Comparing auditory steady state response and auditory brainstem response in normal hearing adults

This paper presents a study examining auditory steady state response (ASSR) assessments compared to auditory brainstem response (ABR) assessments. The study examines the relationship between behavioral thresholds, click- and toneburst-ABR thresholds, and ASSR thresholds for normal hearing subjects using the commercially available GSI Audera instrument.

Máquinas de pensar: videojuegos, representaciones y simulaciones de poder

El presente estudio aborda la problemática cultural-ideológica de los videojuegos, esas nuevas tecnologías que actualmente forman parte de la cotidianidad de niños y jóvenes. Y plantea que tales tecnologías, aparte de servir para jugar, ayudan a resituar al individuo dentro de una cultura que reclama otras racionalidades: la estratégica y la de simulación. Los videojuegos producen un tipo de Ser, implican un modelamiento del Yo y llevan a elaborar comprensiones del mundo, lo que les hace constituirse en tecnologías de poder: con ellos el individuo modela y comprende las dimensiones del poder, ese sistema simbólico diseminado que funda una red de comportamientos y actitudes, que hace justamente el sostenimiento de todo aparato social-organizacional. De ahí que se proponga en este libro, pensar a los videojuegos como artefactos políticos en la actual sociedad hedonista: con ellos se idea el mundo, se reorganizan las relaciones humanas y sociales, y se deconstruye lo real. Todo los cual se produce mediante una particular estetización de realidades haciéndolas reales y a través de la simulación del mudo hasta reinsertarlo en lo cotidiano. Tres autores iluminan a este trabajo: Michel Foucault, Nelson Goodman y Jean Baudrillard.

Música "chicha", mito e identidad popular. El cantante peruano Chacalón

En este libro se analiza el cómic titulado La historia de Chacalón y se lo vincula con el desarrollo de la música “chicha” en Lima, Perú, al finalizar el siglo XX. El texto examina el mito del progreso y los modos en que la industria cultural surgida en torno a la música “chicha” ha contribuido a hacer del cantante peruano Lorenzo Palacios Quishpe, “Chacalón”, un héroe cultural popular. Se intenta, además, entender el papel de este personaje en la construcción del mito que lo rodeó. Con tal finalidad se utiliza el análisis textual, el análisis de la imagen y la investigación musicológica para interpretar esta forma cultural marginal necesaria para el reconocimiento identitario, poniendo de relieve la centralidad de lo popular como polo necesario para entender la totalidad de una cultura.

La legitimación para la defensa de los derechos colectivos

La parte medular de esta tesis es el estudio de la legitimación en los procesos judiciales y constitucionales que se promueven para la defensa de los derechos colectivos. La legitimación ordinaria es una cualidad derivada de la relación de titularidad del derecho subjetivo o de la obligación, que permite a una persona formular una pretención o contradecirla, en un caso concreto. Las teorías sobre esta materia se dividen en una de corte clásico, según la cual la legitimación nace de la titularidad real de la relación sustancial, y otras de corte moderno, según las cuales existe legitimación, con sólo afirmar esa titularidad, aunque a fin del proceso se establezca que ella no existía. El optar por una o por otra, influye en el tipo de resolución que debe adoptar el juez, sobre todo frente a la falta de legitimación. Respecto de los derechos colectivos, estudiamos los aspectos necesarios para comprender que su presencia ha motivado el aparecimiento de nuevos conceptos procesales o su modificación, entre ellos, el de la legitimación, cuyo ejercicio da origen a un proceso colectivo. Finalmente estudiamos en detalle la legitimación para la tutela de los derechos colectivos. Nos referimos a que ha sido necesario ampliar la noción clásica del concepto para permitir un real acceso a la justicia, en pos de la tutela de esos derechos, sin que, para tener legitimación, haga falta hacer una afirmación de titularidad o invocar una afectación directa. Analizamos quiénes serían los legitimados, con especial referencia a nuestro país, ilustrando los temas con casos resueltos, tanto por la justicia ordinaria como por la justicia constitucional.

