Ecologia alimentar e biometria de duas espécies de raias de espinho dos Açores : uma análise ecológica e perspetiva para turismo subaquático

Dissertação de Mestrado em Gestão e Conservação da Natureza.

Desigualdade social, crescimento urbano e hanseníase em Manaus: abordagem espacial

OBJETIVO: Analisar a epidemiologia de hanseníase segundo a distribuição espacial e condições de vida da população. MÉTODOS: Estudo ecológico baseado na espacialização da hanseníase em Manaus (AM), entre 1998 e 2004. Os 4.104 casos obtidos do Sistema de Informações de Agravos de Notificação foram georreferenciados de acordo com a localização dos endereços em 1.536 setores censitários urbanos, por meio de quatro técnicas: correios (73,7% dos endereços encontrados); Programa de Cadastro de Logradouros (7,3%); Programa Saúde da Família (2,1%) e folhas de coleta do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (1,5%). Para cálculo do coeficiente de detecção utilizou a população de 2001. Na análise espacial foi aplicado o método bayesiano empírico local para produzir uma estimativa do risco da hanseníase, suavizando o efeito da flutuação das taxas, quando calculadas para pequenas áreas. Para análise da associação entre espacialização e fatores de risco empregou-se a regressão logística, tendo como variáveis explicativas a ocorrência de casos em menores de 15 anos (indicador de gravidade) e o Índice de Carência Social construído a partir das variáveis do Censo 2000. RESULTADOS: O coeficiente de detecção apresentou-se hiperendêmico em 34,0% dos setores e muito alto em 26,7%. A medida de associação (odds ratio) referente às variáveis explicativas foi significativa. A combinação de baixa condição de vida e ocorrência em menores de 15 anos foi adotada para identificar as áreas prioritárias para intervenção. CONCLUSÕES: A análise espacial da hanseníase mostrou que a distribuição da doença é heterogênea, atingindo mais intensamente as regiões habitadas por grupos em situação de maior vulnerabilidade.

Deteção do potencial cianotóxico em águas superficiais do Arquipélago dos Açores através de métodos moleculares

Dissertação de Mestrado, Ciências Biomédicas, 12 de Fevereiro de 2016, Universidade dos Açores.

Determination of tartaric acid in wines by FIA with tubular tartrate-selective electrodes

A flow injection analysis (FIA) system comprising a tartrate- (TAT) selective electrode has been developed for determination of tartaric acid in wines. Several electrodes constructed for this purpose had a PVC membrane with a complex of quaternary ammonium and TAT as anion exchanger, a phenol derivative as additive, and a more or less polar mediator solvent. Characterization of the electrodes showed behavior was best for membranes with o-nitrophenyl octyl ether as solvent. On injection of 500 μL into a phosphate buffer carrier (pH = 3.1; ionic strength 10–2 mol/L) flowing at 3 mL/min, the slope was 58.06 ± 0.6 with a lower limit of linear range of 5.0 × 10–4 mol/L TAT and R2 = 0.9989. The interference of several species, e.g. chloride, bromide, iodide, nitrate, gallic acid, tannin, sucrose, glucose, fructose, acetate, and citrate, was evaluated in terms of potentiometric selectivity coefficients. The Hofmeister series was followed for inorganic species and the most interfering organic ion was citrate. When red and white wines were analyzed and the results compared with those from an independent method they were found to be accurate, with relative standard deviations below 5.0%.

Custo social de duas técnicas de cirurgia de catarata no Brasil

OBJETIVO: Comparar os custos sociais pós-operatórios da cirurgia de catarata segundo as técnicas de facoemulsificação (Faco) e extração extracapsular (EECP). MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo, intervencionista e randomizado com 205 pacientes: 101 submetidos à Faco e 104 à EECP, no sistema público em São Paulo, SP, em 2002. Para avaliação do impacto socioeconômico dessas cirurgias, foi considerado o custo no período pós-operatório para os pacientes, empregadores e Sistema Previdenciário. As comparações entre os grupos foram feitas pelo teste do qui-quadrado ou por Mann-Whitman, quando apropriado. O nível de significância estabelecido foi de 5%. RESULTADOS: Considerando os gastos com os retornos hospitalares e aquisição de lentes corretivas (óculos), o paciente submetido à Faco obteve uma economia média de US$ 16,74, comparado ao paciente submetido à EECP. Quanto aos custos com licença médica, na primeira quinzena de afastamento do paciente, e os gastos com a ausência no trabalho do acompanhante, nos retornos pós-operatórios, o sistema empresarial obteve uma economia média de US$ 0,18 no grupo dos pacientes submetidos à Faco em relação ao grupo submetido à EECP. O gasto do Sistema Previdenciário por paciente foi estimado em US$ 6,57 no grupo Faco e US$ 51,15 no grupo EECP. CONCLUSÕES: A técnica de Faco representou economia média de US$ 61,5 para empregadores, pacientes, acompanhantes e Sistema Previdenciário, quando comparada à técnica de EECP.

