Coherence between solar activity and the East Asian winter monsoon variability in the past 8000 years from Yangtze River-derived mud in the East China Sea

AMS(14)C dating and grain-size analysis for Core PC-6, located in the middle of a mud area on the inner shelf of the East China Sea (ECS), were used to rebuild the Holocene history of the East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM). The 7.5-m core recorded the history of environmental changes during the postglacial transgression. The core's mud section (the upper 450 cm) has been formed mainly by suspended sediment delivered from the Yangtze River mouth by the ECS Winter Coastal Current (ECSWCC) since 7.6 kyr BP. Using a mathematical method called "grain size vs. standard deviatioW', we can divide the Core PC-6's grain-size distribution into two populations at about 28 mu m. The fine population (< 28 mu m) is considered to be transported by the ECSWCC as suspended loads. Content of the fine population changes little and represents a stable sedimentary environment in accord with the present situation. Thus, variation of mean grain-size from the fine population would reflect the strength of ECSWCC, which is mainly controlled by the East Asian winter monsoon. Abrupt increasing mean grain size in the mud section is inferred to be transported by sudden strengthened ECSWCC, which was caused by the strengthened EAWM. Thus, the high resolution mean grain-size variation might serve as a proxy for reconstruction of the EAWM. A good correlation between sunspot change and the mean grain-size of suspended fine population suggests that one of the primary controls on centennial- to decadal-scale changes of the EAWM in the past 8 ka is the variations of sun irradiance, i.e., the EAWM will increase in intensity when the number of sunspots decreases. Spectral analyses of the mean grain-size time series of Core PC-6 show statistically significant periodicities centering on 2463, 1368, 128, 106, 100, 88-91, 7678, and 70-72 years. The EAWM and the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) agree with each other well on these cycles, and the East Asian Monsoon (EAM) and the Indian Monsoon also share in concurrent cycles in Holocene, which are in accord with the changes of the sun irradiance. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

海水鱼细胞系FG、SPH和RSBF的特性分析及其在典型海洋污染物毒性检测上的应用

鱼类细胞培养已成为鱼类病毒学、肿瘤学、毒理学、遗传学和免疫学等研究的重要手段。本文首先从形态、蛋白质（同工酶）和DNA（RAPD分析）三个层次水平对牙鲆鳃细胞系FG、鲈鱼心脏细胞系SPH和真鲷鳍细胞系RSBF的特性进行了分析，并分别与其所对应的原代培养组织作了比较。形态、蛋白质和DNA分析的结果表明：(1) 三株海水鱼细胞系的乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)酶谱彼此明显不同，可作为对它们进行种属鉴定和交叉污染鉴别的有效遗传标记；(2)与所对应的原代培养组织的LDH酶谱相比，细胞系FG的LDH酶谱维持不变，而细胞系SPH和FRSBF的LFH酶酶谱变化较大；(3)与所对应的原代培养细胞的形态相比，细胞系FG的细胞形态没有明显改变，而细胞系SPH和RSBF的细胞形态则发生了明显改变；(4)60个DNA随机引物对三株细胞系及其原代培养组织的RAPD分析表明，有35－48％的引物在细胞系及其原代培养组织之间产生完全相同的RAPD指纹，为这三株细胞系种属来源的鉴别奠定了基础，另有27－32％的引物在细胞系及其原代培养组织之间产生不同的RAPD指纹，表明这三株细胞系中发生了遗传变异；(5)FG、SPH和RSBF三株细胞系与其所来源鱼类个体间的总遗传相似性指数大小为0.825-0.851，这表明了它们之间的同源性，同时为我们采用RAPD技术对其它细胞系进行种属鉴定提供了可供参考的实验数据；(6)筛选得到四个随机引物S－91、S－223、S－228和S－237，分别可参在这三株海水鱼细胞系中扩增得到特异性的彼此明显不同的RAPD指纹，这些特异性RAPD指纹在各细胞系与其原代培养组织之间，以及在细胞系的传代培养过程中是稳定的，因而这四个引物对于这三株细胞系的种属鉴定、交叉污染检测以及监测它们与其来源鱼类个体之间的遗传变异将非常有用。其次，170代以后的FG细胞发生了自发性肿瘤转化，具有了在细胞单层上聚集生长和堆积生长的能力，本文对转化前后细胞的形态、贴壁依赖性(软琼脂克隆形成实验)和遗传物质稳定性(RAPD分析)进行分析的结果表明：FG细胞失去接触抑制和生长的密主抑制，获得在细胞单层上聚集生长和堆积生长能力的同时，也获得了在软琼脂中生的能力(8－14个克隆/10~6个接种细胞)；RAPD分析表明，转化前后FG细胞的RAPD指纹发生了明显的变异。因此，FG细胞的自发性肿瘤转化也如哺乳动物细胞一样，包括一系列不断进行的细胞学和遗传学变化，并最终导致其基因组DNA的遗传变异。最后，本文分析了聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)和氯化镍在RSBF细胞中的细胞毒性和基因毒性，结果表明：鱼类细胞系RSBF可作为一个有效的检测水环境中污染的细胞毒性和基因性效应的效应的筛选系统；RAPD分析可作为一个灵敏的非专一性的基因毒性检测终点；PEI对RSBF细胞的高细胞毒性和基因毒性表明，我们在利用PEI作基因载体进行人类基因冶疗和进行鱼类转基因实验时要格外慎重；镍及其化合物可能是导致鱼类肿瘤性疾病的原因之一。

