The History, Present Condition, and Future of the Molluscan Fisheries of North and Central American and Europe: Volume 1, Atlantic and Gulf Coasts

This three-volume monograph represents the first major attempt in over a century to provide, on regional bases, broad surveys of the history, present condition, and future of the important shellfisheries of North and Central America and Europe. It was about 100 years ago that Ernest Ingersoll wrote extensively about several molluscan fisheries of North America (1881, 1887) and about 100 years ago that Bashford Dean wrote comprehensively about methods of oyster culture in Europe (1893). Since those were published, several reports, books, and pamphlets have been written about the biology and management of individual species or groups ofclosely related mollusk species (Galtsoff, 1964; Korringa, 1976 a, b, c; Lutz, 1980; Manzi and Castagna, 1989; Shumway, 1991). However, nothing has been written during the past century that is comparable to the approach used by Ingersoll in describing the molluscan fisheries as they existed in his day in North America or, for that matter, in Europe. (PDF file contains 224 pages.)

基于第一原理的固体变形、强度及外延成长研究

本文基于第一原理的能量计算和稳定性理论，研究了双原子组分材料β-SiC在各种载荷方式下的力学性质：弹性行为、应力－应变关系、稳定性和强度。由于沿[111]方向加载时四个Si-C键是不等价的，所以有相对内位移出现。本文的分析揭示了如下事实：当载荷较小时，内位移的影响不明显；当载荷较大时，影响则越来越显著；裂纹在{111}shuffle面上成核，并最终导致材料以解理的形式破坏。在沿[001]单轴拉伸的情况下，spinodal失稳（即体破坏）和Born失稳被同时触发，并体现了一种级联破坏的模式。基于同样的理论和方法，进一步研究了铝在各种加载方式下的响应及分叉行为。得到了铝的沿[001]和[111]方向单轴加载和单轴应变、及沿[010]和[001]方向的双轴比例加载情况下的、完整的能量－应变曲线和应力－应变曲线。详细地分析了沿[001]方向的单轴加载情况下的稳定性及分叉行为。研究结果表明，除了自然的面心立方结构外，所有其它的、应力自由的立方结构都是不稳定的。对于铝而言，稳定的面心立方结构不能从沿任何等价的[001]和[111]方向的单轴压缩的方法而得到。本文的结果丰富了现存的第一原理数据库。基于第一原理的能量计算，分析了碱金属K、Rb和Cs在如下四个结晶面上外延成长的行为，即{001}、{110}、{111}和{201}。发现除了在{110}面以外，在其它的三个结晶面上都发现有亚稳态存在。当外延应变为拉伸状态时，在{001}和{111}面上存在着亚稳态，其结构为b.c.c.结构。当外延应变为压缩状态时，在{201}面存在一个亚稳态，是一个超结构，。亚稳态的存在显著地影响着材料外延成长的软化行为。基于正交变形路径，并考虑了温度的影响以后，解释了实验上观察到的碱金属从h.c.p.结构转变到b.c.c.结构的现象。本文第五章归纳整理在赝势平面波框架下的总能、力和应力在实空间和动量空间的解析表达式，以方便参阅和使用。