Analysis of PCBs in soils and sediments by microwave-assisted extraction, headspace-SPME and high resolution gas chromatography with ion-trap tandem mass spectrometry

A procedure for the determination of seven indicator PCBs in soils and sediments using microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) prior to GC-MS/MS is described. Optimization of the HS-SPME was carried out for the most important parameters such as extraction time, sample volume and temperature. The adopted methodology has reduced consumption of organic solvents and analysis runtime. Under the optimized conditions, the method detection limit ranged from 0.6 to 1 ng/g when 5 g of sample was extracted, the precision on real samples ranged from 4 to 21% and the recovery from 69 to 104%. The proposed method, which included the analysis of a certified reference material in its validation procedure, can be extended to several other PCBs and used in the monitoring of soil or sediments for the presence of PCBs.

Electroanalytical study of the pesticide ethiofencarb

A detailed study of voltammetric behavior of ethiofencarb (ETF) is reported using glassy carbon electrode (GCE) and hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE). With GCE, it is possible to verify that the oxidative mechanism is irreversible, independent of pH, and the maximum intensity current was observed at +1.20 V vs. AgCl/Ag at pH 1.9. A linear calibration line was obtained from 1.0x10-4 to 8.0x10-4 mol L-1 with SWV method. To complete the electrochemical knowledge of ETF pesticide, the reduction was also explored with HMDE. A well-defined peak was observed at –1.00V vs. AgCl/Ag in a large range of pH with higher signal at pH 7.0. Linearity was obtained in 4.2x10-6 and 9.4x10-6 mol L-1 ETF concentration range. An immediate alkaline hydrolysis of ETF was executed, producing a phenolic compound (2-ethylthiomethylphenol) (EMP), and the electrochemical activity of the product was examined. It was deduced that it is oxidized on GCE at +0.75V vs. AgCl/Ag with a maximum peak intensity current at pH 3.2, but the compound had no reduction activity on HMDE. Using the decrease of potential peak, a flow injection analysis (FIA) system was developed connected to an amperometric detector, enabling the determination of EMP over concentration range of 1.0x10-7 and 1.0x10-5 mol L-1 at a sampling rate of 60 h-1. The results provided by FIA methodology were performed by comparison with results from high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique and demonstrated good agreement with relative deviations lower than 4%. Recovery trials were performed and the obtained values were between 98 and 104%.

Hospitalizações por condições cardiovasculares sensíveis à atenção primária em municípios goianos

OBJETIVO: Analisar taxas de hospitalização por condições cardiovasculares sensíveis à atenção primária. MÉTODOS: Estudo ecológico com 237 municípios do Estado de Goiás, de 2000 a 2008, utilizando dados do Sistema de Informação Hospitalar e Sistema de Informação da Atenção Básica. As taxas de hospitalização foram calculadas pela proporção entre o número de hospitalizações por condições cardiovasculares e a população acima de 40 anos. Foram avaliadas em triênios: A (2000-2002), B (2003-2005) e C (2006-2008), segundo sexo, faixa etária, porte populacional, pertencimento à região metropolitana, macrorregião de saúde, distância da capital, Índice de Condições de Vida e Saúde e cobertura de Estratégia Saúde da Família. A cobertura populacional potencial da Saúde da Família foi calculada conforme diretrizes do Ministério da Saúde. A variabilidade das taxas foi avaliada segundo teste t e ANOVA. RESULTADOS: Ocorreram 253.254 internações (17,2% do total) por condições cardiovasculares sensíveis à atenção primária. As taxas de hospitalização diminuíram entre os triênios: A (213,5, dp = 104,6), B (199,7, dp = 96,3) e C (150,2, dp = 76,1), com diferença entre os períodos A-C e B-C (p < 0,001). Porte populacional municipal não influenciou o comportamento das taxas. Municípios próximos à capital e aqueles da região metropolitana apresentaram maiores taxas (p < 0,001). Em todos os percentis do Índice de Condições de Vida e Saúde, houve redução das taxas (p < 0,001), exceto no percentil 1. Redução foi também observada em todas as macrorregiões, exceto na região nordeste do estado. A redução das taxas ocorreu independentemente da cobertura da Saúde da Família. CONCLUSÕES: As taxas de hospitalização por condições cardiovasculares sensíveis à atenção primária diminuíram nesses municípios, independentemente da cobertura da Saúde da Família.

