Dictionnaire de l'ancienne langue française et de tous ses dialectes du IXe au XVe siècle : composé d'après le dépouillement de tous les plus importants documents manuscrits ou imprimés qui se trouvent dans les grandes bibliothèques de la France et de l'Europe.... Tome dixième, Complément. Inaccoutumé-Zoophyte / par Frédéric Godefroy...

Collection : Archives de la linguistique française ; 187

Dictionnaire de l'ancienne langue française et de tous ses dialectes du IXe au XVe siècle : composé d'après le dépouillement de tous les plus importants documents manuscrits ou imprimés qui se trouvent dans les grandes bibliothèques de la France et de l'Europe.... Tome sixième, Parsommer-Remembrance / par Frédéric Godefroy...

Collection : Archives de la linguistique française ; 187

Dictionnaire de l'ancienne langue française et de tous ses dialectes du IXe au XVe siècle : composé d'après le dépouillement de tous les plus importants documents manuscrits ou imprimés qui se trouvent dans les grandes bibliothèques de la France et de l'Europe.... Tome septième, Remembrant-Traioir / par Frédéric Godefroy...

Collection : Archives de la linguistique française ; 187

RAPDs na caracterização genético-molecular e no estudo da variabilidade genética de cultivares de ameixeira

Marcadores moleculares têm sido amplamente utilizados nas mais variadas espécies frutíferas para análise de "fingerprinting", para o processo de certificação de material vegetal e como ferramenta auxiliar em programas de melhoramento genético, para acessar a variabilidade genética entre genótipos. Dado a importância da cultura da ameixeira para a região Sul do Brasil, o presente trabalho teve por finalidade contribuir para a caracterização genético-molecular de 17 cultivares. As cultivares foram analisadas com 12 marcadores RAPD, que produziram 187 polimorfismos. O marcador OP A20 foi o mais polimórfico, produzindo 26 perfis diferentes. A análise de agrupamento, realizada com o método UPGMA, produziu um dendrograma que permitiu uma clara separação das cultivares em três grupos, correspondentes às suas respectivas espécies, Prunus salicina, Prunus domestica e Prunus cerasifera. O alto grau de polimorfismo detectado pelos marcadores RAPD confirma o potencial da técnica na análise de "fingerprinting" e sua utilidade na estimativa da variabilidade genética entre cultivares de ameixeira.

Dysmegakaryopoiesis predicting response to therapy in acute myeloid leukaemia. A histologic and clinical study

With standard induction therapy between 50 to 85% of patients with Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (AML) achieve Complete Remission (CR). We investigated whether any morphological feature of bone marrow (BM) plastic embedded biopsies could predict failure of therapy. We reviewed BM plastic embedded biopsies from 54 adult patients presenting with untreated AML. The main histologic parameters analysed were cellularity, dysmegakaryopoiesis (DysM), percentage of marrow blasts and fibrosis. CR was obtained in 34 of 49 treated patients (69%). The rate of CR was significantly lower in the group of patients presenting with DysM: CR was achieved in 54% of the 28 treated patients with DysM and in 90% of the 21 treated patients without DysM (p less than 0.02). Patients with DysM had a significantly lower blood count and bone marrow blasts at presentation. Median age was not significantly different in the 2 groups. Cellularity and fibrosis were not predictive. DysM may be the hallmark of an AML subgroup with distinct clinical behaviour and lower rate of CR with conventional therapy. DysM should be carefully looked for on BM marrow biopsies and aspirate from AML patients at diagnosis.

Viabilidad técnica y económica de una instalación geotérmica para la climatización de una explotación porcina

