Microstructure and texture evolution during sub-transus thermomechanical processing of Ti-6Al-4V-0.1B alloy: part I. hot rolling in (alpha plus beta) phase field

In the current study, the evolution of microstructure and texture has been studied for Ti-6Al-4V-0.1B alloy during sub-transus thermomechanical processing. This part of the work deals with the deformation response of the alloy by rolling in the (alpha + beta) phase field. The (alpha + beta) annealing behavior of the rolled specimen is communicated in part II. Rolled microstructures of the alloys exhibit either kinked or straight alpha colonies depending on their orientations with respect to the principal rolling directions. The Ti-6Al-4V-0.1B alloy shows an improved rolling response compared with the alloy Ti-6Al-4V because of smaller alpha lamellae size, coherency of alpha/beta interfaces, and multiple slip due to orientation factors. Accelerated dynamic globularization for this alloy is similarly caused by the intralamellar transverse boundary formation via multiple slip and strain accumulation at TiB particles. The (0002)(alpha) pole figures of rolled Ti-6Al-4V alloy shows ``TD splitting'' at lower rolling temperatures because of strong initial texture. Substantial beta phase mitigates the effect of starting texture at higher temperature so that ``RD splitting'' characterizes the basal pole figure. Weak starting texture and easy slip transfer for Ti-6Al-4V-0.1B alloy produce simultaneous TD and RD splittings in basal pole figures at all rolling temperatures.

Anomalous piezoelectric response due to stabilization of two ferroelectric phases in Zr-modified BaTiO3

The lead-free Ba (Ti1-xZrx)O-3 ceramic has shown enhanced piezo-response (d(33)) in a narrow composition interval (0.01 <= x <= 0.03) exhibiting the coexistence of two ferroelectric phases. The system presents two electric-field-dependent-property regimes: (i) a low field regime (E < 1.7 kV mm(-1)) where d(33) is nearly independent of the poling field, and (ii) (E > 1.7 kV mm(-1)) for which d(33) drops sharply. X-ray diffraction studies revealed that the later phenomenon is related to field driven irreversible structural transformation, which tends to drive the system away from an equilibrium two phase state to a nearly single phase metastable state.

Improved magneto-electric response in Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3-MnFe2O4 composites

Magneto-electric composites comprising Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 (NBT) and MnFe2O4 (MFO) were fabricated using their fine powders obtained via sol-gel method. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy results confirmed the single-phase formation of NBT and MFO and the composite nature when these were mixed and sintered at appropriate temperatures. The dielectric constant (epsilon(r)) and dielectric loss (D) decreased with increase in frequency (40-110 MHz). Room temperature magnetization measurements established these composites to be soft magnetic. Further, the nature of these composites were established to be magneto-electric at 300 K. The highest ME response of 0.19 % was observed in 30NBT-70MFO composite. The ME coefficient (alpha) was 240 mV/cm Oe for the same composition. The present study demonstrated the effectiveness of NBT/MFO as a lead-free multiferroic composite and provides an alternative for environment-friendly ME device applications.

Experimental signatures of a nonequilibrium phase transition governing the yielding of a soft glass

We present direct experimental signatures of a nonequilibrium phase transition associated with the yield point of a prototypical soft solid-a binary colloidal glass. By simultaneously quantifying single-particle dynamics and bulk mechanical response, we identified the threshold for the onset of irreversibility with the yield strain. We extracted the relaxation time from the transient behavior of the loss modulus and found that it diverges in the vicinity of the yield strain. This critical slowing down is accompanied by a growing correlation length associated with the size of regions of high Debye-Waller factor, which are precursors to yield events in glasses. Our results affirm that the paradigm of nonequilibrium critical phenomena is instrumental in achieving a holistic understanding of yielding in soft solids.