A study of ternary Cu2SnS3 and Cu3SnS4 thin films prepared by sulfurizing stacked metal precursors

Thin films of Cu2SnS3 and Cu3SnS4 were grown by sulfurization of dc magnetron sputtered Sn–Cu metallic precursors in a S2 atmosphere. Different maximum sulfurization temperatures were tested which allowed the study of the Cu2SnS3 phase changes. For a temperature of 350 ◦C the films were composed of tetragonal (I -42m) Cu2SnS3. The films sulfurized at a maximum temperature of 400 ◦C presented a cubic (F-43m) Cu2SnS3 phase. On increasing the temperature up to 520 ◦C, the Sn content of the layer decreased and orthorhombic (Pmn21) Cu3SnS4 was formed. The phase identification and structural analysis were performed using x-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) analysis. Raman scattering analysis was also performed and a comparison with XRD and EBSD data allowed the assignment of peaks at 336 and 351 cm−1 for tetragonal Cu2SnS3, 303 and 355 cm−1 for cubic Cu2SnS3, and 318, 348 and 295 cm−1 for the Cu3SnS4 phase. Compositional analysis was done using energy dispersive spectroscopy and induced coupled plasma analysis. Scanning electron microscopy was used to study the morphology of the layers. Transmittance and reflectance measurements permitted the estimation of absorbance and band gap. These ternary compounds present a high absorbance value close to 104 cm−1. The estimated band gap energy was 1.35 eV for tetragonal (I -42m) Cu2SnS3, 0.96 eV for cubic (F-43m) Cu2SnS3 and 1.60 eV for orthorhombic (Pmn21) Cu3SnS4. A hot point probe was used for the determination of semiconductor conductivity type. The results show that all the samples are p-type semiconductors. A four-point probe was used to obtain the resistivity of these samples. The resistivities for tetragonal Cu2SnS3, cubic Cu2SnS3 and orthorhombic (Pmn21) Cu3SnS4 are 4.59 × 10−2 cm, 1.26 × 10−2 cm, 7.40 × 10−4 cm, respectively.

Influence of selenization pressure on the growth of Cu2ZnSnSe4 films from stacked metallic layers

Cu2ZnSnSe4 (CZTSe) is a p-type semiconductor with a high absorption coefficient, 104 to 105 cm-1, and is being seen as a possible replacement for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 in thin film solar cells. Yet, there are some fundamental properties of CZTSe that are not well known, one of them is its band gap. In order to resolve its correct value it is necessary to improve the growth conditions to ensure that single phase crystalline thin films are obtained. One of the problems encountered when growing CZTSe is the loss of Sn through evaporation of SnSe. Stoichiometric films are then difficult to obtain and usually there are other phases present. One possible way to overcome this problem is to increase the pressure of growth of CZTSe. This can be done by introducing an atmosphere of an inert gas like Ar or N2. In this work we report the results of morphological, structural and optical studies of the properties of CZTSe thin films grown by selenization of DC magnetron sputtered metallic layers under different Ar pressures. The films are analysed by SEM/EDS, Raman scattering and XRD.

Avaliação da conduta conservadora na lesão intraepitelial cervical de alto grau

OBJETIVO: Analisar a associação entre a conduta conservadora em lesão intraepitelial cervical de alto grau com o índice de recidiva da neoplasia e faixa etária. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal e retrospectivo realizado com 509 mulheres (15-76 anos) atendidas no período de 1996 a 2006, com colpocitologia oncótica alterada, em um serviço público de referência em Maringá, PR. Os dados foram coletados dos prontuários médicos e estudadas as variáveis diagnóstico definitivo, tipos de tratamento, ocorrência da lesão e recidivas, analisados por meio de testes de associação de qui-quadrado de Pearson e teste exato de Fisher. RESULTADOS: A lesão intraepitelial cervical de alto grau ocorreu em 168 casos; destes, 31 mulheres foram submetidas à amputação cônica, 104 a cirurgias de alta frequência, nove histerectomizadas e 24 receberam conduta conservadora. Dentre as mulheres com lesão de alto grau e tratadas de forma conservadora, oito (33,3%) recidivaram, enquanto dentre as submetidas à conduta não conservadora dez (6,9%) recidivaram, sendo essa diferença estatisticamente significante (p = 0,0009), RP = 4,8 (IC95% 2,11;10,93). Para aquelas que fizeram o seguimento clínico-citológico, três (30,0%) e, dentre as cauterizadas, cinco (35,7%) recidivaram no prazo de três anos, sem diferença significante (p = 0,5611). A recidiva abaixo e acima de 30 anos ocorreu, respectivamente, em sete (13,8%) e 11 (12,2%) mulheres (p = 0,9955). CONCLUSÕES: A idade da mulher não influencia o prognóstico de recidiva. O tratamento conservador deve ser indicado como conduta de exceção, dada a alta taxa de recidiva, e o seguimento deve ser rigoroso, com acompanhamento citológico e colposcópico de até três anos, período em que ocorre a maioria das recidivas.