Avui en dia, les explotacions porcines solen cobrir les necessitats de calefacció a l’hivern però no les de refrigeració. El principal problema de la refrigeració es que en les instal·lacions convencionals les reduccions de temperatura son bastant limitades. La energia geotèrmica permet ajustar-se millor a les necessitats òptimes dels animals i baixar a temperatures que no es podrien aconseguir amb el sistema convencional. En aquest sentit, i en països com Espanya, on les temperatures a l'estiu són elevades, la geotèrmia podria ser una solució de futur, a causa del clima i de l'evolució d'aquest (escalfament global del planeta). L'objectiu del projecte és estudiar la viabilitat tècnica i econòmica d'una instal·lació d'energia geotèrmica per la climatització d'una explotació porcina. Començarem per una presentació de l'energia geotèrmica. Seguidament, explicarem quines són les necessitats dels animals així com les característiques d'una explotació concreta i real. Després, explicarem i calcularem les necessitats de climatització i, en base als resultats obtinguts, dissenyarem dues instal·lacions de climatització geotèrmica: El cas 1 en el que dissenyarem les instal·lacions per aconseguir temperatures interiors de 28-28-25˚C a l'estiu i de 20-20-15˚C a l'hivern en les naus de cubrició-gestació-maternitat. El cas 2 en el que dissenyarem les instal·lacions per aconseguir temperatures a l'estiu menors a les anteriorment exposades. Les temperatures interiors que es volen aconseguir a l'estiu són de 25-25-22˚C en les naus de cubrició-gestació-maternitat. Finalment, farem un estudi econòmic per valorar la viabilitat d'unes instal·lacions d'aquestes característiques.

L'art de lire dans l'esprit des gens / Marivaux présenté par lui-même ; à travers un choix de textes articulés par Gerda Scheffel ; [les textes de Gerda Scheffel ont été trad. de l'allemand par Colette Fontaine]

Collection : Collection Legs

Variabilidade genética de acessos silvestres e comerciais de Passiflora edulis Sims. com base em marcadores RAPD

No Cerrado brasileiro, há uma grande diversidade de cores, tamanhos e aromas de frutos em acessos silvestres de P. edulis. Estes acessos também são importantes fontes de resistência a doenças, podendo ser incorporados em programas de melhoramento genético do maracujazeiro azedo. Neste trabalho, objetivou-se estimar a variabilidade genética existente em acessos silvestres e comerciais de P. edulis utilizando-se de marcadores RAPD. O DNA genômico de cada acesso foi extraído e amplificado com treze iniciadores decâmeros (OPD-04, OPD-07, OPD-08, OPD-16, OPE-18, OPE-20, OPF-01, OPF-14, OPG-05, OPG-08, OPH-04, OPH-12 e OPH-16) para a obtenção dos marcadores RAPD. Os marcadores obtidos foram convertidos em uma matriz de dados binários, a partir da qual foram estimadas as distâncias genéticas entre os acessos e realizadas análises de agrupamento e de dispersão gráfica. Um total de 187 marcadores foi gerado, sendo que apenas 28 (14,97%) deles foram monomórficos. As distâncias genéticas entre os 15 acessos de maracujazeiro variaram de 0,091 a 0,496. Os marcadores moleculares demonstraram a alta variabilidade genética dos acessos de P. edulis, sendo que os acessos de frutos amarelos apresentaram maior distanciamento em relação aos de frutos roxos. Menores distâncias genéticas foram verificadas entre os acessos de mesma origem geográfica.

How to prevent venous cannula orifice obstruction during extracorporeal circulation.

Venous cannula orifice obstruction is an underestimated problem during augmented cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), which can potentially be reduced with redesigned, virtually wall-less cannula designs versus traditional percutaneous control venous cannulas. A bench model, allowing for simulation of the vena cava with various affluent orifices, venous collapse and a worst case scenario with regard to cannula position, was developed. Flow (Q) was measured sequentially for right atrial + hepatic + renal + iliac drainage scenarios, using a centrifugal pump and an experimental bench set-up (afterload 60 mmHg). At 1500, 2000 and 2500 RPM and atrial position, the Q values were 3.4, 6.03 and 8.01 versus 0.77*, 0.43* and 0.58* l/min: p<0.05* for wall-less and the Biomedicus(®) cannula, respectively. The corresponding pressure values were -15.18, -31.62 and -74.53 versus -46.0*, -119.94* and -228.13* mmHg. At the hepatic position, the Q values were 3.34, 6.67 and 9.26 versus 2.3*, 0.42* and 0.18* l/min; and the pressure values were -10.32, -20.25 and -42.83 versus -23.35*, -119.09* and -239.38* mmHg. At the renal position, the Q values were 3.43, 6.56 and 8.64 versus 2.48*, 0.41* and 0.22* l/min and the pressure values were -9.64, -20.98 and -63.41 versus -20.87 -127.68* and -239* mmHg, respectively. At the iliac position, the Q values were 3.43, 6.01 and 9.25 versus 1.62*, 0.55* and 0.58* l/min; the pressure values were -9.36, -33.57 and -44.18 versus -30.6*, -120.27* and -228* mmHg, respectivly. Our experimental evaluation demonstrates that the redesigned, virtually wall-less cannulas, allowing for direct venous drainage at practically all intra-venous orifices, outperform the commercially available control cannula, with superior flow at reduced suction levels for all scenarios tested.

