Role Of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in Resistance to Drug Therapy in Patients with Resistant Hypertension

AbstractBackground:Despite the increased evidence of the important role of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-9 and MMP‑2) in the pathophysiology of hypertension, the profile of these molecules in resistant hypertension (RHTN) remains unknown.Objectives:To compare the plasma levels of MMP-9 and MMP-2 and of their tissue inhibitors (TIMP-1 and TIMP-2, respectively), as well as their MMP-9/TIMP-1 and MMP-2/TIMP-2 ratios, between patients with controlled RHTN (CRHTN, n=41) and uncontrolled RHTN (UCRHTN, n=35). In addition, the association of those parameters with clinical characteristics, office blood pressure (BP) and arterial stiffness (determined by pulse wave velocity) was evaluate in those subgroups.Methods:This study included 76 individuals diagnosed with RHTN and submitted to physical examination, electrocardiogram, and laboratory tests to assess biochemical parameters.Results:Similar values of MMP-9, MMP-2, TIMP-1, TIMP-2, and MMP-9/TIMP-1 and MMP-2/TIMP-2 ratios were found in the UCRHTN and CRHTN subgroups (P>0.05). A significant correlation was found between diastolic BP (DBP) and MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio (r=0.37; P=0.02) and DPB and MMP-2 (r=-0.40; P=0.02) in the UCRHTN subgroup. On the other hand, no correlation was observed in the CRHTN subgroup. Logistic regression models demonstrated that MMP-9, MMP-2, TIMP-1, TIMP-2 and their ratios were not associated with the lack of BP control.Conclusion:These findings suggest that neither MMP-2 nor MMP-9 affect BP control in RHTN subjects.

Diastolic Function in Paced Children with Cardiac Defects: Septum vs Apex

AbstractIn children with structural congenital heart disease (CHD), the effects of chronic ventricular pacing on diastolic function are not well known. On the other hand, the beneficial effect of septal pacing over apical pacing is still controversial.The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of different right ventricular (RV) pacing site on left ventricular (LV) diastolic function in children with cardiac defects.Twenty-nine pediatric patients with complete atrioventricular block (CAVB) and CHD undergoing permanent pacing were prospectively studied. Pacing sites were RV apex (n = 16) and RV septum (n = 13). Echocardiographic assessment was performed before pacemaker implantation and after it, during a mean follow‑up of 4.9 years.Compared to RV septum, transmitral E-wave was significantly affected in RV apical pacing (95.38 ± 9.19 vs 83 ± 18.75, p = 0.038). Likewise, parameters at the lateral annular tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) were significantly affected in children paced at the RV apex. The E´ wave correlated inversely with TDI lateral myocardial performance index (Tei index) (R2= 0.9849, p ≤ 0.001). RV apex pacing (Odds ratio, 0.648; confidence interval, 0.067-0.652; p = 0.003) and TDI lateral Tei index (Odds ratio, 31.21; confidence interval, 54.6-177.4; p = 0.025) predicted significantly decreased LV diastolic function.Of the two sites studied, RV septum prevents pacing-induced reduction of LV diastolic function.

Evaluation of Electrocardiographic T-peak to T-end Interval in Subjects with Increased Epicardial Fat Tissue Thickness

Abstract Background: The association between periatrial adiposity and atrial arrhythmias has been shown in previous studies. However, there are not enough available data on the association between epicardial fat tissue (EFT) thickness and parameters of ventricular repolarization. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the association of EFT thickness with indices of ventricular repolarization by using T-peak to T-end (Tp-e) interval and Tp-e/QT ratio. Methods: The present study included 50 patients whose EFT thickness ≥ 9 mm (group 1) and 40 control subjects with EFT thickness < 9 mm (group 2). Transthoracic echocardiographic examination was performed in all participants. QT parameters, Tp-e intervals and Tp-e/QT ratio were measured from the 12-lead electrocardiogram. Results: QTd (41.1 ± 2.5 vs 38.6 ± 3.2, p < 0.001) and corrected QTd (46.7 ± 4.7 vs 43.7 ± 4, p = 0.002) were significantly higher in group 1 when compared to group 2. The Tp-e interval (76.5 ± 6.3, 70.3 ± 6.8, p < 0.001), cTp-e interval (83.1 ± 4.3 vs. 76±4.9, p < 0.001), Tp-e/QT (0.20 ± 0.02 vs. 0.2 ± 0.02, p < 0.001) and Tp-e/QTc ratios (0.2 ± 0.01 vs. 0.18 ± 0.01, p < 0.001) were increased in group 1 in comparison to group 2. Significant positive correlations were found between EFT thickness and Tp-e interval (r = 0.548, p < 0.001), cTp-e interval (r = 0.259, p = 0.01), and Tp-e/QT (r = 0.662, p < 0.001) and Tp-e/QTc ratios (r = 0.560, p < 0.001). Conclusion: The present study shows that Tp-e and cTp-e interval, Tp-e/QT and Tp-e/QTc ratios were increased in subjects with increased EFT, which may suggest an increased risk of ventricular arrhythmia.