Foro: revista de derecho. 5 (Recensiones)

Presenta las reseñas de los siguientes libros: Julio César Trujillo Vásquez, TEORÍA DEL ESTADO EN EL ECUADOR, Quito, Corporación Editora Nacional/ Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar, Sede Ecuador, 2a. ed., 2006, 488 pp. -- César Montaño Galarza, MANUAL DE DERECHO TRIBUTARIO INTERNACIONAL, Quito, Serie Estudios Jurídicos vol. 25, Corporación Editora Nacional / Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar, Sede Ecuador, 2006, 390 pp. -- Luis F. Ávila L., JURISPRUDENCIA OBLIGATORIA: FALLOS DE TRIPLE REITERACIÓN DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DEL ECUADOR, Quito, Corporación de Estudios y Publicaciones, 2005, 289, pp. -- Rafael Oyarte Martínez, LA ACCIÓN DE AMPARO CONSTITUCIONAL, JURISPRUDENCIA DOGMÁTICA Y DOCTRINA, Quito, Fondo Editorial de la Fundación Andrade y Asociados, 2006, 242 pp.

Kipus: revista andina de letras. 4 (Reseñas)

Presenta las reseñas de los siguientes libros: Hugo Achugar, LA BIBLIOTECA EN RUINAS: REFLEXIONES CULTURALES DESDE LA PERIFERIA, Montevideo, Ediciones Trilce, 1994; 128 pp. -- Milton Benítez, EL SUSURRO DE LAS PALABRAS: SUBVERSIÓN, ORDEN Y FICCIÓN. Quito, El Conejo, 1994; 176 pp. -- Antonio Cornejo Polar, ESCRIBIR EN EL AIRE: ENSAYO SOBRE LA HETEROGENEIDAD SOCIO-CULTURAL EN LAS LITERATURAS ANDINAS, Lima, Horizonte, 1994; 246 pp. -- Miguel Donoso Pareja, HOY EMPIEZO A ACORDARME. MÉXICO, EDITORIAL PONCIANO ARRIAGA / JOAN BOLDÓ I CLIMENT, EDITORES, 1995; 390 pp.

El poder tributario municipal en el Ecuador

El poder tributario, como capacidad jurídica del Estado para imponer tributos y como expresión genuina de su soberanía, tiene nuevas implicaciones que surgen del reconocimiento constitucional de este atributo en otras instancias distintas al poder legislativo. En esta obra se analiza la potestad tributaria normativa, al desarrollo doctrinario y su alcance en el marco de la Constitución de la República del Ecuador, que conduce imperativamente al tratamientodel principio de reserva de ley y su incidencia en el aspecto tributario municipal, ámbito en torno al cual se pretende verificar si la normatividad plasmada en la Ley Orgánica de R´pegimen Municipal revela desbordamiento en el ejercicio de esta prerrogativa constitucionalmente reconocida a los consejos municipales.

A preliminary investigation of the release of oil from contaminated clays and other fine-grained sediments during consolidation

Fine-grained sediments on land, or in a freshwater or marine environment, may become contaminated with a wide range of pollutants including hydrocarbons. This paper is concerned with preliminary studies of the mobilization and transportation of hydrocarbons, during the process of consolidation, to adjacent sediments or water bodies. A modified Rowe Cell was used to measure the consolidation properties of prepared kaolinite and bentonite clay-water slurries, with and without the addition of oil, along with hydrocarbon-bearing drill-cuttings samples taken from the sea-bed adjacent to two North Sea oil-well platforms. The consolidation properties of the kaolinite and bentonite clay slurries were little altered by the addition of oil, which was present at concentrations of between 8073 and 59 572 mg kg(-1). During each consolidation stage, samples of the expelled pore-fluids were collected and analysed for oil content. These values were very low in comparison with the original oil concentration in the samples and changed little between each consolidation stage. Analysis of the slurry samples both before and after consolidation confirms that, proportionally, little oil is removed as a result of consolidation. The implication of these results is that, for the range of samples tested, the very high hydraulic gradients and particle rearrangements that occur during the process of consolidation are capable of releasing only proportionally small amounts of oil bound to the fine-grained clay and silt particles.