Wiki-supported collaborative learning in primary education. How a dialogic space is created for thinking together

This paper explores how wikis may be used to support primary education students’ collaborative interaction and how such an interaction process can be characterised. The overall aim of this study is to analyse the collaborative processes of students working together in a wiki environment, in order to see how primary students can actively create a shared context for learning in the wiki. Educational literature has already reported that wikis may support collaborative knowledge-construction processes, but in our study we claim that a dialogic perspective is needed to accomplish this. Students must develop an intersubjective orientation towards each others’ perspectives, to co-construct knowledge about a topic. For this purpose, our project utilised a ‘Thinking Together’ approach to help students develop an intersubjective orientation towards one another and to support the creation of a ‘dialogic space’ to co-construct new understanding in a wiki science project. The students’ asynchronous interaction process in a primary classroom -- which led to the creation of a science text in the wiki -- was analysed and characterised, using a dialogic approach to the study of CSCL practices. Our results illustrate how the Thinking Together approach became embedded within the wiki environment and in the students’ collaborative processes. We argue that a dialogic approach for examining interaction can be used to help design more effective pedagogic approaches related to the use of wikis in education and to equip learners with the competences they need to participate in the global knowledge-construction era.

Resistência genética dos acessos do banco de germoplasma de macieira da epagri à mancha foliar de glomerella (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)

Uma das prioridades do Programa de Melhoramento Genético de Macieira da Epagri é a obtenção de cultivares resistentes à mancha foliar de glomerella - MFG, doença essa causada principalmente pela espécie Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, que tem causado elevadas perdas na produção. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo têm, dentre outras, a finalidade de subsidiar os programas de melhoramento genético da macieira na seleção de parentais, objetivando a incorporação de resistência genética à MFG nas futuras novas cultivares. Para tanto, o primeiro passo é a identificação de germoplasma portador dos genes de resistência. No presente trabalho, foram utilizados 3 isolados de C. gloeosporioides provenientes de diferentes regiões produtoras de maçã. Estes isolados foram inoculados em 245 acessos pertencentes ao Banco de Germoplasma de Macieira - BGM, da Epagri / Estação Experimental de Caçador - EECd, SC. Para a inoculação em tecido foliar, a concentração de conídios foi ajustada para 10³ esporos/mL. Após 72h de incubação, sob temperatura de 25ºC, foi realizada a avaliação da incidência para presença ou ausência de sintomas e para a severidade da doença. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições. As diferenças de severidade entre os acessos foram testadas através da Anova não paramétrica Kruskal Wallis. Entre os acessos testados, 187 (76,3%) manifestaram resistência e 58 (23,7%) suscetibilidade à MFG. Entre as cultivares suscetíveis, não houve diferença no grau de severidade de ataque da MFG.

Neural detection of complex sound sequences in the absence of consciousness.

The neural response to a violation of sequences of identical sounds is a typical example of the brain's sensitivity to auditory regularities. Previous literature interprets this effect as a pre-attentive and unconscious processing of sensory stimuli. By contrast, a violation to auditory global regularities, i.e. based on repeating groups of sounds, is typically detectable when subjects can consciously perceive them. Here, we challenge the notion that global detection implies consciousness by testing the neural response to global violations in a group of 24 patients with post-anoxic coma (three females, age range 45-87 years), treated with mild therapeutic hypothermia and sedation. By applying a decoding analysis to electroencephalographic responses to standard versus deviant sound sequences, we found above-chance decoding performance in 10 of 24 patients (Wilcoxon signed-rank test, P < 0.001), despite five of them being mildly hypothermic, sedated and unarousable. Furthermore, consistently with previous findings based on the mismatch negativity the progression of this decoding performance was informative of patients' chances of awakening (78% predictive of awakening). Our results show for the first time that detection of global regularities at neural level exists despite a deeply unconscious state.

