Pharmacological Therapy for Myocardial Infarction in the Elderly: An 8-year Analysis

OBJECTIVE:To assess the changes in the medicamentous treatment of elderly patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction occurring over an 8-year period. METHODS:We retrospectively analyzed 379 patients above the age of 65 years with acute myocardial infarction who were admitted to the coronary unit of a university-affiliated hospital from 1990 to 1997. The patients were divided into 2 groups, according to the period of time of hospital admission as follows: group 1 - from 1990 to 1993; and group 2 - from 1994 to 1997. RESULTS:The use of beta-blockers (40.8%chi 75.2%, p<0.0001) and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (42% chi59.5%, p=0.001) was significantly greater in group 2, while the use of calcium antagonists (42% chi 18.5%, p<0.0001) and general antiarrhythmic drugs (19.1% chi 10.8%, p=0.03) was significantly lower. No significant difference was observed in regard to the use of acetylsalicylic acid, thrombolytic agents, nitrate, and digitalis in the period studied. The length of hospitalization was shorter in group 2 (13.4±8.9 days chi 10.5±7.5 days, p<0.001). The in-hospital mortality was 35.7% in group 1 and 26.6% in group 2 (p=0.07). CONCLUSION: Significant changes were observed in the treatment of elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction, with a greater use of beta-blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and a lower use of calcium antagonists and antiarrhythmic drugs in group 2. The length of hospitalization and the mortality rate were also lower in group 2, even though the reduction in mortality was not statistically significant.

Prevalence of Cardiac Arrhythmias During and After Pregnancy in Women with Chagas' Disease without Apparent Heart Disease

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate cardiac arrhythmias during and after pregnancy in women with Chagas' disease without apparent heart disease using dynamic electrocardiography. METHODS: Twenty pregnant women with Chagas' disease without apparent heart disease aged 19 to 42 years (26.96 ± 3.6) and a control group of 20 non-chagasic pregnant patients aged 16 to 34 years (22.5 ± 4.8). The patients were submitted to passive hemagglutination and indirect immunofluorescence for the detection of Trypanosoma cruzi evaluation, and electrocardiography, echocardiography and 24-h dynamic electrocardiography. RESULTS: Supraventricular premature depolarizations were observed in 18 (90%) patients and ventricular premature depolarization in 11 (55%) patients of both groups during pregnancy. After delivery, supraventricular premature depolarizations were present in 13 (60%) chagasic patients and in 16 (89.4%) control patients (P<=0.05). Ventricular premature depolarization were observed in 9 (45%) chagasic patients and 11 (57.8%) control patients. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of ventricular premature depolarization was similar for the chagasic and control groups during and after pregnancy. The incidence of supraventricular premature depolarizations was similar in the two groups during pregnancy, while after delivery a predominance was observed in the control group compared to the chagasic group.

Acute myocardial infarction in elderly patients: comparative analysis of the predictors of mortality. The elderly versus the young

OBJECTIVE: To study the in-hospital evolution of patients aged 65 years and older, with acute myocardial infarction, who were treated by direct coronary angioplasty with no fibrinolytic therapy. METHODS: We studied 885 patients divided into 2 groups as follows: group I (GI) - 293 (33.4%) patients aged ³ 65 years (72±5 years), and group II (GII) - 592 patients aged < 65 years (57±9 years). Multivessel disease was more frequent in GI (63.5% x 49.7%; p=0.001). A greater number of GII patients were class I or II of the clinical Killip-Kimball classification (K) (80.2% x 67.2%; p=0.00002), while a significant number of GI patients were KIII and KIV (24.3% x 12.8%; p=0.00003). RESULTS: Group I had a lower index of success (84.6% x 94%; p=0.0002) and a greater in-hospital mortality (12.2% x 4.7%; p=0.00007). The predictors of mortality in GI were as follows: previous infarction (20.5% x 6.3%; p=0.02), anterior location (13.4% x 6.4%; p=0.03), and male sex (10.4% x 4.4%; p=0.007). CONCLUSION: Elderly patients had more severe acute myocardial infarction and more extensive disease, a lower index of success, and greater in-hospital mortality. Previous infarction, anterior location and male sex were identified as predictors of mortality in the elderly group (GI).