引入强制振荡的气固流态化的研究

本文对引入气流强制振荡的脉冲流化床进行了实验研究。重点研究了A类和B类颗粒的脉冲流化床的床层瞬时压强、平均压强、最大压强、起始流化速度、床层高度等特性随进气气流的脉冲频率、脉宽以及气量配比等操作条件的变化规律，并对C类颗粒的脉冲流化进行了初步实验研究。为了使问题简化，将脉冲流化床的操作过程划分为通气阶段和停气阶段分别进行了研究。通气阶段是床层膨胀过程，停气阶段是床层塌落过程。用压力传感器测量了流化床床层膨胀过程中床层不同位置的压强变化。利用双流体模型对床层膨胀过程进行了数值计算，计算结果和实验测量结果较为符合。提出了一个描述膨胀过程的简化模型。利用简化模型，从实验测量的压强变化数据可以求取膨胀过程中床层表面的上升速度和床层中密度波的传播速度，以及壁面磨擦应力。通过对流化床的床层塌落过程的动力学分析，提出了计算塌落过程中床层压强分布和变化的数学模型。利用该模型分别对流化床的塌落过程和低频脉冲流化床的床层压强波动进行了模拟计算，并与实验测量结果进行了对比。提出了一种研究流化床塌落过程的新方法，利用本文模型，从实验测量的压强变化可以求取乳化相颗粒浓度、气泡速度、气泡体积分率等床层参数。提出了流化床中气因接触效率的更为科学和合理的定义，并给出一个气固接触效率的计算模型，通过计算分析了影响流化床气固接触效率的各种因素。利用光纤探头测量了脉冲流化床中的气泡特性。分析了脉冲流化床中气固接触效率得以提高的原因，提出了脉冲流化床的较佳的操作条件。

Nutrient digestibility and growth response of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri ) fed different carbohydrate types

Seven groups of fingerling rainbow trout (S. gairdneri ) were fed for 10 weeks on 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% of cassava or rice in isonitrogenous diets. Optimum growth and food utilization was at 20% dietary cassava. High fiber content of the control diet did not suppress protein digestibility in this group. Rather, at all levels, protein digestibility was good and remained between 84.4% and 90.1%. However, in the control group, carbohydrate digestibility was very poor. The cassava diets which had the highest digestible energy as carbohydrate produced the best growth performance, food utilization and protein sparing. At the levels studied, the dietary carbohydrates produced no hyperglycamic effect on the fish

Effects of fish-meal, cow blood-meal, and sorghum diets on food utilization and growth of cage cultured Sarotherodon niloticus

The growth responses and feed utilization of Sarotherodon niloticus held in metal cages in a pond and fed diets containing fish-meal, cow blood-meal or sorghum was studied. Results indicate that the best growth, feed conversion and protein efficiency ratio were obtained with the diet containing 60% fish-meal. The growth performance of fish on 40% fish-meal, and 40% and 60% blood meal were not significantly different, and were quite close to the performance with 60% fish-meal. The growth and food utilization of fish on 84% sorghum diet was significantly lower than the rest. The Caged fish without supplemental feeding had a light gain in weight. All fish with supplemental feeding appeared healthy. It is concluded that cow blood meal at 40% or 60% inclusion in diet can adequately replace fish-meal in S. niloticus supplemental diet in pond culture

Investment prospects of fish farming in the Jos-Plateau, Nigeria

The investment prospects of fish farming in the Jos-Plateau, Nigeria, strategically located in about the centre of the country are discussed with special reference to its numerous abandoned mine lakes and the tripartite role of government, universities and individuals. In the Jos-Plateau, about 17.0 km super(2) is covered by these disused mine lakes, making up about 20-30% of the area covered. In such enterprise, problems commonly encountered, like population growth and government planning policies, fish demand and supply, manpower, feed and seed availability, preservation, processing and marketing are discussed. Inspite of these, prospects still abound with regards to land-use of these numerous disused mine lakes and feed availability based on the principles of using both industrial and farm by-products for fish culture, processing and marketing. These potentials, if properly harnessed, will help to supplement the protein insufficiency in the diet of the populace. In this regard, proposals on the economics of production and sales, strategies for achieving these development goals, cost-benefit analysis and their implications in further development of fish culture are discussed

Limnological research in Nigeria: some perspectives

A brief review on limnological research in Nigeria is given: the status of the research in the country and perspectives for future development are illustrated

A preliminary investigation into the effect of different storage methods on the keeping quality of smoked Oreochromis niloticus