Optimization of degree of sphericity of primary phase during cooling slope casting of A356 Al alloy: Taguchi method and regression analysis

The present work presents the results of experimental investigation of semi-solid rheocasting of A356 Al alloy using a cooling slope. The experiments have been carried out following Taguchi method of parameter design (orthogonal array of L-9 experiments). Four key process variables (slope angle, pouring temperature, wall temperature, and length of travel of the melt) at three different levels have been considered for the present experimentation. Regression analysis and analysis of variance (ANOVA) has also been performed to develop a mathematical model for degree of sphericity evolution of primary alpha-Al phase and to find the significance and percentage contribution of each process variable towards the final outcome of degree of sphericity, respectively. The best processing condition has been identified for optimum degree of sphericity (0.83) as A(3), B-3, C-2, D-1 i.e., slope angle of 60 degrees, pouring temperature of 650 degrees C, wall temperature 60 degrees C, and 500 mm length of travel of the melt, based on mean response and signal to noise ratio (SNR). ANOVA results shows that the length of travel has maximum impact on degree of sphericity evolution. The predicted sphericity obtained from the developed regression model and the values obtained experimentally are found to be in good agreement with each other. The sphericity values obtained from confirmation experiment, performed at 95% confidence level, ensures that the optimum result is correct and also the confirmation experiment values are within permissible limits. (c) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Time-Domain Approach to Estimate Series Capacitance of an Isolated Phase Winding of a Transformer

Information available in frequency response data is equivalently available in the time domain as a response due to an impulse excitation. The idea to pursue this equivalence to estimate series capacitance is linked to the well-known fact that under impulse excitation, the line/neutral current in a transformer has three distinct components, of which, the initial capacitive component is the first to manifest, followed by the oscillatory and inductive components. Of these, the capacitive component is temporally well separated from the rest-a crucial feature permitting its direct access and analysis. Further, the winding initially behaves as a pure capacitive network, so the initial component must obviously originate from only the (series and shunt) capacitances. With this logic, it should therefore be possible to estimate series capacitance, just by measuring the initial capacitive component of line current and the total shunt capacitance. The principle of the method and details of its implementation on two actual isolated transformerwindings (uniformly wound) are presented. For implementation, a low-voltage recurrent surge generator, a current probe, and a digital oscilloscope are all that is needed. The method is simple and requires no programming and needs least user intervention, thus paving the way for its widespread use.

Ferrimagnetism and magnetic phase separation in Nd1-xYxMnO3 studied by magnetization and high frequency electron paramagnetic resonance

Ferrimagnetism and metamagnetic features tunable by composition are observed in the magnetic response of Nd1-xYxMnO3, for x=0.1-0.5. For all values of x in the series, the compound crystallizes in orthorhombic Pbnm space group similar to NdMnO3. Magnetization studies reveal a phase transition of the Mn-sublattice below T-N(Mn) approximate to 80 K for all compositions, which, decreases up on diluting the Nd-site with Yttrium. For x=0.35, ferrimagnetism is observed. At 5 K, metamagnetic transition is observed for all compositions x < 0.4. The evolution of magnetic ground states and appearance of ferrimagnetism in Nd1-xYxMnO3 can be accounted for by invoking the scenario of magnetic phase separation. The high frequency electron paramagnetic resonance measurements on x=0.4 sample, which is close to the critical composition for phase separation, revealed complex temperature dependent lineshapes clearly supporting the assumption of magnetic phase separation. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Analogous stress and electric field driven structural transformation and decrease in polarization coherence on poling around the morphotropic phase boundary in BiScO3-PbTiO3

The nature of the stress and electric field driven structural and microstructural transformations in the morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) compositions of the high Curie point piezoelectric system BiScO3-PbTiO3 has been examined by ex situ based techniques. Using a powder poling technique, which is based on the concept of exploiting the irreversible structural change that occurs after the application of a strong electric field and stress independently, it was possible to ascertain that both moderate stress and electric field induce identical structural transformation-a fraction of the monoclinic phase transforms irreversibly to the tetragonal phase. Moreover, analysis of the dielectric response before and after poling revealed a counterintuitive phenomenon of poling induced decrease in the spatial coherence of polarization for compositions around the MPB and not so for compositions far away from the MPB range. Exploiting the greater sensitivity of this technique, we demonstrate that the criticality associated with the interferroelectric transition spans a wider composition range than what is conventionally reported in the literature based on bulk x-ray/neutron powder diffraction techniques.