Size hierarchies affecting the social interactions and growth of juvenile Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus

Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus (T. & S.)juveniles were size-graded and divided into three groups (small, large, and mixture of small and large flounder), and their social interactions (feeding, aggressive attacking and activity) and growth were investigated. The growth of the small flounder was markedly suppressed by the presence of the large flounder. Large flounder did not significantly suppress the overall food intake of the small flounder but exhibited high aggressive attacking on them and consequently inhibited their activity. Size dominance showed little influence on the aggressive behavior, feeding, activity and growth of the large flounder. The large flounder could not effectively defend the food in excess during the experiments ruling out disproportional food acquisition as the primary mechanism responsible for the size hierarchy effect. Aggressive interaction of the large flounder on the small flounder might be an important cause for the growth retardation of the small flounder. In culture, size grading could markedly improve the growth and survival of the early juvenile flounder. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Feeding activities of zooplankton in the Bohai Sea

The Bohai Sea was the site of the Chinese national GLOBEC programme. During the June 1997 cruises of R/V Science No.1, observations and experiments on zooplankton feeding were conducted. At five 48 h time-series stations the following observations and measurements on zooplankton were carried out: (1) diurnal vertical migration, by collecting samples at different layers every 3 h with a closing net; (2) diurnal feeding rhythms, by gut pigment analysis; and (3) ingestion rate, by both gut pigment analysis and the dilution method. A classification by body size was used to deal with the diversity of species and developmental stages of zooplankton assemblages. Samples were separated into three size groups: small (200-500 mu m), medium (500-1000 mu m) and large (> 1000 mu m). The results showed that the copepods (Calanus sinicus, Paracalanus parvus, Acartia bifilosa and Centropages mcmurrichi) performed clear diurnal vertical migrations. However, their behaviour was different at different stations. The variation in gut pigment content over the 24 h cycle showed strong diurnal feeding rhythms, particularly for the large size group. Gut pigment contents reached their daily maximum during the time from dusk to midnight (18:00-24:00). The peak value was about 10 times the minimum observed in the daytime. The in situ daily grazing rate, based on gut pigment contents and evacuation experiments, was 4.00-12.65 ng chla ind(-1) day(-1) for the small size group, 5.99-66.58 ng chla ind(-1) day(-1) for the medium size group and 31.31-237.13 ng chla ind(-1) day(-1) for the large size group. The copepods consumed only a small part (2.90-13.52%) of the phytoplankton biomass hut about 77% of the daily production. The grazing mortality rate of phytoplankton by microzooplankton (<200 mu m) measured by the dilution method ranged from 0.43 to 0.69 day(-1) The calculated daily consumption of phytoplankton biomass was 35-50%, and 85-319% of the potential production.

