988 resultados para 153-924


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We experimentally demonstrate femtosecond switching of a fully packaged hybrid-integrated Mach-Zehnder switch. A record switching window of 620fs at fult-width-half-maximum is achieved. © 2004 Optical Society of America.

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We examine monthly and seasonal patterns of precipitation across various elevations of the eastern Central Valley of California and the Sierra Nevada. A measure of the strength of the orographic effect called the “precipitation ratio” is calculated, and we separate months into four groups based on being wet or dry and having low or high precipitation ratios. Using monthly maps of mean 700-mb height anomalies, we describe the northern hemisphere mid-tropospheric circulation patterns associated with each of the four groups. Wet months are associated with negative height anomalies over the eastern Pacific, as expected. However, the orientation of the trough is different for years with high and low precipitation ratios. Wet months with high ratios typically have circulation patterns factoring a west-southwest to east-northeast storm track from around the Hawaiian Islands to the Pacific Northwest of the United States. Wet months with low precipitation ratios are associated with a trough centered near the Aleutians and a northwest to southeast storm track. Dry months are marked by anticyclones in the Pacific, but this feature is more localized to the eastern Pacific for months with low precipitation ratios than for those with high ratios. Using precipitation gauge and snow course data from the American River and Truckee-Tahoe basins, we determined that the strength of the orographic effect on a seasonal basis is spatially coherent at low and high elevations and on opposite sides of the Sierra Nevada crestline.

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青藏高原是我国植物多样性和特有性最高的地区,其中横断山区由于复杂的地质变迁历史和独特的地貌已成为研究物种多样性的一个热点。全缘叶绿绒蒿是分布于青藏高原及其周边地区的高山植物,该物种的谱系生物地理学研究不仅有助于揭示横断山区的物种分化机制及地理分布格局的形成过程,而且有助于探讨青藏高原隆升及新生代晚期气候变化对横断山区物种遗传结构的影响。 本研究对全缘叶绿绒蒿的12 个群体、153 个个体的叶绿体DNA trnS-trnfM片段进行了序列测定,比对校正后该片段的长度为877-962 bp,其中含6 个突变位点和5 个插入缺失(两个7 bp,两个39 bp,一个6 bp)。根据这些变异,可分为12 种叶绿体单倍型(H1-H12)。全缘叶绿绒蒿在物种水平上的核苷酸多态性分别为π = 0.00152 和θ = 0.00122,单倍型多样性为HE 为0.791,群体之间的遗传分化系数FST 为0.46579。中性检测结果显示无论在物种水平还是在群体水平,都没有显著偏离中性模式,说明该物种近期没有经历明显的瓶颈效应或奠基者效应等历史事件。我们从地理上将全缘叶绿绒蒿的群体分为四个地区,即云南、川西、川北和青海地区。AMOVA 分析显示群体间的遗传分化系数FST为0.46579,大多数的核苷酸多态性来自群体内(53.42%),其次来自于地区内的群体间(40.44%),而四个地区之间的分化非常小,仅占6.14%。失配分析显示在整个物种的分布范围内呈现单峰式样(r = 0.0475, P = 0.07924),这种分布虽然是不显著的,但P 值接近显著的临界,说明可能存在不明显的扩散,但在各个地区内的群体都没有扩散的迹象。 比较单倍型的地理分布和单倍型之间的进化关系,发现川西和川北地区存在明显差异,这两个地区都拥有比较古老的单倍型,也具有地区特异的稀有单倍型,因此很可能是全缘叶绿绒蒿在冰期时的避难所。云南地区只具有一个古老单倍型H1,这种分布可能是由川西和川北避难所的南迁造成的,也可能该地区自身就是古老单倍型H1 的发源地。青海地区只有两种古老的单倍型,由于冰期后物种有往高纬度迁移的趋势,因此这个地区的单倍型可能是在冰期后由川西和川北迁移过去的。全缘叶绿绒蒿在横断山区单倍型的片段化分布及多个避难所的存在可能与该地区独特的高山低谷相间地貌以及受多次冰期影响有密切关系。

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Digital maps of the shallow (<~30m deep) coral reef ecosystems of Majuro Atoll, Republic of the Marshall Islands, were created through visual interpretation of remote sensing imagery acquired between 2004 and 2006. Reef ecosystem features were digitized directly into a Geographic Information System. Benthic features were categorized according to a classification scheme with attributes including zone (location such as lagoon or forereef, etc.), structure (bottom type such as sand or patch reef, etc.) and percent hard bottom. This atlas consists of 27 detailed maps displaying reef zone and structure of coral ecosystems around Majuro. Adjacent maps in the atlas overlap slightly to ensure complete coverage. Maps and associated products can be used to support science and management activities on Majuro reef ecosystems including inventory, monitoring, conservation, and sustainable development applications. Maps are not to be used for navigation.