Pregnancy and peripartum cardiomyopathy: a comparative and prospective study

OBJECTIVE: To assess pregnancy outcome in women with peripartum cardiomyopathy and to compare it with idiopathic cardiomyopathy. METHODS: Twenty-six pregnant women, aged 28.4±6.1 years, with dilated cardiomyopathy were followed. Eighteen patients had peripartum cardiomyopathy [11 with persistent left ventricular systolic dysfunction (EF=45.2±2) and 7 with recovered ventricular function (EF=62.3±3.6)]. The 8 remaining patients had idiopathic cardiomyopathy (EF= 43.5±4.1). During the prenatal period, limited physical activity and a low-sodium diet were recommended, and hospitalization was recommended when complications occurred. RESULTS: Of the 26 patients, 11 (42.3%) had a normal delivery; 9(35.5%) had cardiac complications, 6 (22.2%) had obstetric complications. Two patients (7.7%) died. Two preterm pregnancies occurred, with 26 health newborns (2 sets of twins). Two miscarriages took place. The cardiac complication rate during pregnancy was lower (p<0.009) in the peripartum cardiomyopathy group without ventricular dysfunction and greater (p=0.01) in the idiopathic group when compared with the peripartum group with ventricular dysfunction. Changes in left ventricular ejection fraction were not observed (p<0.05) in the postpartum period, when compared with that during pregnancy in the 3 groups. CONCLUSION: Pregnancy in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy is associated with maternal morbidity. Left ventricular function is a prognostic factor and must be the most parameter when counseling patients with peripartum cardiomyopathy about a new pregnancy.

Prevalence of systemic hypertension in students aged 7 to 14 years in the municipality of Barbacena, in the State of Minas Gerais, in 1999

OBJECTIVE: To detect the prevalence of systemic hypertension in children and to establish the relation between blood pressure levels and sex, age, ethnicity, weight, and height. METHODS: The prevalence of systemic hypertension and its relation to sex, age, ethnicity, weight, and height were studied in 611 students aged 7 to 14 years out of 19.928 students classified according to age, ethnicity, and sex, who underwent anthropometric evaluation and blood pressure measurement. Hypertensive individuals were considered those whose blood pressure level was > the 95th percentile for age and sex, confirmed on 3 examinations. RESULTS: The prevalence of hypertension was 16.6% in the first evaluation, and 4.6% and 2.5% in the subsequent evaluations. The mean blood pressure levels increased with age. Weight was important, not only to determine blood pressure in healthy children, but also to determine systemic hypertension in children, which was not observed with height despite the different studies. The prevalence of systemic hypertension in the different ethnic groups and the mean blood pressure levels according to sex were similar. CONCLUSION: In addition to routine physical examinations, age, weight, and appropriate cuff size should be considered when assessing blood pressure in children to prevent hypertension, morbidity and mortality, and to avoid placing a financial burden on health care providers.

Ablação do flutter atrial típico: estudo prospectivo e randomizado do cateter irrigado fechado versus cateter com eletrodo distal de 8 mm

OBJETIVOS: Trabalho prospectivo, randomizado para comparar a eficácia e a segurança do cateter irrigado em relação ao cateter com eletrodo distal de 8 mm para ablação com radiofreqüência (RF) do flutter atrial. MÉTODOS: Em 52 pacientes consecutivos referidos para tratamento do flutter atrial típico, a ablação do istmo cavotricuspídeo (Ist-CT) foi realizada com cateter de irrigação fechada (n=26) ou com cateter de eletrodo distal de 8 mm (n=26). Os pulsos de RF foram aplicados ponto a ponto por 60 segundos com potência limitada a 50 w com o cateter irrigado e por controle de temperatura (60ºC, 70 w) com cateter de 8 mm. O critério de fim do procedimento foi a obtenção de bloqueio bidirecional do Ist-CT. RESULTADOS: O bloqueio Ist-CT foi obtido em 98,1% dos pacientes. O "crossover" ocorreu em quatro pacientes do grupo com cateter irrigado. Não se encontrou diferença estatística significante em relação aos parâmetros da ablação, tais como tempo total de aplicação de RF (591,1±309,0s vs 486,2±250,8s), duração do procedimento (86,4 ± 23,6 vs 78,1±22,5min) e tempo de fluoroscopia (17,0±6,7 vs 15,4±4,6min) entre os dois grupos. Durante seguimento médio de 10,6 meses, um paciente do grupo irrigado apresentou recorrência do flutter atrial típico. CONCLUSÃO: A ablação do Ist-CT resultou ser efetiva e segura para o controle do flutter atrial com ambas as técnicas empregadas (cateter com eletrodo distal de 8 mm e cateter irrigado). A complexidade técnica do cateter irrigado proporciona menor competitividade.