Excess winter deaths caused by cardiovascular diseases are associated with both mild winter temperature and socio-economic inequalities in the U.S.

Mortality from cardiovascular diseases (CVD) exhibits seasonal variation. For example, 30% more deaths occurred in winter compared to summer in a multicountry study [1]. The effect of cold temperature on several CVD risk factors and on seasonal influenza infection may partially underlie this seasonal variation [2] and [3]. However an unexplained paradox has been observed: seasonality in CVD mortality is larger in temperate mid-latitude countries (e.g. Portugal) than in colder northern countries (e.g. Scandinavian countries) [1]. This paradox has also been previously observed in Europe for overall mortality, and it may relate to uneven proportions between countries of people who are unable to adequately protect themselves against cold due to low socio-economic status (SES), e.g. inadequate clothing, housing insulation and heating systems [4] and [5]. We hypothesized that the seasonal variability in CVD mortality is larger in low socio-economic U.S. states experiencing mild winters compared to high socio-economic states experiencing cold winters.

Toll-like receptor 5 deficiency exacerbates cardiac injury and inflammation induced by myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion in the mouse.

Myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion (MIR) triggers a sterile inflammatory response important for myocardial healing, but which may also contribute to adverse ventricular remodelling. Such inflammation is initiated by molecular danger signals released by damaged myocardium, which induce innate immune responses by activating toll-like receptors (TLRs). Detrimental roles have been recently reported for TLR2, TLR3 and TLR4. The role of other TLRs is unknown. We therefore evaluated the role of TLR5, expressed at high level in the heart, in the development of myocardial damage and inflammation acutely triggered by MIR. TLR5-/- and wild-type (WT) mice were exposed to MIR (30 min ischaemia, 2 h reperfusion). We measured infarct size, markers of cardiac oxidative stress, myocardial phosphorylation state of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases and AKT, expression levels of chemokines and cytokines in the heart and plasma, as well as cardiac function by echography and conductance volumetry. TLR5-deficient mice had normal cardiac morphology and function under physiological conditions. After MIR, the absence of TLR5 promoted an increase in infarct size and myocardial oxidative stress. Lack of TLR5 fostered p38 phosphorylation, reduced AKT phosphorylation and markedly increased the expression of inflammatory cytokines, whereas it precipitated acute LV (left ventricle) dysfunction. Therefore, contrary to the detrimental roles of TLR2, TLR3 and TLR4 in the infarcted heart, TLR5 is important to limit myocardial damage, inflammation and functional compromise after MIR.

Available evidence and outcome of off-label use of rituximab in clinical practice

Purpose: To analyze the therapeutic indications for off-label use of rituximab, the available evidence for its use, the outcomes, and the cost. Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of patients treated with rituximab for off-label indications from January 2007 to December 2009 in two tertiary hospitals. Information on patient characteristics, medical conditions, and therapeutic responses was collected from medical records. Available evidence for the efficacy of rituximab in each condition was reviewed, and the cost of treatment was calculated. Results: A total of 101 cases of off-label rituximab use were analyzed. The median age of the patients involved was 53 [interquartile range (IQR) 37.5-68.0] years; 55.4 % were women. The indications for prescribing rituximab were primarily hematological diseases (46 %), systemic connective tissue disorders (27 %), and kidney diseases (20 %). Available evidence supporting rituximab treatment for these indications mainly came from individual cohort studies (53.5 % of cases) and case series (25.7 %). The short-term outcome (median 3 months, IQR 2-4 months) was a complete response in 38 % of cases and partial response in 32.6 %. The highest short-term responses were observed for systemic lupus erythematosus and membranous glomerulonephritis, and the lowest was for neuromyelitis optica, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, and miscellaneous indications. Some response was maintained in long-term follow-up (median 23 months IQR 12-30months) in 69.2%of patients showing a short-term response. Median cost per patient was 5,187.5 (IQR 5,187.5-7,781.3). Conclusions: In our study, off-label rituximab was mainly used for the treatment of hematological, kidney, and systemic connective tissue disorders, and the response among our patient cohort was variable depending on the specific disease. The level of evidence supporting the use of rituximab for these indications was low and the cost was very high. We conclude that more clinical trials on the off-label use of rituximab are needed, although these may be difficult to conduct in some rare diseases. Data from observational studies may provide useful information to assist prescribing in clinical practice.