Modelling cereal root systems for water and nitrogen capture: Towards an economic optimum

A quantitative model of wheat root systems is developed that links the size and distribution of the root system to the capture of water and nitrogen (which are assumed to be evenly distributed with depth) during grain filling, and allows estimates of the economic consequences of this capture to be assessed. A particular feature of the model is its use of summarizing concepts, and reliance on only the minimum number of parameters (each with a clear biological meaning). The model is then used to provide an economic sensitivity analysis of possible target characteristics for manipulating root systems. These characteristics were: root distribution with depth, proportional dry matter partitioning to roots, resource capture coefficients, shoot dry weight at anthesis, specific root weight and water use efficiency. From the current estimates of parameters it is concluded that a larger investment by the crop in fine roots at depth in the soil, and less proliferation of roots in surface layers, would improve yields by accessing extra resources. The economic return on investment in roots for water capture was twice that of the same amount invested for nitrogen capture. (C) 2003 Annals of Botany Company.

A preliminary investigation of the release of oil from contaminated clays and other fine-grained sediments during consolidation

Fine-grained sediments on land, or in a freshwater or marine environment, may become contaminated with a wide range of pollutants including hydrocarbons. This paper is concerned with preliminary studies of the mobilization and transportation of hydrocarbons, during the process of consolidation, to adjacent sediments or water bodies. A modified Rowe Cell was used to measure the consolidation properties of prepared kaolinite and bentonite clay-water slurries, with and without the addition of oil, along with hydrocarbon-bearing drill-cuttings samples taken from the sea-bed adjacent to two North Sea oil-well platforms. The consolidation properties of the kaolinite and bentonite clay slurries were little altered by the addition of oil, which was present at concentrations of between 8073 and 59 572 mg kg(-1). During each consolidation stage, samples of the expelled pore-fluids were collected and analysed for oil content. These values were very low in comparison with the original oil concentration in the samples and changed little between each consolidation stage. Analysis of the slurry samples both before and after consolidation confirms that, proportionally, little oil is removed as a result of consolidation. The implication of these results is that, for the range of samples tested, the very high hydraulic gradients and particle rearrangements that occur during the process of consolidation are capable of releasing only proportionally small amounts of oil bound to the fine-grained clay and silt particles.

The impact of a closed-loop electronic prescribing and automated dispensing system on the ward pharmacist’s time and activities

Objective To assess the impact of a closed-loop electronic prescribing and automated dispensing system on the time spent providing a ward pharmacy service and the activities carried out. Setting Surgical ward, London teaching hospital. Method All data were collected two months pre- and one year post-intervention. First, the ward pharmacist recorded the time taken each day for four weeks. Second, an observational study was conducted over 10 weekdays, using two-dimensional work sampling, to identify the ward pharmacist's activities. Finally, medication orders were examined to identify pharmacists' endorsements that should have been, and were actually, made. Key findings Mean time to provide a weekday ward pharmacy service increased from 1 h 8 min to 1 h 38 min per day (P = 0.001; unpaired t-test). There were significant increases in time spent prescription monitoring, recommending changes in therapy/monitoring, giving advice or information, and non-productive time. There were decreases for supply, looking for charts and checking patients' own drugs. There was an increase in the amount of time spent with medical and pharmacy staff, and with 'self'. Seventy-eight per cent of patients' medication records could be assessed for endorsements pre- and 100% post-intervention. Endorsements were required for 390 (50%) of 787 medication orders pre-intervention and 190 (21%) of 897 afterwards (P < 0.0001; chi-square test). Endorsements were made for 214 (55%) of endorsement opportunities pre-intervention and 57 (30%) afterwards (P < 0.0001; chi-square test). Conclusion The intervention increased the overall time required to provide a ward pharmacy service and changed the types of activity undertaken. Contact time with medical and pharmacy staff increased. There was no significant change in time spent with patients. Fewer pharmacy endorsements were required post-intervention, but a lower percentage were actually made. The findings have important implications for the design, introduction and use of similar systems.

