Common target genes of palatal and gingival fibroblasts for EMD: the microarray approach.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Connective tissue grafts are frequently applied, together with Emdogain(®) , for root coverage. However, it is unknown whether fibroblasts from the gingiva and from the palate respond similarly to Emdogain. The aim of this study was therefore to evaluate the effect of Emdogain(®) on fibroblasts from palatal and gingival connective tissue using a genome-wide microarray approach. MATERIAL AND METHODS Human palatal and gingival fibroblasts were exposed to Emdogain(®) and RNA was subjected to microarray analysis followed by gene ontology screening with Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery functional annotation clustering, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis and the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins functional protein association network. Microarray results were confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR analysis. RESULTS The transcription levels of 106 genes were up-/down-regulated by at least five-fold in both gingival and palatal fibroblasts upon exposure to Emdogain(®) . Gene ontology screening assigned the respective genes into 118 biological processes, six cellular components, eight molecular functions and five pathways. Among the striking patterns observed were the changing expression of ligands targeting the transforming growth factor-beta and gp130 receptor family as well as the transition of mesenchymal epithelial cells. Moreover, Emdogain(®) caused changes in expression of receptors for chemokines, lipids and hormones, and for transcription factors such as SMAD3, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and those of the ETS family. CONCLUSION The present data suggest that Emdogain(®) causes substantial alterations in gene expression, with similar patterns observed in palatal and gingival fibroblasts.

Healing of localized gingival recessions treated with coronally advanced flap alone or combined with either a resorbable collagen matrix or subepithelial connective tissue graft: A preclinical study.

OBJECTIVES To histologically evaluate the effectiveness of a porcine derived collagen matrix (CM) and a subepithelial connective tissue graft (CTG) for coverage of localized gingival recessions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Chronic single Miller Class I-like recessions were created at the buccal at the canines and at the third and fourth premolars in the upper and lower jaws of six beagle dogs. The defects were randomly treated with (1) coronally advanced flap surgery (CAF) + CM, (2) CAF + CTG, or (3) CAF alone. At 12 weeks, histometric measurements were made, e.g., between a reference point (N) - and the gingival margin (GM) - and the outer contour of the adjacent soft tissue (gingival thickness [GT]). RESULTS The postoperative healing was uneventful in all animals. No complications such as allergic reactions, abscesses or infections were noted throughout the entire study period. All three treatments resulted in coverage of localized gingival recessions. The histological analysis failed to identify any residues of CM or CTG. The histometric measurements revealed comparable outcomes for N-GM and GT values for all three groups (CAF + CM: 1.04 ± 0.69 mm/0.68 ± 0.33 mm; CAF + CTG: 1.15 ± 1.12 mm/0.76 ± 0.37 mm; CAF: 1.43 ± 0.45 mm/0.79 ± 0.24 mm). CONCLUSIONS In the used defect model, the application of CTG or CM in conjunction with CAF did not have an advantage over the use of CAF alone. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The use of CAF alone is a valuable option for the treatment localized Miller Class I recessions.

In-vitro activity of taurolidine on single species and a multispecies population associated with periodontitis.

The antimicrobial activity of taurolidine was compared with minocycline against microbial species associated with periodontitis (four single strains and a 12-species mixture). Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBCs), killing as well as activities on established and forming single-species biofilms and a 12-species biofilm were determined. The MICs of taurolidine against single species were always 0.31 mg/ml, the MBCs were 0.64 mg/ml. The used mixed microbiota was less sensitive to taurolidine, MIC and the MBC was 2.5 mg/ml. The strains and the mixture were completely killed by 2.5 mg/ml taurolidine, whereas 256 μg/ml minocycline reduced the bacterial counts of the mixture by 5 log10 colony forming units (cfu). Coating the surface with 10 mg/ml taurolidine or 256 μg/ml minocycline prevented completely biofilm formation of Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 33277 but not of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans Y4 and the mixture. On 4.5 d old biofilms, taurolidine acted concentration dependent with a reduction by 5 log10 cfu (P. gingivalis ATCC 33277) and 7 log10 cfu (A. actinomycetemcomitans Y4) when applying 10 mg/ml. Minocycline decreased the cfu counts by 1-2 log10 cfu independent of the used concentration. The reduction of the cfu counts in the 4.5 d old multi-species biofilms was about 3 log10 cfu after application of any minocycline concentration and after using 10 mg/ml taurolidine. Taurolidine is active against species associated with periodontitis, even within biofilms. Nevertheless a complete elimination of complex biofilms by taurolidine seems to be impossible and underlines the importance of a mechanical removal of biofilms prior to application of taurolidine.

