GCr15钢超高周疲劳行为的实验研究

以GCr15钢为实验材料进行旋转弯曲超高周疲劳行为的实验研究。用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对试样疲劳断口进行观察 ,结果显示 ,疲劳断裂周次从 10 6 直到 4× 10 8,GCr15钢疲劳裂纹大多起源于试样内部 ,裂纹源一般为非金属夹杂物。从内部起裂的试样 ,疲劳寿命一般比从表面起裂试样的寿命长。文中从断裂力学和断裂物理的角度 ,对实验结果和疲劳机理进行分析

多环环间混杂复合材料飞轮离心应力分析

采用平面应力假设,给出了计算多环环间混杂复合材料飞轮的离心应力和初始极限转速的方法,并采用二维轴对称的有限元分析验证了计算方法的合理性,可作为初步设计多环环间混杂复合材料飞轮的依据.本文的算例分析还表明,无论单一纤维或混杂的复合材料飞轮,空心结构的初始极限转速和储能密度均高于相应的实心结构的结果;且对于空心结构,有利于通过选择合适的混杂方案,实现一定意义上的"等强度"设计.

La 'diplomacia atómica' en la Guerra Fría y Estados Unidos: ¿Teléfono Rojo? Volamos hacia Moscú

[ES]En el marco de un volumen sobre Historia y cine dedicado a Estados Unidos, este capítulo analiza, desde una perspectiva historiográfica, el film de Stanley Kubrick ¿Teléfono rojo? Volamos hacia Moscú (Dr. Strangelove, 1963/64). Expone las claves para entender esta ácida denuncia sobre la amenaza nuclear de la Guerra Fría y el desmedido poder del estamento militar en el Estados Unidos en los años de frenética carrera armamentística con la Unión Soviética, y a la vez explica el marco histórico de la temática, y singularmente la génesis del desmedido miedo al “enemigo” interior y exterior de que fue presa la sociedad norteamericana durante la Guerra Fría.

La articulación textual en los "Progumnásmata" de Nicolao de Mura

[ES]En este trabajo se estudia el uso de los marcadores del discurso y del asíndeton como medios de articulación textual entre los diversos enunciados que constituyen los "Progumnásmata" de Nicolao. Este estudio permite observar si existen diferencias entre las dos partes que componen la edición de Felten y si el uso de partículas de Nicolao es diferente del que hacen los demás autores de "Progumnásmata".

Begiradak literatura gorpuzten: Iholdi eta Xola

Kapitulu hau Granadan 2011ko azaroaren 30ean XII Congreso Internacional de la Sociedad Española de Didáctica de la Lengua y la Literatura: La investigación en didáctica de la lengua y la literatura: Situación actual y perspectivas de futuro biltzarrean aurkeztu zen komunikazioan oinarrituta dago.

Catálogo Edições Câmara : 2007 a 2009

Reúne textos de normas legais, leis ou conjunto de leis sobre matérias específicas; obras sobre temas relacionados ao processo legislativo ou ao funcionamento da Câmara dos Deputados; biografias e perfis de atuação de parlamentares e ex-parlamentares; relatórios e transcrições dos trabalhos das comissões temáticas e do Plenário da Câmara; títulos que abordam temas de interesse do Legislativo ou grandes temas em debate no país e no mundo; trabalhos do Conselho de Altos Estudos e Avaliação Tecnológica, entre outros.

Evolución de las necesidades de los ciudadanos europeos y su reflejo en la información suministrada por las empresas

Cada vez son más frecuentes los informes relacionados con el ámbito social, medioambiental y de sostenibilidad, el modo en el que están evolucionando, no sólo en cuanto a sus contenidos sino también en cuanto a la forma en la que esos aspectos son recibidos por los ciudadanos/consumidores, por las instituciones europeas y por la propia empresa. El ciudadano europeo y los grupos de interés (stakeholders) son cada vez más conscientes de esos aspectos cualitativos, y solicitan a las empresas que tengan en cuenta los efectos externos de sus actuaciones empresariales. Esta demanda informativa provoca que las empresas traten de proporcionar una información “transparente” a los stakeholders. Así, gracias a esta sucesión de acontecimientos se colocarán las piezas básicas para la creación e implantación de tratados y normas de mínimos que deberán cumplirse por parte de las empresas.

Diseño de un modelo de gestión basado en la proactividad organizacional

La situación del entorno actual, marcado por el efecto de la globalización, conduce a buscar nuevos enfoques organizacionales para ofrecer soluciones prácticas a la creciente dinamización del mercado. Clientes, proveedores, subcontratistas, competidores, centros de investigación, universidades… tienden a interrelacionarse configurando el concepto de “empresa extendida”: red de nodos ágiles, flexibles, con conexiones mundiales y con capacidad de reconfiguración permanente, características vitales para mantenerse competitivo. En este artículo se ha realizado una labor de estudio y análisis de teorías organizacionales consideradas seminales y se ha evaluado su idoneidad en el contexto competitivo actual. El resultado ha sido el diseño de un modelo de gestión basado en un enfoque proactivo que se sustenta en la gestión del conocimiento organizacional y que aboga por valores como el desequilibrio constante, la relación con otras organizaciones buscando efectos sinérgicos y la compartición del saber, entre otros.