The study was carried out to asses the nutritional qualities of smoked O. niloticus and to discover the best methods of storage to minimize spoilage and infestation of smoked fish. Result showed that the protein contents in A and D decreased while the protein contents of b and C increased. The lipid content increased only in A while it decreased in B-C and D. The moisture content generally increased over the period of storage and there was an increase in ash content only in C while it decreased in A, B and D. The samples packed in polythene bag suffered about 35% mould infection and a few were attached by rodents with some fouling. Samples packed in jute bag were in good condition but were slightly attached by insect. All samples packed in carton and basket were still in good state but there were insect attack in those packed in carton

结构精修研究合成温度对LiFePO_4结构的影响

固相法合成具有橄榄石型结构的LiFePO_4晶体,合成温度分别为670、700、730℃.采用XRD结构精修对合成LiFePO_4的结构进行了研究.研究发现随着合成温度的变化,晶胞参数a、b和c发生变化,晶胞参数的变化是等比例的增加或减少.由于合成温度的变化,Fe-O八面体中Fe-O键长发生变化,Fe-O键长的变化将会使得Fe的3 d轨道能量发生变化.相对于合成温度670、730℃,在700℃合成的LiFePO_4晶体具有最大的锂离子扩散有效面积.

The stability of traveling wave solutions of parabolic equations

A method for determining by inspection the stability or instability of any solution u(t,x) = ɸ(x-ct) of any smooth equation of the form u_t = f(u_(xx),u_x,u where ∂/∂a f(a,b,c) > 0 for all arguments a,b,c, is developed. The connection between the mean wavespeed of solutions u(t,x) and their initial conditions u(0,x) is also explored. The mean wavespeed results and some of the stability results are then extended to include equations which contain integrals and also to include some special systems of equations. The results are applied to several physical examples.

Sobre los procesos de (re)organización institucional cívica en Hispania

Estíbaliz Ortiz de Urbina (ed.)

Salvaging the freshwater ecosystems in Nigeria: great threat to sustainable fisheries and aquaculture development

Nigeria, the country of many rivers is also rich in lakes, and wetlands, sustainable and wise use of these inland aquatic ecosystem and water resources has become a matter of widespread and intense concern. Unhealthy freshwater ecosystems and seriously diminishing and unequal availability of quality freshwater call for high quality limnological research and expertise to underpin the enhancement of sustainable fisheries and aquaculture development.In every regard of national health, agriculture and economics, the continued over exploitation and misuse of finite freshwater resources is directly causal to the progressively deteriorating fish production and general standard of living.The integration of basic understanding of inland ecosystems with applied problems and their solutions should be of fundamental concern to all stakeholders in our freshwater resource. This is a basic element in creating an attractive and security ensured economic for investment in fisheries development, including aquaculture. This is the focus of this paper

Bis(thiophenolate)pyridine pincer ligands and trivalent zirconocene complexes relevant to early transition metal polymerization catalysts

Two major topics are covered: the first chapter is focused on the development of post-metallocene complexes for propylene polymerization. The second and third chapters investigate the consequences of diisobutylaluminum hydride (HAlⁱBu₂) additives in zirconocene based polymerization systems.

The synthesis, structure, and solution behavior of early metal complexes with a new tridentate LX₂ type ligand, bis(thiophenolate)pyridine ((SNS) = (2-C₆H₄S)₂-2,6-C₅H₃N) are investigated. SNS complexes of Ti, Zr, and Ta having dialkylamido coligands were synthesized and structurally characterized. The zirconium complex, (SNS)Zr(NMe₂)₂, displays C₂ symmetry in the solid state. Solid-state structures of tantalum complexes (SNS)Ta(NMe₂)₃ and (SNS)TaCl(NEt₂)₂ also display pronounced C₂ twisting of the SNS ligand. 1D and 2D NMR experiments show that (SNS)Ta(NMe₂)₃ is fluxional with rotation about the Ta N(amide) bonds occurring on the NMR timescale. The fluxional behavior of (SNS)TaCl(NEt₂)₂ in solution was also studied by variable temperature ¹H NMR. Observation of separate signals for the diastereotopic protons of the methylene unit of the diethylamide indicates that the complex remains locked on the NMR timescale in one diastereomeric conformation at temperatures below -50 °C.