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组织培养能够诱导染色体断裂和重接进而产生染色体易位的观点已被广泛认识。大量的研究注意到了组织培养产生的核型不稳定性,其中大多数研究的对象是栽培作物及其属间或种间杂种幼胚和幼穗再生植株。借助于减数分裂分析、染色体分带和其它检测技术,在再生植株中发现了包括易位在内的许多染色体变异。可以相信,除了传统的同源和部分同源染色体配对时的自发易位和辐射诱变等方法以外,远缘杂种组织培养有可能作为产生染色体易位的又一种选择。尽管如此,至今还没有取得培养细胞中染色体易位的直接证据。本研究以普通小麦×硬粒小麦-簇毛麦双二倍体杂种为材料,研究了组织培养过程中离体细胞的染色体变异,用基因组原位杂交技术(GISH)证实组织培养诱导小麦染色体与簇毛麦染色体发生易位。同时,研究了小麦×黑麦杂种培养细胞中的染色体变异和黑麦B-染色体的变化。利用组织培养技术获得了小麦-黑麦和小麦-长穗偃麦草代换系和附加系。 1 普通小麦比较容易与硬粒小麦-簇毛麦双二倍体TH_1和TH_1W杂交,所选的9个普通小麦品种或品系与TH_1和TH_1W配制的19个杂交组合,平均结实率为46.7%,共计获得19个杂交组合2316粒杂种种子。正反交结果表明,以普通小麦为母本的杂交结实率高于反交结实率。在继代培养过程中,杂种幼胚愈伤组织生长迅速,甚至直接诱导出绿苗,共获得不同杂交组合2005株再生植株。 2 普通小麦与硬粒小麦-簇毛麦双二倍体杂种愈伤组织发生了比较大范围的染色体数目和结构变异。在检查的中国春×TH_1W、TH_1W×84加7911515、TH_1×84加7911515、TH_1W×91E27、鲁资357×TH_1W等5个杂种组合的1730个愈伤组织细胞中,平均有19.1%的细胞发生了染色体数目变异,不同杂交组合变化在12.7%(中国春×TH_1W)至30.7%(TH_1×84加7911515),其中,以染色体数目减少的变异为主,数目增加的变异比较少。杂种愈伤组织平均有6.3%的细胞发生了染色体断裂,产生染色体断片、环状染色体、端着丝点染色体和缺失染色体。断裂的染色体可能重新融合在一起,形成双着丝点染色体。 3 培养时间影响普通小麦×硬粒小麦-簇毛麦双二倍体和普通小麦×黑麦杂种愈伤组织细胞中的染色体数目和结构变异。在一定时间里,随着培养时间的延长,未发生核型变异的细胞逐渐减少,发生变异的细胞逐渐增多,主要表现在染色体数目减少的细胞增多,而染色体数目增加的细胞有减少的趋势。在长时间培养(190日龄)的愈伤组织中染色体加倍的细胞消失了,表明长时间培养对高倍性的细胞具有不利的选择,使这类细胞难以在长期继代培养中生存下去。愈伤组织在第一次继代培养时就发现有核型变异,说明染色体变异在愈伤组织培养初期就可以发生。 4 以簇毛麦总基因组DNA为探针,采用荧光原位杂交技术在普通小麦×硬粒小麦-簇毛麦双二倍体杂种愈伤组织细胞中发现小麦染色体与簇毛麦染色体发性易位,这一结果是组织培养诱导培养细胞中属间染色体易位的第一个直观的证据。易位的染色体既有臂间易位,也有小片段易位。易位的染色体不仅可以在愈伤组织细胞中存在,也能够在再生植株中表达。在64株中国春×TH_1W和NPFP×TH_1再生植株中,观察到了3个易位株,其中1个易位株是一个小麦染色体与一个簇毛麦染色体发生了相互易位,易位的簇毛麦染色体片段比较小,大约为簇毛麦染色体臂的1/2,而易位的小麦染色体大约是臂长的1/3,另外2个易位株染色体断点位于或靠近着丝点。本研究的结果再次证实了利用组织培养能够创造小麦与外源染色体之间发生易位。 5 ~(60)Co γ-射线辐射处理对于普通小麦中国春与硬粒小麦-簇毛麦双二倍体TH_1W杂种愈伤组织细胞的染色体变异有很大的影响。表现在未发生变异的细胞大大减少,发生染色体数目变异的细胞急剧增加,主要是染色体数目减少的变异提高了21.3%,相反染色体增加的变异不但没有增加,而且还有所减少。经过辐射处理的愈伤组织细胞染色体结构变异也有大幅度增加,变异频率提高,变异类型增加。发生染色体断裂和重接形成双着丝点染色体的细胞频率达到22.3%,比对照提高13.9%。