Dipyridamole stress myocardial perfusion by computed tomography in patients with left bundle branch block

Abstract Background: Functional tests have limited accuracy for identifying myocardial ischemia in patients with left bundle branch block (LBBB). Objective: To assess the diagnostic accuracy of dipyridamole-stress myocardial computed tomography perfusion (CTP) by 320-detector CT in patients with LBBB using invasive quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) (stenosis ≥ 70%) as reference; to investigate the advantage of adding CTP to coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) and compare the results with those of single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) myocardial perfusion scintigraphy. Methods: Thirty patients with LBBB who had undergone SPECT for the investigation of coronary artery disease were referred for stress tomography. Independent examiners performed per-patient and per-coronary territory assessments. All patients gave written informed consent to participate in the study that was approved by the institution’s ethics committee. Results: The patients’ mean age was 62 ± 10 years. The mean dose of radiation for the tomography protocol was 9.3 ± 4.6 mSv. With regard to CTP, the per-patient values for sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and accuracy were 86%, 81%, 80%, 87%, and 83%, respectively (p = 0.001). The per-territory values were 63%, 86%, 65%, 84%, and 79%, respectively (p < 0.001). In both analyses, the addition of CTP to CTA achieved higher diagnostic accuracy for detecting myocardial ischemia than SPECT (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The use of the stress tomography protocol is feasible and has good diagnostic accuracy for assessing myocardial ischemia in patients with LBBB.

Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation and Morbidity and Mortality-Related Factors: a 5-Year Experience in Brazil

Abstract Background: Transcatheter aortic valve implantation has become an option for high-surgical-risk patients with aortic valve disease. Objective: To evaluate the in-hospital and one-year follow-up outcomes of transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Methods: Prospective cohort study of transcatheter aortic valve implantation cases from July 2009 to February 2015. Analysis of clinical and procedural variables, correlating them with in-hospital and one-year mortality. Results: A total of 136 patients with a mean age of 83 years (80-87) underwent heart valve implantation; of these, 49% were women, 131 (96.3%) had aortic stenosis, one (0.7%) had aortic regurgitation and four (2.9%) had prosthetic valve dysfunction. NYHA functional class was III or IV in 129 cases (94.8%). The baseline orifice area was 0.67 ± 0.17 cm2 and the mean left ventricular-aortic pressure gradient was 47.3±18.2 mmHg, with an STS score of 9.3% (4.8%-22.3%). The prostheses implanted were self-expanding in 97% of cases. Perioperative mortality was 1.5%; 30-day mortality, 5.9%; in-hospital mortality, 8.1%; and one-year mortality, 15.5%. Blood transfusion (relative risk of 54; p = 0.0003) and pulmonary arterial hypertension (relative risk of 5.3; p = 0.036) were predictive of in-hospital mortality. Peak C-reactive protein (relative risk of 1.8; p = 0.013) and blood transfusion (relative risk of 8.3; p = 0.0009) were predictive of 1-year mortality. At 30 days, 97% of patients were in NYHA functional class I/II; at one year, this figure reached 96%. Conclusion: Transcatheter aortic valve implantation was performed with a high success rate and low mortality. Blood transfusion was associated with higher in-hospital and one-year mortality. Peak C-reactive protein was associated with one-year mortality.