Reduction of Zr(IV) metallocenium cations with sodium amalgam (NaHg) produces EPR signals assignable to Zr(III) metallocene complexes. Thus, chloro-bridged heterobinuclear ansa-zirconocenium cation [((SBI))Zr(μ-Cl)₂AlMe₂]⁺B(C<sub>6F₅)_4¯ (SBI = rac-dimethylsilylbis(1-indenyl)), gives rise to an EPR signal assignable to the complex (SBI)Zr^III(μ-Cl)₂AlMe₂, while (SBI)Zr^III-Me and (SBI)Zr^III(-H)2AlⁱBu₂ are formed by reduction of [(SBI)Zr(μ-Me)₂AlMe₂]⁺B(C<sub>6F₅)_4¯ and [(SBI)Zr(μ-H)₃(AlⁱBu₂)₂]⁺B(C<sub>6F₅)4¯, respectively. These products are also formed, along with (SBI)Zr^III-ⁱBu and [(SBI)Zr^III]⁺ AlR4¯ when (SBI)ZrMe₂ reacts with HAlⁱBu₂, eliminating isobutane en route to the Zr(III) complex. Studies concerning the interconversion reactions between these and other (SBI)Zr(III) complexes and reaction mechanisms involved in their formation are also reported.

The addition of HAlⁱBu₂ to precatalyst [(SBI)Zr(µ-H)₃(AlⁱBu₂)₂]⁺ significantly slows the polymerization of propylene and changes the kinetics of polymerization from 1st to 2nd order with respect to propylene. This is likely due to competitive inhibition by HAlⁱBu₂. When the same reaction is investigated using [(ⁿBuCp)₂Zr(μ-H)₃(AlⁱBu₂)₂]⁺, hydroalumination between propylene and HAlⁱBu₂ is observed instead of propylene polymerization.

Zirconocenes as models for homogeneous Ziegler-Natta olefin polymerization catalysts

Using density functional theory, we studied the fundamental steps of olefin polymerization for zwitterionic and cationic Group IV ansa-zirconocenes and a neutral ansa- yttrocene. Complexes [H₂E(C₅H₄)₂ZrMe]ⁿ (n = 0: E = BH₂ (1), BF₂ (2), AlH₂(3); n = +: E = CH₂(4), SiH₂(5)) and H₂Si(C₅H₄)₂YMe were used as computational models. The largest differences among these three classes of compounds were the strength of olefin binding and the stability of the β-agostic alkyl intermediate towards β-hydrogen elimination. We investigated the effect of solvent on the reaction energetics for land 5. We found that in benzene the energetics became very similar except that a higher olefin insertion barrier was calculated for 1. The calculated anion affinity of [CH₃BF₃]^- was weaker towards 1 than 5. The calculated olefin binding depended primarily on the charge of the ansa linker, and the olefin insertion barrier was found to decrease steadily in the following order: [H<sub>2b>C(C5H4)2ZrMe]⁺ > [F2B(C₅H₄)₂ZrMe] ≈ [H₂B(C<sub>5H₄)₂ZrMe] > [H₂Si(C₅H₄)₂ZrMe]⁺ > [H₂Al(C₅H₄)₂ZrMe].