加拿大优质春小麦种子产业化技术体系及其启示

“优质春小麦种子产业化体系培训”是2006年国家外国专家局批准的出国（境）培训项目，青海省外国专家局以青外专发（2006）8．号文件下达了培训计划，由青海省种子管理站牵头，海西州、海北州、海南州、互助县种子站、中科院西北高原生物研究所有关专家及从事种子管理工作人员参加，组成的10人培训考察团，于2006年7月23日至8月12日，赴加拿大进行了为期21d的培训考察。考察团先后考察访问了位于曼尼托巴省温尼伯市的加拿大小麦局、谷物委员会、国际谷物学院、先锋公司种子库、曼利斯种子公司与农场、安大略省的C＆M种子公司、贵尔夫大学、渥太华的加东谷物与油料研究中心、阿尔贝塔省的农业局等政府管理与科研机构、大学、种子公司、农场等部门。通过与有关政府官员、专家学者、公司经理、农场主进行座谈、交流，收集相关资料，现场参观学习了解了加拿大优质春小麦的生产、管理、科学研究、种子生产与经营等诸多方面的做法和经验，顺利完成了各项培训考察任务。

Comparative study on CO2 emissions from different types of alpine meadows during grass exuberance period

Potentilla fruticosa scrub, Kobresia humilis meadow and Kobresia tibetica meadow are widely distributed on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. During the grass exuberance period from 3 July to 4September, based on close chamber-GC method, a study on CO2 emissions from different treatments was conducted in these meadows at Haibei research station, CAS. Results indicated that mean CO2emission rates from various treatments were 672.09+152.37 mgm-2h-1 for FC (grass treatment); 425.41+191.99 mgrn-2h-1 for FJ (grass exclusion treatment); 280.36+174.83 mgrn-2h-1 for FL (grass and roots exclusion treatment); 838.95+237.02 mgm-2h-1 for GG (scrub+grass treatment); 528.48+205.67 mgm-2h-1for GC (grass treatment); 268.97 ±99.72 mgm-2h-1 for GL (grass and roots exclusion treatment); and 659.20±94.83 mgm-2h-1 for LC (grass treatment), respectively (FC, FJ, FL, GG, GC, GL, LC were the Chinese abbreviation for various treatments). Furthermore, Kobresia humilis meadow, Potentilla fruticosa scrub meadow and Kobresia tibetica meadow differed greatly in average CO2 emission rate of soil-plant system, in the order of GG＞FC＞LC＞GC. Moreover, in Kobresia humilis meadow,heterotrophic and autotrophic respiration accounted for 42% and 58% of the total respiration of soil-plant system respectively, whereas, in Potentilla fruticosa scrub meadow, heterotrophic and autotrophic respiration accounted for 32% and 68% of total system respiration from G-G; 49% and 51%from GC. In addition, root respiration from Kobresia humilis meadow approximated 145 mgCO2m-2h-1,contributed 34% to soil respiration. During the experiment period, Kobresia humilis meadow and Potentilla fruticosa scrub meadow had a net carbon fixation of 111.11 grn-2 and 243.89 grn-2,respectively. Results also showed that soil temperature was the main factor which influenced CO2 emission from alpine meadow ecosystem, significant correlations were found between soil temperature at 5 cm depth and CO2 emission from GG, GC, FC and FJ treatments. In addition, soil moisture may be the inhibitory factor of CO2 emission from Kobresia tibetica meadow, and more detailed analyses should be done in further research.

青海湖鸬鹚繁殖成功率初报

2000年3～8月对青海湖西山鸬鹚岛鸬鹚（Phalacrocorax carbo）不同繁殖阶段的成功率做了初步观察。鸬鹚卵的窝卵数为3.47枚，孵化率为37.9%，雏鸟成活率为 61.1%，繁殖成功率为23.2%。孵化期的前3d，鸬鹚巢的损失率高达36.1%；育雏期前10d雏鸟损失率为25%。这些数据可看作鸬鹚种群-青海湖湿地生态系统的一个重要组分——动态监测的起始数据之一，可在未来进一步的比较分析中得到应用。