Total synthesis of 8,9-Dehydro-Epothilone C

Magdeburg, Univ., Fak. für Verfahrens- und Systemtechnik, Diss., 2010

Formação das castas no gênero Melípona (Illiger, 1806)

The present work is destinated to prove that the castes : workers and queens, in Melipona bees are due to genetic factors and not to differences in food. 2) Material used: Hives of Melipona quadri-fasciata anthidioides (Lep. 1836), M. schenki schenki (Gribodo, 1893), M. fasciata rufiventris (Lep. 1836), M. quadri-fasciata vicina (Lep. 1836), M. marginata marginata (Lep. 1836), Apis mellifera (L. 1758). 3) It should be pointed out that in Melipona bees there are no royal cells for the queens, but all the cells are of the same size independently of being destinated for workers, queens or drones. The numerous queens which are born are killed soon after emerging from their cells. 4) Changes of feeding in quality and in quantity caused no variation of castes. The only variable factor is the size, which becomes bigger when the bee is well nourished. 5) The offsprings of 5 hives were examined : 3 of M. quadri-fasciata anthidioides (n.o 1, n.o 2 and n.o 3), 1 of M. quadri-fasciata vicina (n.o 4) and 1 of M. marginata marginata (n.o 5). Combs of about 40 cells were taken into laboratory and the type of bee registered immediately after emerging. The results of the counts were: BOX COMB WORKER QUEEN PERCENTAGE Σ X2 to 12,5% Nº 1 1th 69 8 10,4% 0, 3139 " 1 2nd 144 18 11,1% 0, 2856 " 2 1th 52 8 13,3% 0, 0384 " 3 1th 45 10 18,2% 1, 6736 " 4 1th 56 4 6,7% 1, 8686 " 4 2nd 29 4 12,1% 0,00432 Σ X2 to 25% " 5 1th 34 14 29,2% 0,44444 "5 2nd 83 27 24,5% 0, 0121 In the 4 first boxes there is a percentage of 11,63% queens and in the last there is a percentage of 25,95%. 6) These percentages are very near two genetical ratios: 12,5% or 7:1, and 25% or 3:1, which correspond to a trifactorial and a bifactorial back-cross. Carrying out a X² test no significant deviations were found ( X² to 12,5% and to 25% and table 1 to 4). 7) We suppose that the formula for the queen in the first case (11,65%) is: AaBbCc. Since the Melipona bees are arrhenotokous hymenopteres, the drones are haploid and may have any one of the following eight formulas, corresponding to the gonic segregation of the queem : ABC, ABc, Abc, Abc, AbC, aBC, aBc, abC, abc. Anyone combination of these males with the queen will give a segregation of 7 workers to 1 queen, since there is always only one triple heterozygote among the eight possible segregates (table 5). 8) In order to explain the second case, it is suffient to assume that in this species there are only two pairs of factors, the queen being the double heterozygote : AaBb, while the drones may have any one of the following constitutions: AB, Ab, aB and ab. Workers are again all diploids which are homozygous for one or both factors, for instance: AABB, AABb, AaBB, aaBb, AAbb, etc. (table 6). 9) It is suggested that the genus Melipona is an intermediary type between the solitary bees, where all females are fertile independently of their feeding, and the genera Apis and Trigona, where without special feeding all females are born sterile, while only specially fed females develop into fertile queens. 10) No speculations are put forward with regards to the evolutionary mechanism which may have been responsible for the development of the genetical determination of castes in Melipona, since it seems advisable point to extend the studies to other insects with complicated caste systems.

Adubação em "torrão paulista" de Eucalyptus Saligna SM

Num ensaio de adubação com N, P, K e estêrco (E) de mudas de eucalipto (Eucalyptus saligna Sm.) em "torrão paulista" nos viveiros da Cia. Paulista de Estrada de Ferro, em Rio Claro, SP, foi usado um delineamento fatorial de 3x3x3x2, com resultados estatisticamente significativos para N, P e estêrco. As alturas médias das mudas, em centímetros, 3(1/2) meses após a repicagem para os torrões, foram as seguintes. N0 42,4 ± 1,5 P0 56,4 ± 1,5 E0 54,9 ± 1,2 N1 62,8 ± 1,5 P1 58,4 ± 1,5 E1 64,0 ± 1,2 N2 73,2 ± 1,5 P2 63,6 ± 1,5 As médias de algumas combinações interessantes de tratamentos são dadas a seguir, em centímetros. N0PoK0Eo 41,3 ± 6,2 N2P2K0E1 83,0 ± 6,2 N2P0K0E0 59,6 ± 6,2 N2P2K2E1 87,4 ± 6,2 N2P2K0E0 64,0 ± 6,2