We prepared ansa-zirconocene dicarbonyl complexes Me₂ECp₂Zr(CO)₂ (E = Si, C), and t-butyl substituted complexes (t-BuCp)₂Zr(CO)₂, Me₂E(t-BuCp)₂Zr(CO)₂ (E = Si, C), (Me₂Si)₂(t-BuCp)₂Zr(CO)₂ as well as analogous zirconocene complexes. Both the reduction potentials and carbonyl stretching frequencies follow the same order: Me₂SiCp₂ZrCl₂> Me<sub>2b>CCp2ZrCl2> Cp2ZrCl2> (Me2Si)2b>Cp2ZrCl2. This ordering is a result of both the donating abilities of the cyclopentadienyl substituents and the orientation of the cyclopentadiene rings. Additionally, we prepared a series of analogous cationic zirconocene complexes [LZrOCMe3][MeB(C_{6F5)3] (L = CP2, Me2SiCp2, Me2b>CCP2, (Me2Si)2b>Cp2) and studied the kinetics of anion dissociation. We found that the enthalpy of anion dissociation increased from 10.3 kcal•mol^-1 to 17.6 kcal•mol^-1 as exposure of the zirconium center increased.}

We also prepared series of zirconocene complexes bearing 2,2-dimethyl-2-sila-4-pentenyl substituents (and methyl-substituted olefin variants). Methide abstraction with B(C<sub>6F₅) results in reversible coordination of the tethered olefin to the cationic zirconium center. The kinetics of olefin dissociation have been examined using NMR methods, and the effects of ligand variation for unlinked, singly [SiMe₂]-linked and doubly [SiMe₂]-linked bis(cyclopentadienyl) arrangements has been compared (ΔG‡ for olefin dissociation varies from 12.8 to 15.6 kcal•mol^-1). Methide abstraction from 1,2-(SiMe₂)₂(η⁵-C₅H₃)₂Zr(CH₃)-(CH_{2b>CMe2b>CH2b>CH = CH2) results in rapid β-allyl elimination with loss of isobutene yielding the allyl cation [{1,2-(SiMe2)2(η⁵-C5H3)2Zr(η³-CH2b>CH=CH2)]⁺.}

Polymerization of functionalized olefins with neutral group ten catalysts

This thesis describes the preparation, characterization, and application of welldefined single-component group ten salicylaldimine complexes for the polymerization of ethylene to high molecular weight materials as well as the copolymerization of ethylene and functionalized olefins. After an initial introduction to the field, Chapter 2 describes the preparation of PPh₃ complexes that contain a series of modified salicylaldimine and naphthaldimine ligands. Such complexes were activated for polymerization by the addition of cocatalysts such as Ni(COD)₂ or B(C<sub>6F₅)₃. As the steric demand of the ligand set increased-the molecular weight, polymerization activity, and lifetime of the catalyst was observed to increase. In fact, complexes containing "bulky" ligands, such as the [^Anthr,HSal] ligand (2.5), were found to be highly-active single component complexes for the polymerization of ethylene. Model hydrido compound were prepared-allowing for a better understanding of both the mechanism of polymerization and one mode of decomposition.

Chapter 3 describes the effect which additives play on neutral Ni^II polymerization catalysts such as 2.5. The addition of excess ethers, esters, ketones, anhydrides, alcohols, and water do not deactivate the catalysts for polymerization. However, the addition of excess acid, thiols, and phosphines was observed to shut-down catalysis. Since excess phosphine was found to inhibit catalysis, "phosphine-free" complexes, such as the acetonittile complex (3.26), were prepared. The acetonitrile complex was found to be the most active neutral polymerization catalyst prepared to date.

Chapter 4 outlines the use of catalyst 2.5 and 3.26 for the preparation of linear functionalized copolymers containing alcohols, esters, anhydrides, and ethers. Copolymers can be prepared with γ-functionalized-α-olefins, functionalized norbornenes, and functionalized tricyclononenes, with up to 30 mol% comonomer incorporation.

Chapter 5 outlines the preparation of a series of Pt^II alkyl/olefin salicylaldimine complexes which serve as models for the active species in the Ni^II-catalyzed polymerization process. Understanding the nature of the M-olefin interaction as a the electronic and steric properties of the salicylaldimine ligand is varied has allowed for a number of predictions about the design of future polymerization systems.