The effects of erythritol air-polishing powder on microbiologic and clinical outcomes during supportive periodontal therapy: Six-month results of a randomized controlled clinical trial.

OBJECTIVES To characterize the physical characteristics of a new low abrasive erythritol powder (EPAP) and to evaluate its influence on the clinical and microbiologic parameters over a period of 6 months in patients undergoing supportive periodontal therapy (SPT). METHOD AND MATERIALS Prior to the clinical application, the particle size and abrasion level of EPAP were compared to glycine air-polishing powder (GPAP) ex vivo. Subsequently, 40 chronic periodontitis patients previously enrolled in SPT were randomly assigned into two groups for the treatment with subgingival EPAP or repeated scaling and root planing (SRP). At baseline (BL), bleeding on probing positive (BOP+) sites with probing pocket depth (PPD) of ≥ 4 mm but no detectable calculus were defined as study sites. During SPT, these sites were either treated by EPAP or SRP at BL, 3, and 6 months (3M, 6M). When indicated, additional SRP was provided. Plaque Index, BOP, PPD, clinical attachment level (CAL), and subgingival plaque were evaluated at BL and 6M. RESULTS EPAP yielded lower abrasiveness and smaller particle sizes when compared to GPAP. In 38 patients completing the study, EPAP and SRP resulted in significant reductions of BOP% (EPAP, 40.45%; SRP, 42.53%), PPD (EPAP, -0.67; SRP, -0.68), and increase of CAL (EPAP, 0.48; SRP, 0.61) while at 6M no statistically significant between-group differences were observed (P > .05). Microbiologic evaluation revealed minor shifts in the composition of the subgingival biofilm without influence on periodontopathogenic bacteria. CONCLUSION The subgingival use of EPAP by means of an air-polishing device may be considered safe and may lead to comparable clinical and microbiologic outcomes to those obtained with SRP. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The subgingival use of EPAP appears to represent a promising modality for the removal of subgingival biofilm during SPT.

Sterile-filtered saliva is a strong inducer of IL-6 and IL-8 in oral fibroblasts.

OBJECTIVES Saliva has been implicated to support oral wound healing, a process that requires a transient inflammatory reaction. However, definitive proof that saliva can provoke an inflammatory response remained elusive. MATERIALS AND METHODS We investigated the ability of freshly harvested and sterile-filtered saliva to cause an inflammatory response of oral fibroblasts and epithelial cells. The expression of cytokines and chemokines was assessed by microarray, RT-PCR, immunoassays, and Luminex technology. The involvement of signaling pathways was determined by Western blot analysis and pharmacologic inhibitors. RESULTS We report that sterile-filtered whole saliva was a potent inducer of IL-6 and IL-8 in fibroblasts from the gingiva, the palate, and the periodontal ligament, but not of oral epithelial cells. This strong inflammatory response requires nuclear factor-kappa B and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling. The pro-inflammatory capacity is heat stable and has a molecular weight of <40 kDa. Genome-wide microarrays and Luminex technology further revealed that saliva substantially increased expression of other inflammatory genes and various chemokines. To preclude that the observed pro-inflammatory activity is the result of oral bacteria, sterile-filtered parotid saliva, collected under almost aseptic conditions, was used and also increased IL-6 and IL-8 expression in gingiva fibroblasts. The inflammatory response was, furthermore, independent of MYD88, an adapter protein of the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that saliva can provoke a robust inflammatory response in oral fibroblasts involving the classical nuclear factor-kappa B and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Since fibroblasts but not epithelial cells show a strong inflammatory response, saliva may support the innate immunity of defect sites exposing the oral connective tissue.