西倾山地区植物区系研究

西倾山地区位于青海省东南部 ,北纬 33°80′～ 35°50′ ,东经 10 0°10′～ 10 2°4 0′。本地区共有种子植物 56科、 257属、 711种。区系特征如下 :(1)温带成分占 96 88% ,以绝对优势确定了本区系明显的温带性质。 (2 )世界成分多为衍生 ,更兼所含的中国特有属亦多为衍生 ,表明本区系的年轻性和衍生的性质。 (3)主要植被均属典型的高寒类型 ,它们的建群种亦多为典型的高寒植被的特征种。所以 ,本区系高寒植被典型 ,特征种典型 ,高寒区系特色明显。(4 )生态环境对本区系特征的塑造表现为高寒生态因子的选择和高山特化的作用强烈 ,而在一定程度上湿冷生性质和寒旱生性质的高山特化作用更为明显。西倾山地区的植物区系是唐古特地区的代表区系之一。但在中国特有种的分析中，本区系却与横断山和甘肃南部区系的联系最为密切，三者间的共有种最为丰富，有363种，占本区中国特有种的66.73%。如此大的相似性，无疑且有力地支持了李锡文等（1993）关于横断山地区的“川西北、甘西南、青东南小区”划分的观点。

高原鼢鼠脂肪中脂肪油化学成分的研究

高原鼢鼠是青藏高原上危害草场和农田最严重的一种害鼠, 也是青藏高原特有的动物。高原鼢鼠的全骨风干品——“塞隆骨”(藏药名) 是建国以来国家正式批准生产的第一个国家级一类动物新中药材。高原鼢鼠骨性味咸、微温、中医归肝肾两经; 有祛风散寒除湿、通经止痛、补益肝肾之功能;主治风寒湿痹引起的肢体关节疼痛、肿胀、肢体麻木、腰膝酸软。高原鼢鼠骨有与虎骨相似的性味及功能, 但其脂肪中脂肪油的化学成分尚未见报道。采用气相色谱- 质谱- 计算机(GC - MS - MSD)和气相色谱- 红外- 计算机(GC - IR - MSD) 联用技术对高原鼢鼠脂肪中脂肪油化学成分进行了分析,从40个谱峰中鉴定出27个化学成分, 占总色谱峰面积的72.56%。

血浆和组织中皮质酮的荧光测定法

皮质酮是肾上腺皮质激素之一。本文试验研究了用荧光分光光度法测定小哺乳动物血浆和组织中皮质酮含量的方法。方法的线性范围为0.01～ 0.24μg/m L ( λex = 470nm、λem = 525nm ) ,标准回收率平均为96.0% , 相对标准偏差(n = 10) 为4.2%。本法具有快速、简便、准确和灵敏等特点, 能同时运用于血浆或肾上腺组织中皮质酮的测定。

Grazing intensity alters soil respiration in an alpine meadow on the Tibetan plateau

Grazing intensity may alter the soil respiration rate in grassland ecosystems. The objectives of our study were to (1) determine the influence of grazing intensity on temporal variations in soil respiration of an alpine meadow on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau; and (2) characterise, the temperature response of soil respiration under different grazing intensities. Diurnal and seasonal soil respiration rates were measured for two alpine meadow sites with different grazing intensities. The light grazing (LG) meadow site had a grazing intensity of 2.55 sheep ha(-1), while the grazing intensity of the heavy grazing (HG) meadow site, 5.35 sheep ha(-1), was approximately twice that of the LG site. Soil respiration measurements - showed that CO2 efflux was almost twice as great at the LG site as at the HG site during the growing season, but the diurnal and seasonal patterns of soil respiration rate were similar for the two sites. Both exhibited the highest annual soil respiration rate in mid-August and the lowest in January. Soil respiration rate was highly dependent on soil temperature. The Q(10) value for annual soil respiration was lower for the HG site (2.75) than for the LG site (3.22). Estimates of net ecosystem CO2 exchange from monthly measurements of biomass and soil respiration revealed that during the period from May 1998 to April 1999, the LG site released 2040 g CO2 m(-2) y(-1) to the atmosphere, which was about one third more than the 1530g CO2 m(-2) y(-1) released at the HG site. The results suggest that (1) grazing intensity alters not only soil respiration rate, but also the temperature dependence of soil CO2 efflux; and (2) soil temperature is the major environmental factor controlling the temporal variation of soil respiration rate in the alpine meadow ecosystem. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All fights reserved.