Ferroelectric instabilities and enhanced piezoelectric response in Ce modified BaTiO3 lead-free ceramics

The crystal structure, ferroelectric, and piezoelectric behaviors of the Ba(Ti1-xCex)O-3 solid solution have been investigated at close composition intervals in the dilute concentration regime. Ce concentration as low as 2 mol. % induces tetragonal-orthorhombic instability and coexistence of the phases, leading to enhanced high-field strain and direct piezoelectric response. Detailed structural analysis revealed tetragonal + orthorhombic phase coexistence for x = 0.02, orthorhombic for 0.03 <= x <= 0.05, and orthorhombic + rhombohedral for 0.06 <= x <= 0.08. The results suggest that Ce-modified BaTiO3 is a potential lead-free piezoelectric material. (C) 2015 AIP Publishing LLC.

Differential response of cholesterol based pyrimidine systems with oxyethylene type spacers to gelation and mesogen formation in the presence of alkali metal ions

A new series of lipophilic cholesteryl derivatives of 2,4,6-trichloro-pyrimidine-5-carbaldehyde has been synthesized. Oxyethylene spacers of variable lengths were inserted between the hydrogen bonding promoting pyrimidine core and the cholesteryl tail in order to understand their effect on the selfassembly of these compounds. Only compound 1a with the shortest spacer formed a gel in organic solvents such as n-butanol and n-dodecane. While other members (1b and c) having longer spacers led to sol formation and precipitation in n-butanol and n-dodecane respectively. The self-assembly phenomena associated with the gelation process were investigated using temperature-dependent UVVis and CD-spectroscopy. The morphological features of the freeze-dried gels obtained from different organic solvents were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The solid phase behaviours of these molecules and their associated alkali metal ion complexes were explored using polarized optical microscopy (POM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The molecular arrangements in the xerogel and in the solid state were further probed using a wide-angle Xray diffraction (WAXD) technique. Analysis of the wide-angle X-ray diffraction data reveals that this class of molecules adopts a hexagonal columnar organization in the gel and in the solid state. Each slice of these hexagonal columnar structures is composed of a dimeric molecular-assembly as a building block. Significant changes in the conformation of the oxyethylene chains could be triggered via the coordination of selected alkali metal ions. This led to the production of interesting metal ion promoted mesogenic behaviour.

Metastable monoclinic and orthorhombic phases and electric field induced irreversible phase transformation at room temperature in the lead-free classical ferroelectric BaTiO3

For decades it has been a well-known fact that among the few ferroelectric compounds in the perovskite family, namely, BaTiO3, KNbO3, PbTiO3, and Na1/2Bi1/2TiO3, the dielectric and piezoelectric properties of BaTiO3 are considerably higher than the others in polycrystalline form at room temperature. Further, similar to ferroelectric alloys exhibiting morphotropic phase boundary, single crystals of BaTiO3 exhibit anomalously large piezoelectric response when poled away from the direction of spontaneous polarization at room temperature. These anomalous features in BaTiO3 remained unexplained so far from the structural standpoint. In this work, we have used high-resolution synchrotron x-ray powder diffraction, atomic resolution aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy, in conjunction with a powder poling technique, to reveal that at 300 K (i) the equilibrium state of BaTiO3 is characterized by coexistence of metastable monoclinic Pm and orthorhombic (Amm2) phases along with the tetragonal phase, and (ii) strong electric field switches the polarization direction from the 001] direction towards the 101] direction. These results suggest that BaTiO3 at room temperature is within an instability regime, and that this instability is the fundamental factor responsible for the anomalous dielectric and piezoelectric properties of BaTiO3 as compared to the other homologous ferroelectric perovskite compounds at room temperature. Pure BaTiO3 at room temperature is therefore more akin to lead-based ferroelectric alloys close to the morphotropic phase boundary where polarization rotation and field induced ferroelectric-ferroelectric phase transformations play a fundamental role in influencing the dielectric and piezoelectric behavior.