Nordisches Plankton : botanischer teil, band 8, [hrsg. von K. Brandt und C. Apstein, unter Mitwirkung von Bergendal ... et al.].

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Nordisches Plankton : botanischer teil, band 8, [hrsg. von K. Brandt und C. Apstein, unter Mitwirkung von Bergendal ... et al.].

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Condicionantes de la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud en niños de 8 a 11 años asistentes a escuelas públicas de la ciudad de Córdoba en el año 2011

Problema. La calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS) es una medida de salud que permite captar la capacidad para realizar actividades y funciones importantes para el individuo a partir de su propia percepción y permiten estudiar el impacto de problemas de salud, tratamientos o determinantes socioeconómicos. Los instrumentos para medir CVRS en población infantil recientemente desarrollados tienen la característica de recolectar datos a partir de la declaración directa de los propios niños y niñas sobre dimensiones de la salud específicamente relevantes a esta edad. Entre los problemas epidemiológicos y clínicos emergentes en las últimas décadas, presente ya en la infancia, el exceso de peso es un importante factor de riesgo de enfermedades crónicas en la adultez y aún no ha sido suficientemente abordado en el ámbito local. Hipótesis. La CVRS declarada por niños y niñas escolares de la ciudad de Córdoba mostrará niveles más bajos que los valores internacionales de referencia. En la comparación por sexo, los niños mostrarán peor puntuación en la dimensión de entorno escolar, mientras que las niñas lo harán en la de bienestar físico. Se manifestarán desigualdades sociales en salud y efecto del exceso de peso en los cambios anuales de la CVRS. Objetivos generales. 1) Describir la CVRS en niños y niñas de 8 a 11 años asistentes a escuelas municipales de la ciudad de Córdoba y su asociación a factores socioeconómicos y sanitarios. 2) Estimar la frecuencia de sobrepeso y obesidad y su impacto en la CVRS, teniendo en cuenta la influencia de factores socioeconómicos, sanitarios y del ambiente escolar. Material y métodos. Diseño observacional longitudinal en el ámbito de las escuelas primarias municipales de la ciudad de Córdoba, entre agosto de 2011 (inicio 1ª medición) y noviembre de 2012 (fin 2ª medición). Se realizará un muestreo aleatorio bietápico de 20 escuelas y 60 cursos (uno por cada grado de 4º a 6º por escuela) alcanzando un tamaño muestral de 1.500 niños/as. La CVRS se medirá con el cuestionario KIDSCREEN que permite obtener datos para 10 dimensiones: bienestar físico, bienestar psicológico, estado de ánimo y emociones, autopercepción, autonomía, relación con los padres y vida familiar, relación con los amigos y apoyo social, entorno escolar, rechazo social (bullying) y recursos económicos. El cuestionario infantil incluirá también preguntas sobre actividad física, frecuencia de consumo de alimentos y recursos materiales de su hogar. Se medirá el peso y la talla para calcular el índice de masa corporal (IMC) y establecer las categorías de exceso de peso. Se pedirá a personas cuidadoras que informen su salud percibida, nivel de escolaridad y experiencia con la atención primaria de la salud infantil. También se relevarán datos ambientales mediante observación directa y solicitud a docentes. Se calcularán promedios y evolución anual de la CVRS y del IMC, por sexo y variables socioeconómicas y sanitarias, usando pruebas de asociación y modelos de medidas repetidas. Se estimará el impacto del sobrepeso y otras variables en la CVRS mediante la diferencia de medias estandarizadas (tamaño del efecto). La variabilidad dentro y entre grupos se controlará mediante modelos de análisis multinivel. Resultados esperados. Se obtendrán valores puntuales y de cambio en 10 dimensiones de la CVRS en niños de edad escolar y sus diferencias por sexo y factores socioeconómicos. Se conocerá la frecuencia del exceso de peso en esta población, factores asociados al problema y su impacto en la CVRS. Importancia del proyecto. Los valores de cambio de la CVRS no se han estudiado aún suficientemente en el concierto internacional y tienen gran utilidad como referencia para la evaluación longitudinal de intervenciones. A nivel local, se contará con un diagnóstico de situación de la CVRS y sus condicionantes en un sector importante de la población infantil que constituirán una base para el diseño de actividades preventivas.

Nordisches Plankton : botanischer teil, band 8, [hrsg. von K. Brandt und C. Apstein, unter Mitwirkung von Bergendal ... et al.].

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