东天山红山高硫型浅成低温铜-金矿床氧化带的形成机理和硫酸盐矿物的系列发现及意义

Located in the Paleozoic uplift along the southern margin of Tu-Ha basin in eastern Xinjiang, the newly discovered Hongshan Cu-Au deposit occurs in the superimposed Mesozoic volcanic basin upon the north section of later Paleozoic Dananhu-Tousuquan accretionary arc. Kalatage Cu-Au orebelt is controlled by NWW-trend faults, and includes Hongshan and Meiling Cu-Au deposits. The host rocks of Hongshan ore district are mainly rhyolitic-dacitic ignimbrites, whereas Cu-Au mineralization is closely related to quartz porphyry, rhyolitic porphyry and granitic porphyry. Mineralization styles are dominantly veinlet-disseminated and veinlet, occasionally stockwork. The mineral association is chalcopyrite, pyrite, bornite, chalcocite and sphalerite. The hydrothermal alteration consists of silicfication, sericitization, alunitization, pyrophylitization, illitization, hydromuscovitization, and chloritization. Hongshan Cu-Au deposit, on the edge of the desert, is one of the driest areas in eastrn Tianshan. Moreover， the highest temperature has been up to 60℃, and the average rainfall receives only 34.1mm/y. The light rainfall and rapid evaporation in the vicinity of this deposit have allowed the formation of a great variety of water-soluble sulfates. Oxidization zone of this deposit lies on the upper part of primary sulfide orebodies appearing with a depth of 50-60m, which is dominant in sulfate minerals. 1. Based on the field observation, the volcanic and sub-volcanic rock composition, hydrothermal alteration, ore structure and mineralization characteristics, this paper proposed that the Hongshan Cu-Au deposit belongs to a transitional type from high-sulfide epithermal to porphyry Cu-Au deposit, which corresponds with the typical HS-epithermal deposit such as Zijinshan Au-Cu deposit in Fujian Province, SE-China. 2. The Hongshan copper-gold deposit was controlled by the tectonic, stratum, magma activity and volcanic apparatus, whereas Au mineralization is closely related to quartz porphyry, rhyolitic porphyry and fine grained pyritization in hydrothermal activity, and Cu mineralization is closely related to quartz porphyry and hydrothermal explosive breccia. 3. Oxidation zone of Hongshan Cu-Au deposit lies on the upper part of primary sulfide orebodies deposit. 23 sulfate minerals were identified in this work. The results of samples XRD and chemical analysis were furthermore confirmed through thermal, infrared spectrum and mössbauer spectrum analysis. Among those, nine minerals as Ferricopiapite, Cuprocopiapite, Rhomboclase, Parabutlerite, Krausite, Yavapaiite, Metasideronatrite Kroehnkite and Paracoquimbite were founded in China for the first time. And Paracoquimbite was secondly reported in the world (first case reported at 1938 in Chile). 4. EPMA analysis shows that Al impurity in crystal lattice is important to polytype formation of paracoquimbite and coquimbite besides stack fault. 5. Compared with Meiling Cu-Au deposit in the same Kalatage ore belt from the characteristics of δ34S of barite, lithofacies, hydrothermal alteration and homogeneous temperature, Hongshan Cu-Au deposit belongs to the same metallogenic system of HS-epithermal type as Meiling Cu-Au deposit. But Hongshan Cu-Au deposit has less extensive alteration and shallower denudation. 6. Sulfur isotope analyses show that δ34S values of pyrites vary in the range of +1.86‰~+5.69‰, with an average of 3.70‰, mostly in the range of +1.86‰~+3.20‰, and δ34Scp<δ34Spy. Therefore ore-forming fluid of porphyry comes from mantle and was contaminated by the earth’s crust. Sulfur isotope has reached balance in ore-forming process. 7. Sulfur isotope analyses show that δ34S values of sulfates vary in the range of +2.15‰~+6.73‰, with an average of +3.74‰, mostly equals as δ34S values of primary sulfides in Hongshan Cu-Au deposit. So supergene sulfates inherit sulfur of primary sulfide. δ34S values are mostly same in different sulfates. As well as pyrite and chalcopyrite, volcanic hot spring and associated native sulfur underground also provide water medium and sulfur during the formation process of sulfate. 