A amostragem da cana-de-açúcar para determinações tecnológicas

The authors carried out 3 experiments on the sampling of sugar cane for technological determinations, one with each of the varieties Co 419, CB 40-69 and CB 41-58, in Piracicaba, State of São Paulo, Brasil. The main intent of the project was to compare 2 methods of sampling, namely: 1) Method A, where the sample is a hill (CATANI et al, 1959) or, more generally, 20 stalks all together in a randomly selected point of the furrow; 2) Method B, where 20 stalks are taken, from 20 points evenly spread but on the whole plot. Coefficients of variation for 20 stalk samples Variety Characteristic 20 stalks per hill 1 stalk per hill Brix 4.8% 1.9% Pol 6.4% 2.5% CB 40-69 Coefficient of purity 2.1% 0.83% Available sucrose 7.3% 2.7% Weight 6.6% 6.9% Brix 5.3% 1.8% Pol 7.6% 2.6% Co 419 Coefficient of purity 2.9% 1.0% Available sucrose 8.6% 3.0% Weight 21.2% 6.5% Brix 2.8% 1.4% Pol 4.1% 1.9% CB 41-58 Coefficient of purity 1.8% 0.8% Available sucrose 5.0% 2.2% Weight 10.9% 6.2% For the 3 varieties studied and for the data on Brix, pol, coefficient of purity, available sucrose and weight, analyses of variance were carried out. Further computations led to the following coefficients of variation. For available sucrose, which is probably the most important characteristic studied, the average coefficient of variation for the 3 varieties was 2.7%, for the case of method B, that is, 20 stalk samples, one stalk per hill. Assuming this coefficient of variation, in a trial with 5 treatments and 6 replications, in randomised blocks, the least significant difference among treatment means, at the 5% level, would be 4.7% of available sucrose by Tukey's test, and 3.3% by the t test. For the case of method A the average coefficient of variation is 7.0% and, in similar conditions, the least significant difference would be 15.1% by Tukey's test, and 12.1% by the t test. Since differences of available sucrose among treatments in experiments with fertilizers seldom are higher than 3 or 4% of the mean (PIMENTEL GOMES & CARDOSO, 1958), method B with a 20 stalk sample per plot gives more or less the minimum amount of cane to be sampled for technological determinations. In experiments with varieties, however, where differences may be assumed to be higher, a sample of 10 to 20 stalks one per hill, can be enough.

Acumulação diferencial de nutrientes por cinco cultivares de milho (Zea mays L.): I - acumulação de macronutrientes

No presente trabalho, os autores apresentam os resultados de um ensaio de campo empregando os cultivares Agroceres 256, Agroceres 504, Centralmex, H-7974 e Piranão no sentido de aquilatar diferenças no crescimento, produção e acumulação e exportação de nutrientes. O ensaio foi conduzido num regossol de fertilidade mediana, exceto em relação ao K que é baixo, situado no Município de Piracicaba, SP. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso com 4 repetições. Foram seguidas as práticas culturais comuns, e a adubação constituiu de 83 g da fórmula 30-120-70 por metro linear por ocasião do plantio e 33 g por metro linear da fórmula 50-0-4, em cobertura 22 dias após a germinação. Plantas foram coletadas a partir dos 20 dias após a germinação, em intervalos de 20 dias até os 120 dias. As plantas foram divididas em "colmo + folhas", pendão e espiga e analisadas para N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S. Concluíram os autores que diferenças entre cultivares na acumulação de matéria seca na parte vegetativa não se traduzem, necessariamente, por um aumento de peso da matéria seca na espiga. Os cultivares atingem o máximo da quantidade de nutrientes nas seguintes épocas, em dias: N (89-100); P (101-120); K (58-66); Ca (74-94); Mg (100-120); S (93-95). Verificaram, ainda, que as quantidades máximas extraídas em mg/planta são: N (3169-3878); P (541-642); K (3850-4693); Ca (582-782); Mg (654-943); S (444-799). Finalmente, a exportação de nutrientes nas espigas por hectare (50.000 plantas) colhidas é: N (111-143 kg); P (22-30 kg); Ca (0,7-1,1 kg); Mg (10-12kg); S(9-13kg).