Analyzing the kinetic response of tin oxide-carbon and tin oxide-CNT composites gas sensors for alcohols detection

Tin oxide nanoparticles are synthesized using solution combustion technique and tin oxide - carbon composite thick films are fabricated with amorphous carbon as well as carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The x-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and porosity measurements show that the as-synthesized nanoparticles are having rutile phase with average crystallite size similar to 7 nm and similar to 95 m(2)/g surface area. The difference between morphologies of the carbon doped and CNT doped SnO2 thick films, are characterized using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The adsorption-desorption kinetics and transient response curves are analyzed using Langmuir isotherm curve fittings and modeled using power law of semiconductor gas sensors. (C) 2015 Author(s).

A controller design method for 3 phase 4 wire grid connected VSI with LCL filter

Closed loop control of a grid connected VSI requires line current control and dc bus voltage control. The closed loop system comprising PR current controller and grid connected VSI with LCL filter is a higher order system. Closed loop control gain expressions are therefore difficult to obtain directly for such systems. In this work a simplified approach has been adopted to find current and voltage controller gain expressions for a 3 phase 4 wire grid connected VSI with LCL filter. The closed loop system considered here utilises PR current controller in natural reference frame and PI controller for dc bus voltage control. Asymptotic frequency response plot and gain bandwidth requirements of the system have been used for current control and voltage controller design. A simplified lower order model, derived for closed loop current control, is used for the dc bus voltage controller design. The adopted design method has been verified through experiments by comparison of the time domain response.

Diffractive Optical Analysis for Refractive Index Sensing using Transparent Phase Gratings

We report the implementation of a micro-patterned, glass-based photonic sensing element that is capable of label-free biosensing. The diffractive optical analyzer is based on the differential response of diffracted orders to bulk as well as surface refractive index changes. The differential read-out suppresses signal drifts and enables time-resolved determination of refractive index changes in the sample cell. A remarkable feature of this device is that under appropriate conditions, the measurement sensitivity of the sensor can be enhanced by more than two orders of magnitude due to interference between multiply reflected diffracted orders. A noise-equivalent limit of detection (LoD) of 6 x 10(-7) was achieved with this technique with scope for further improvement.

Phase boundary at x=0.03 and its anomalous influence on the structure and properties in the lead-free piezoelectric (1-x)Na1/2Bi1/2TiO3-(x)BaTiO3

The complexity associated with local structures continues to pose challenges with regard to the understanding of the structure-property relationship in Na1/2Bi1/2TiO3-based lead-free piezoceramics. (1-x)Na1/2Bi1/2TiO3-(x)BaTiO3 is an extensively studied system because of its interesting piezoelectric properties. Recently, a room temperature phase boundary was reported at x = 0.03 in this system Ma et al., Adv. Funct. Mater. 23, 5261 (2013)]. In the present work we have examined this subtle phase boundary using x-ray diffraction, neutron diffraction, dielectric measurements as a function of composition (x < 0.06), temperature, and electric field. Our results show that this boundary separates an R3c + Cc-like structural state for x < 0.03 from an R3c+ cubiclike structural state for 0.03 <= x <= 0.05 in the unpoled specimens. This phase boundary is characterized by an anomalous reduction in the depolarization temperature, and a suppression of the tetragonal distortion of the high temperature P4bm phase. Our results also provide the clue to understand the pathway leading to the cubiclike structure of the critical composition x = 0.06, known for its highest piezoelectric response.