Die älteste Geschichte Israels im Rahmen lehrhafter Darstellungen

Anton Jirku

Krise, Kritik, Kontingenz: Prolegomena zu einer neuen Poetik der Gemeinschaft

Contingency is the third term that inevitably accompanies crisis and critique. Traditionally, community has been conceived as one of the means to overcome contingency. Taking its cue from the recent work of Roberto Esposito on community and its strategies of immunization, and taking into account that globalization has led to new, contingent forms of community, the essay argues for a new poetics of community conceived as metonymic. The members of a community thus understood share nothing else but the sheer space of their coexistence. Such an approach, I argue, avoids the pitfalls of exclusion that any community conceived of as metaphoric – that is, as sharing a third element – necessarily implies.

Das Eine Nothwendige zur wahren Freiheit und zum rechten Fortschritte in christlicher Gerechtigkeit die öftere Kommunion oder Sakramentale Vereinigung mit Christo Jesu dem Lichte der Welt : Dargestellt gegen den Jansenismus der Zeit

von Anton Franz Salesius Edmund Rost

Preußen und die Einheitsbestrebungen in Deutschland

Boberach: Kleindeutschland soll sich mit der Union im Dreikönigsbündnis unter Vorherrschaft Preußens abfinden. - Wentzke: Der Deutsche Bund ist kein Staatenbund, sondern ein Bundesstaat. Das Bedürfnis seiner Ausbildung: Sicherheit sowie ungehinderter Verkehr im Innern und Schutz gegen äußere Angriffe. Österreich kann kein Bestandteil des neuen Deutschen Bundes bilden, es genügt ein Schutz- und Trutzbündnis. Kritik des bairischen Direktoriums, Empfehlung der Union

Republik und Königthum : ein Blick in die deutsche Gegenwart

Boberach: Der Demokratie gehört die Zukunft, zum eigenen Bestand muß sich das Königtum daher mit ihr verbünden. Das Ziel ist nicht die Republik, sondern die konstitutionelle Monarchie. Der Staat muß die soziale Frage über die Grundrechte lösen. Der Volkswille soll sich in einem Zweikammersystem mit Senat als erster Kammer ausdrücken

Prognostic and diagnostic value of EEG signal coupling measures in coma.

OBJECTIVE Our aim was to assess the diagnostic and predictive value of several quantitative EEG (qEEG) analysis methods in comatose patients. METHODS In 79 patients, coupling between EEG signals on the left-right (inter-hemispheric) axis and on the anterior-posterior (intra-hemispheric) axis was measured with four synchronization measures: relative delta power asymmetry, cross-correlation, symbolic mutual information and transfer entropy directionality. Results were compared with etiology of coma and clinical outcome. Using cross-validation, the predictive value of measure combinations was assessed with a Bayes classifier with mixture of Gaussians. RESULTS Five of eight measures showed a statistically significant difference between patients grouped according to outcome; one measure revealed differences in patients grouped according to the etiology. Interestingly, a high level of synchrony between the left and right hemisphere was associated with mortality on intensive care unit, whereas higher synchrony between anterior and posterior brain regions was associated with survival. The combination with the best predictive value reached an area-under the curve of 0.875 (for patients with post anoxic encephalopathy: 0.946). CONCLUSIONS EEG synchronization measures can contribute to clinical assessment, and provide new approaches for understanding the pathophysiology of coma. SIGNIFICANCE Prognostication in coma remains a challenging task. qEEG could improve current multi-modal approaches.