Acumulação diferencial de nutrientes por cinco cultivares de milho (zea mays L): II - acumulação de micronutrientes

No presente trabalho, os autores apresentam os resultados de um ensaio de campo empregando os cultivares Agroceres 256, Agroceres 504, Centralmex, H-7974 e Piranao no sentido de aquilatar diferenças na acumulação e exportação de micronutrientes. O ensaio foi conduzido num regossol de fertilidade mediana, exceto em relação ao K que é baixo, situado no município de Piracicaba, SP. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso com 4 repetições. Foram seguidas as práticas culturais comuns e a adubação constituiu de 83 g da fórmula 30--120-70 por metro linear por ocasião do plantio e 33 g por metro linear da fórmula 50-0-4, em cobertura 22 dias após a germinação. Plantas foram coletadas a partir dos 20 dias após a germinação, em intervalos de 20 dias até os 120 dias. As plantas foram divididas em "colmo + folhas", pendão e espiga e analisadas para B, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn. Concluíram os autores que diferenças na acumulação de micronutrientes manifestam-se antes da fase de crescimento intenso. Os cultivares atingem o máximo da quantidade dos nutrientes nas seguintes épocas, em dias:Cu (61-85); Fe (71-76); Mn (82-94); Zn (87-108). Verificaram, ainda, que as quantidades máximas extraídas em mg/planta são:Cu (2,06--3,49); Fe (26,66-36,28); Mn (9,92-14,39); Zn (5,88-6,69). Finalmente a exportação de nutrientes nas espigas por hectare (50.000 plantas) colhidas é: Cu (26-35 g); Fe (200-220 g); Mn (90-140 g) e Zn (160-250 g).

Efeito da densidade de população sobre os teores de ácido ascórbico e carboidratos solúveis de berinjela (Solanum melongena)

Amostras de berinjela (Solanum melongena) de densidades de 11.111 a 31.746 plantas/ha foram analisadas quanto aos teores de matéria seca, ácido ascórbico, carboidratos solúveis totais, sacarose, glucose e frutose. Com exceção da matéria seca, não foram detectadas diferenças significativas entre os teores dos constituintes analisados em função das diversas densidades de plantas. Os frutos obtidos de maiores densidades de plantas apresentaram maior teor de matéria seca. O teor de ácido ascórbico variou de 5,9 a 10,6 mg/100 g peso fresco. Os teores de carboidratos solúveis, expressos cm g/100 g peso fresco, foram os seguintes: sacarose, (0,13-0,22), glucose (0,91-1,37) e frutose (0,83-1,11).

Estudos sobre a nutrição mineral do cafeeiro: XL. Fitomassa e conteúdo de macro e micronutrientes no material podado

Foi conduzido um ensaio numa plantação comercial de café de variedade Mundo Novo de 9 anos de idade, com uma população de 1904 covas/ha, destinada a avaliar a quantidade de biomassa e de nutrientes removidas por diferentes tipos de poda: recepa a 0,40m; decote a 1,00, 1,50 e 2,00 m; decote a 1,50m com esqueletamento. A análise do material e dos dados permitiu tirar-se as seguintes conclusões: (1) a biomassa removida pela poda foi maior na recepa (24,3 t de matéria fresca e 11,9 de matéria seca) e no decote a 1,00 m (20,6 e 10,1 t, respectivamente); seguia-se o decote a 1,50 m com esqueletamento que deu 19,4 e 8,3 t de matéria fresca e seca por hectare; os pesos da matéria fresca e seca correspondentes aos decotes a 1,50 m e 2,00 m foram: 12,1 e 5,4; 5,6 e 2,5 t/ha; (2) a relação existente entre a altura de poda e quantidade de fitomassa removida é descrita por equações de regressão simples; (3) as quantidades de nutrientes removidas são proporcionais as quantidades de material podado sendo as seguintes de acordo com a ordem dos tratamentos dado, em kg/ha: N - 320, 294, 162, 80 e 261; P - 18, 15, 10, 44 e 16; K - 286, 266, 168, 78 e 273; Ca - 149, 139, 63, 33 e 101: Mg - 30, 33, 16, 8 e 26; S - 10, 7,6, 3 e 10; as quantidades de micronutrientes removidas foram, em g/ha: B - 306, 337, 163, 83 e 268; Cu - 229, 219, 121, 51 e 191; Fe - 2783, 2328, 1367, 544 e 2,088; Mn - 437, 779, 264, 142 e 412; Zn - 174, 152, 74, 28 e 121; (3) foram derivadas equações de regressão simples que relacionam quantidade extraídas e altura da poda; (4) a reciclagem de fitomassa contribui com economia substancial de fertilizantes para a nova vegetação. Cerca de dois terços e três quartos de nutrientes, entretanto, estão contidos no material lenhoso de caules e ramos o que deve fazer que a sua disponibilidade seja mais lenta.

Ostrich egg-shell cups of Mesopotamia and the ostrich in ancient and modern times / by Berthold Laufer. 9 plates and 10 text-figures.

no.23(1926)