The Annual Economic Survey of Federal Gulf Shrimp Permit Holders: Report on the Design, Implementation, and Descriptive Results for 2006

This technical memorandum documents the design, implementation, data preparation, and descriptive results for the 2006 Annual Economic Survey of Federal Gulf Shrimp Permit Holders. The data collection was designed by the NOAA Fisheries Southeast Fisheries Science Center Social Science Research Group to track the financial and economic status and performance by vessels holding a federal moratorium permit for harvesting shrimp in the Gulf of Mexico. A two page, self-administered mail survey collected total annual costs broken out into seven categories and auxiliary economic data. In May 2007, 580 vessels were randomly selected, stratified by state, from a preliminary population of 1,709 vessels with federal permits to shrimp in offshore waters of the Gulf of Mexico. The survey was implemented during the rest of 2007. After many reminder and verification phone calls, 509 surveys were deemed complete, for an ineligibility-adjusted response rate of 90.7%. The linking of each individual vessel’s cost data to its revenue data from a different data collection was imperfect, and hence the final number of observations used in the analyses is 484. Based on various measures and tests of validity throughout the technical memorandum, the quality of the data is high. The results are presented in a standardized table format, linking vessel characteristics and operations to simple balance sheet, cash flow, and income statements. In the text, results are discussed for the total fleet, the Gulf shrimp fleet, the active Gulf shrimp fleet, and the inactive Gulf shrimp fleet. Additional results for shrimp vessels grouped by state, by vessel characteristics, by landings volume, and by ownership structure are available in the appendices. The general conclusion of this report is that the financial and economic situation is bleak for the average vessels in most of the categories that were evaluated. With few exceptions, cash flow for the average vessel is positive while the net revenue from operations and the “profit” are negative. With negative net revenue from operations, the economic return for average shrimp vessels is less than zero. Only with the help of government payments does the average owner just about break even. In the short-term, this will discourage any new investments in the industry. The financial situation in 2006, especially if it endures over multiple years, also is economically unsustainable for the average established business. Vessels in the active and inactive Gulf shrimp fleet are, on average, 69 feet long, weigh 105 gross tons, are powered by 505 hp motor(s), and are 23 years old. Three-quarters of the vessels have steel hulls and 59% use a freezer for refrigeration. The average market value of these vessels was $175,149 in 2006, about a hundred-thousand dollars less than the average original purchase price. The outstanding loans averaged $91,955, leading to an average owner equity of $83,194. Based on the sample, 85% of the federally permitted Gulf shrimp fleet was actively shrimping in 2006. Of these 386 active Gulf shrimp vessels, just under half (46%) were owner-operated. On average, these vessels burned 52,931 gallons of fuel, landed 101,268 pounds of shrimp, and received $2.47 per pound of shrimp. Non-shrimp landings added less than 1% to cash flow, indicating that the federal Gulf shrimp fishery is very specialized. The average total cash outflow was $243,415 of which $108,775 was due to fuel expenses alone. The expenses for hired crew and captains were on average $54,866 which indicates the importance of the industry as a source of wage income. The resulting average net cash flow is $16,225 but has a large standard deviation. For the population of active Gulf shrimp vessels we can state with 95% certainty that the average net cash flow was between $9,500 and $23,000 in 2006. The median net cash flow was $11,843. Based on the income statement for active Gulf shrimp vessels, the average fixed costs accounted for just under a quarter of operating expenses (23.1%), labor costs for just over a quarter (25.3%), and the non-labor variable costs for just over half (51.6%). The fuel costs alone accounted for 42.9% of total operating expenses in 2006. It should be noted that the labor cost category in the income statement includes both the actual cash payments to hired labor and an estimate of the opportunity cost of owner-operators’ time spent as captain. The average labor contribution (as captain) of an owner-operator is estimated at about $19,800. The average net revenue from operations is negative $7,429, and is statistically different and less than zero in spite of a large standard deviation. The economic return to Gulf shrimping is negative 4%. Including non-operating activities, foremost an average government payment of $13,662, leads to an average loss before taxes of $907 for the vessel owners. The confidence interval of this value straddles zero, so we cannot reject, with 95% certainty, that the population average is zero. The average inactive Gulf shrimp vessel is generally of a smaller scale than the average active vessel. Inactive vessels are physically smaller, are valued much lower, and are less dependent on loans. Fixed costs account for nearly three quarters of the total operating expenses of $11,926, and only 6% of these vessels have hull insurance. With an average net cash flow of negative $7,537, the inactive Gulf shrimp fleet has a major liquidity problem. On average, net revenue from operations is negative $11,396, which amounts to a negative 15% economic return, and owners lose $9,381 on their vessels before taxes. To sustain such losses and especially to survive the negative cash flow, many of the owners must be subsidizing their shrimp vessels with the help of other income or wealth sources or are drawing down their equity. Active Gulf shrimp vessels in all states but Texas exhibited negative returns. The Alabama and Mississippi fleets have the highest assets (vessel values), on average, yet they generate zero cash flow and negative $32,224 net revenue from operations. Due to their high (loan) leverage ratio the negative 11% economic return is amplified into a negative 21% return on equity. In contrast, for Texas vessels, which actually have the highest leverage ratio among the states, a 1% economic return is amplified into a 13% return on equity. From a financial perspective, the average Florida and Louisiana vessels conform roughly to the overall average of the active Gulf shrimp fleet. It should be noted that these results are averages and hence hide the variation that clearly exists within all fleets and all categories. Although the financial situation for the average vessel is bleak, some vessels are profitable. (PDF contains 101 pages)