8. According to the EPMA of sample chalcopyrite and pyrite in Hongshan Cu-Au, the value of Cu/Ni is 0.98-34.72, mostly close to the value of 5, which shows that Hongshan deposit is a typical volcanogenic magmaic hypothermal deposit. Au and Ag, Zn, Te and Bi are positive correlation, Cu and Hg, Se, Sb are positive correlation, indicates Au and Cu don’t locate in the factor of mineralization of same mineralization groups. The reasons of gold concentration in the oxidation zone are: 1). Change of redox potential (Eh) makes gold to deposit from the liquid of mineralization zone; 2). PH is one of the most factors of gold’s deposition; 3). Soluble complex and colloid of gold can be adsorbed easily. 9. The biotite and hornblende K-Ar isotopic ages from the wall rock－quartz diorite, biotite granite and monzonite granite are 231.99±3.45Ma, 237.97±2.36Ma and 296.53±6.69Ma respectively. The ore-bearing rhyolitic breccia lava contains breccia of the biotite granite which indicates the volcanism and related Cu-Au mineralization occurred later than the granite, possibly in Mesozoic. K-Ar ages of granitoids in Sanya, Baishiquan and Hongliugou area and Molybdenite Re-Os age of Baishan Mo deposit all are in Triassic. Besides late Paleozoic magmatism, igneous magmatic event of Mesozoic was widespread in eastern Tianshan. 10. The K-Ar age dating indicates that the K-Ar age of Voltaite occurred below surface 1m is 56.02±3.98Ma, K-Ar age of Ferricopiapite occurred below surface 1.5m is 8.62±1.12Ma, K-Ar age of Yavapaiite occurred below surface 14 m is 4.07±0.39Ma, and K-Ar age of Voltaite occurred below surface 10 m is 14.73±1.73Ma. So the age interval of oxidation zone of Hongshan copper-golden bed is between 60 -3.38Ma. Oxidization occurred at Caenozoic era (from 65Ma), which can be identified through comparing with different deposits oxidation zone in other countries. The coupling between global tectonic event and climatic change event which occur from Caenozoic era has some effect on epigeosphere system, which can act on the surface of bed oxidation zone similarly. It induces that the age mentioned above coincide with collision of India-Asia and multistage uplifting of Qinhai-Tibet Plateau happened subsequently. Bed oxidation zone is the effect and record of collision and uplifting of Tibet Plateau. The strong chemical weathering of surface accumulation to which was leaded by PETM event occurred Paleocene and Eocene is the reason of Voltaite sharply rises. On the contrary, Ferricopiapite formed due to the global cold weather. The predecessor did much research through biota, isotopes, susceptibility, but this paper try to use different sulfate mineral instead of climatic change. So the research of sulfate minerals not only indicates a great deal of oxidized zone feature, but also the intergrowth of sulfate minerals may be used to trace paleoenviroment and paleoclimate of oxidation zone. 11. Analysis of the information of alteration and mineralization features of four bore cores, induced activity polarization well logging and Eh-4 geophysical section, deep mineralization anomaly objects of Hongshan ore districts shows low resistance, middle and high polarization, measurements of Eh-4 consecutive conductance section show the existing of concealed porphyry ore body deeper than 450m, on the top of and around rock body there are low resistance body ranged from 100-300Ω•m, this area may be the ore-bearing part. In a word, Hongshan Cu-Au deposit deposit is a combine of upper HS-style epithermal Au deposit and deeper porphyry mineralization system. It has great potential to find large HS-style epithermal-porphyry Au-Cu deposits. This paper consists of seven chapters and twenty seven sections. The geological character of deposit is basic condition in this work. Constitute of oxidation zone, research of sulfate mineral, relation between oxidation and primary zone, K-Ar ages of potassic sulfate are key parts of thesis. Genesis of ore deposit is the further expansion of this research. Analysis of ore-controlling factors is the penetration above basic. Analysis of potential is application of exploration.

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