The politics of weddings at Athens: an iconographic assessment

Despite recent scholarship that has suggested that most if not all Athenian vases were created primarily for the symposium, vases associated with weddings constitute a distinct range of Athenian products that were used at Athens in the period of the Peloponnesian War and its immediate aftermath (430-390 BCE). Just as the subject matter of sympotic vases suggested stories or other messages to the hetaireia among whom they were used, so the wedding vases may have conveyed messages to audiences at weddings. This paper is an assessment of these wedding vases with particular attention to function: how the images reflect the use of vases in wedding rituals (as containers and/or gifts); how the images themselves were understood and interpreted in the context of weddings; and the post-nuptial uses to which the vases were put. The first part is an iconographic overview of how the Athenian painters depicted weddings, with an emphasis on the display of pottery to onlookers and guests during the public parts of weddings, important events in the life of the polis. The second part focuses on a large group of late fifth century vases that depict personifications of civic virtues, normally in the retinue of Aphrodite (Pandemos). The images would reinforce social expectations, as they advertised the virtues that would create a happy marriage—Peitho, Harmonia (Harmony), and Eukleia (Good Repute)—and promise the benefits that might result from adherence to these values—Eudaimonia and Eutychia (Prosperity), Hygieia (Health), and Paidia (Play or Childrearing). Civic personifications could be interpreted on the private level—as personal virtues—and on the public level—as civic virtues— especially when they appeared on vases that functioned both in public and private, at weddings, which were public acknowledgments of private changes in the lives of individuals within the demos.

Comparison of methane produced by straw fed sheep in open-circuit respiration with methane predicted by fermentation characteristics measured by an in vitro gas procedure

Reducing carbon conversion of ruminally degraded feed into methane increases feed efficiency and reduces emission of this potent greenhouse gas into the environment. Accurate, yet simple, predictions of methane production of ruminants on any feeding regime are important in the nutrition of ruminants, and in modeling methane produced by them. The current work investigated feed intake, digestibility and methane production by open-circuit respiration measurements in sheep fed 15 untreated, sodium hydroxide (NaOH) treated and anhydrous ammonia (NH3) treated wheat, barley and oat straws. In vitro fermentation characteristics of straws were obtained from incubations using the Hohenheim gas production system that measured gas production, true substrate degradability, short-chain fatty acid production and efficiency of microbial production from the ratio of truly degraded substrate to gas volume. In the 15 straws, organic matter (OM) intake and in vivo OM digestibility ranged from 563 to 1201 g and from 0.464 to 0.643, respectively. Total daily methane production ranged from 13.0 to 34.4 l, whereas methane produced/kg OM matter apparently digested in vivo varied from 35.0 to 61.8 l. The OM intake was positively related to total methane production (R2 = 0.81, P<0.0001), and in vivo OM digestibility was also positively associated with methane production (R2 = 0.67, P<0.001), but negatively associated with methane production/kg digestible OM intake (R2 = 0.61, P<0.001). In the in vitro incubations of the 15 straws, the ratio of acetate to propionate ranged from 2.3 to 2.8 (P<0.05) and efficiencies of microbial production ranged from 0.21 to 0.37 (P<0.05) at half asymptotic gas production. Total daily methane production, calculated from in vitro fermentation characteristics (i.e., true degradability, SCFA ratio and efficiency of microbial production) and OM intake, compared well with methane measured in the open-circuit respiration chamber (y = 2.5 + 0.86x, R2 = 0.89, P<0.0001, Sy.x = 2.3). Methane production from forage fed ruminants can be predicted accurately by simple in vitro incubations combining true substrate degradability and gas volume measurements, if feed intake is known.