Human risk assessment of benzene after a gasoline station fuel leak

OBJECTIVE: To assess the health risk of exposure to benzene for a community affected by a fuel leak. METHODS: Data regarding the fuel leak accident with, which occurred in the Brasilia, Federal District, were obtained from the Fuel Distributor reports provided to the environmental authority. Information about the affected population (22 individuals) was obtained from focal groups of eight individuals. Length of exposure and water benzene concentration were estimated through a groundwater flow model associated with a benzene propagation model. The risk assessment was conducted according to the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry methodology. RESULTS: A high risk perception related to the health consequences of the accident was evident in the affected community (22 individuals), probably due to the lack of assistance and a poor risk communication from government authorities and the polluting agent. The community had been exposed to unsafe levels of benzene (> 5 µg/L) since December 2001, five months before they reported the leak. The mean benzene level in drinking water (72.2 µg/L) was higher than that obtained by the Fuel Distributer using the Risk Based Corrective Action methodology (17.2 µg/L).The estimated benzene intake from the consumption of water and food reached a maximum of 0.0091 µg/kg bw/day (5 x 10-7 cancer risk per 106 individuals). The level of benzene in water vapor while showering reached 7.5 µg/m3 for children (1 per 104 cancer risk). Total cancer risk ranged from 110 to 200 per 106 individuals. CONCLUSIONS: The population affected by the fuel leak was exposed to benzene levels that might have represented a health risk. Local government authorities need to develop better strategies to respond rapidly to these types of accidents to protect the health of the affected population and the environment.

Superoxide reductase from the syphilis spirochete Treponema pallidum

Superoxide reductase is a 14 kDa metalloprotein containing a catalytic nonhaem iron centre [Fe(His)4Cys]. It is involved in defence mechanisms against oxygen toxicity, scavenging superoxide radicals from the cell. The oxidized form of Treponema pallidum superoxide reductase was crystallized in the presence of polyethylene glycol and magnesium chloride. Two crystal forms were obtained depending on the oxidizing agents used after purification: crystals grown in the presence of K3Fe(CN)6 belonged to space group P21 (unit-cell parameters a = 60.3, b = 59.9, c = 64.8 A ° , = 106.9 ) and diffracted beyond 1.60 A ° resolution, while crystals grown in the presence of Na2IrCl6 belonged to space group C2 (a = 119.4, b = 60.1, c = 65.6 A ° , = 104.9 ) and diffracted beyond 1.55 A ° . A highly redundant X-ray diffraction data set from the C2 crystal form collected on a copper rotating-anode generator ( = 1.542 A ° ) clearly defined the positions of the four Fe atoms present in the asymmetric unit by SAD methods. A MAD experiment at the iron absorption edge confirmed the positions of the previously determined iron sites and provided better phases for model building and refinement. Molecular replacement using the P21 data set was successful using a preliminary trace as a search model. A similar arrangement of the four protein molecules could be observed.

Occupational Musculoskeletal Disorders in Europe: Impact, Risk factors and Preventive Regulations

The aim of this article is to characterize musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) in EU working population according to available Eurostat data, to identify relevant risk factors and to refer existing legislation and standards to prevent MSDs. The following questions will be answered: How often do MSDs occur in EU? What are the risk factors? Do legislation and standards exist to prevent these disorders?

Fungal burden in waste industry: an occupational risk to be solved

High loads of fungi have been reported in different types of waste management plants. This study intends to assess fungal contamination in one waste-sorting plant before and after cleaning procedures in order to analyze their effectiveness. Air samples of 50 L were collected through an impaction method, while surface samples, taken at the same time, were collected by the swabbing method and subject to further macro- and microscopic observations. In addition, we collected air samples of 250 L using the impinger Coriolis μ air sampler (Bertin Technologies) at 300 L/min airflow rate in order to perform real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) amplification of genes from specific fungal species, namely Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus flavus complexes, as well as Stachybotrys chartarum species. Fungal quantification in the air ranged from 180 to 5,280 CFU m−3 before cleaning and from 220 to 2,460 CFU m−3 after cleaning procedures. Surfaces presented results that ranged from 29 × 104 to 109 × 104 CFU m−2 before cleaning and from 11 × 104 to 89 × 104 CFU m−2 after cleaning. Statistically significant differences regarding fungal load were not detected between before and after cleaning procedures. Toxigenic strains from A. flavus complex and S. chartarum were not detected by qPCR. Conversely, the A. fumigatus species was successfully detected by qPCR and interestingly it was amplified in two samples where no detection by conventional methods was observed. Overall, these results reveal the inefficacy of the cleaning procedures and that it is important to determine fungal burden in order to carry out risk assessment.