Results of a fish health survey of North Biscayne Bay, June 1976-June 1977

Fish were collected weekly in Biscayne Bay using a monofilament gill net set from a small skiff during 20-30 minute intervals. Although weekly sampling took place for 2.5 years, only the data from samples collected from June 1976 to June 1977 were used in this document. Abnormal external conditions of fins and body were observed on each fish and recorded. Fish were returned immediately to their habitats. Fish collected in the time period for this study numbered 3,765 and included 32 species. Of these, 16 species, totaling 3,556 fish, were caught in sufficient numbers (20 or more) to warrant data analysis. Only 3 of the 16 species could be considered relatively unafflicted: Aetobatus narinari (spotted eagle ray), Diodon hystrix (porcupinefish), and Selene vomer (lookdown). More than 80% of the examined specimens of these three species were unaffected. Less than 20% of the specimens of Diapterus plumieri (striped mojarra), Micropogonias undulatus (Atlantic croaker), and Pogonias cromis (black drum) displayed normal conditions. The three most afflicted species were Diapterus plumieri, striped mojarra; Micropogonias undulatus, Atlantic croaker; and Pogonias cromis, black drum. Only 7, 3, and 7% respectively showed no external evidence of disease. Data described in this document were originally tabulated in the mid-1970s, remained unpublished, and are no longer available. This document was based on archived unpublished text, a data summary table, and figures. Most of the text and cited references were the ones used in the original manuscript and no attempt was made to update them. (PDF contains 44 pages)

Morphometric comparisons among yellowfin tuna, Neothunnus macropterus, from the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean

ENGLISH: The fishery for yellowfin tuna in the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean extends from Southern California to Northern Peru and offshore to a distance of several hundred miles. Sound management of this resource is dependent on knowledge of the relationships among stocks of the many fishing regions within this oceanic area of about one and one quarter million square miles. Godsil (1948), Godsil and Greenhood (1951), Schaefer (1952, ]955) and Royce (1953) have previously examined the morphometry of the yellowfin tuna of the Pacific Ocean and, although these studies were helpful in delineating the major yellowfin stocks of this region, they were of limited value in examining possible sub-divisions f the population fished off the West Coast of the Americas. The importance of this problem and the increase in fishing effort, in recent years, in the new areas off Peru, suggested a re-examination of selected body measurements from fish taken in the various areas of the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean, including the more recently exploited grounds off Peru. SPANISH: La pesquería de atún aleta amarilla en el Océano Pacífico Oriental Tropical se extiende desde la California del Sur hasta la región septentrional del Perú, y mar afuera en una extensión de varios cientos de millas. La acertada administración de este recurso depende del conocimiento de las relaciones entre los stocks de las muchas regiones de pesca que se encuentran dentro de esta área oceánica, cuya dimensión es de alrededor de un millón y cuarto de millas cuadradas. Godsil (1948), Godsil y Greenhood (1951), Schaefer (1952, 1955) y Royce (1953) han examinado la morfología del atún aleta amarilla del Océano Pacífico, y a pesar de que los estudios de estos científicos contribuyeron a delinear los más importantes stocks de dicha especie en esta región, han sido, sin embargo, de un valor limitado para el examen de posibles subdivisiones de la población explotada por la pesca frente a la costa occidental de las Américas. La importancia de este problema y el aumento en el esfuerzo de pesca, en años recientes, en las nuevas áreas frente al Perú, han hecho pensar en una revisión de las medidas anatómicas seleccionadas en pescados que se han obtenido en las diversas áreas del Océano Pacífico Oriental Tropical, incluyendo las localidades más recientemente explotadas a la altura de la tierra peruana.

Translation and the reader

Santamaría, José Miguel; Pajares, Eterio; Olsen, Vickie; Merino, Raquel; Eguíluz, Federico (eds.)

La pervivencia de la literatura anglosajona: reescritura, traducción, creación

Eterio Pajares, Raquel Merino y José Miguel Santamaría (eds.)