameter) containing a layer of wet cotton inside, onto which a disk of rubber tree leaf (2.5-cm diameter) was laid. The disks were taken from naturally infested leaves. Twenty specimens in the life stage that was to be tested were left on the disk and the others were eliminated; a predator life stage (larva, nymph or female) was obtained from a laboratory stock colony and put into each dish. For each tested life stage of E. citrifolius, 4 treatments (T. heveae life stages) and 20 replications were considered in a randomized block design. The observations were made after 24 hours for larvae and nymphs of the predator, and after 24, 48 and 72 hours for the females. E. citrifolius larvae and nymphs had a higher preference for T. heveae larvae followed by nymphs, eggs and adults. Within 72 hours, each predator female consumed 15.0 larvae, 14.5 nymphs, 7.4 adults or 2.2 eggs of T. heveae. It is concluded that E. citrifolius can feed on red false spider mites, the larva and nymph being the preferred stages.