辐射诱变对培养细胞中簇毛麦染色体变异发生明显的影响。与此同时,簇毛麦染色体与小麦染色体易位频率比对照提高了近2倍。观察结果还表明愈伤组织辐射处理比延长培养时间诱导染色体变异的效果更好。 6 尽管愈伤组织中发生的染色体变异在再生植株中多有发现,但是,只有比较小范围染色体变异的愈伤组织细胞具有再生能力形成再生植株,那些发生剧烈变异的细胞通常不具有再生能力,因而不能在再生植株中得到表达。普通小麦与硬粒小麦-簇毛麦双二倍体杂种大多数再生植株染色体数目与供体杂种保持一致,只有少数植株发生染色体数目变异。显然,发生较大染色体变异的愈伤组织细胞在增殖和分化过程中处于不利的地位,逐渐被淘汰。 7 在普通小麦与硬粒小麦-簇毛麦与黑麦杂种愈伤组织中,观察到相当高频率的染色体加倍细胞,为利用组织培养创造双二倍体提供了一种可能。但是,加倍的细胞只是培养初期的愈伤组织中出现,经过一段时间的培养,这种细胞大多消失了。而且,大多数再生植株染色体数目未发生加倍,其中并没有出现期望的双二倍体植株。表明加倍了的细胞在愈伤组织生长和分化过程中大范围变异的细胞一样受到不利的选择,再生能力比较差。因此,利用组织培养创造双二倍体需要更大的努力。 8 一些黑麦品种含有数目不等的B-染色体。B-染色体的多少对普通小麦与黑麦的杂交结实率有比较大的影响,数目越多,杂交结实率越低。在培养初期的愈伤组织细胞中,B-染色体的频率很高,例如69%的中国春×芬7416杂种的40日龄愈伤组织细胞中含有数目不等的B-染色体。常染色体的倍性影响B-染色体的分布,染色体数目加倍的双二倍体细胞中含多数B-染色体的细胞频率大大高于单倍体细胞。经过一段时间的培养之后,绝大多数B-染色体都不存在了,只有极少数细胞含有1个B-染色体。可能的原因是离体培养过程对B-染色体产生了不利的选择。 9 利用组织培养技术,从普通小麦与八倍体小黑麦杂种幼胚再生植株自交后代中选育出2个异代换系,从4D缺体小麦×八倍体小黑麦再生植株回交后代中选育出1个附加系。荧光原位杂交、C-分带和种子贮藏蛋白分析证明这两个代换系1D/1R代换,附加的也是1R染色体。从4D缺体小麦与八倍体小偃麦杂种再生植株自交和回交后代中选育出5个代换系和2个附加系。染色体配对和RAPD分析证实了长穗偃麦草染色质的存在。其中一些小麦-长穗偃麦草代换系和附加系对叶锈病免疫或高抗,对条锈病的一些生理小种和白粉病具有比较高的抗性。而且,附加系924和代换系807蛋白质含量分别达到19.32%和18.83%。 10 当普通小麦鲁资357与硬粒小麦-簇毛麦双二倍体杂交时,无论是实生苗还是再生植株都发生杂种致死现象。细胞学观察没有发现植株染色体发生变异,荧光原位杂交表明簇毛麦染色也没有发生可见的变异。推测这种杂种致死现象是由于鲁资357和硬粒小麦81086A(TH_1和TH_1W的硬粒小麦亲本)中可能分别带有互补的杂种致死基因所致。

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Bycatch taken by the tuna purse-seine fishery from the Indian Ocean pelagic ecosystem was estimated from data collected by scientific observers aboard Soviet purse seiners in the western Indian Ocean (WIO) during 1986–92. A total of 494 sets on free-swimming schools, whale-shark-associated schools, whale-associated schools, and log-associated schools were analyzed. More than 40 fish species and other marine animals were recorded. Among them only two species, yellow-fin and skipjack tunas, were target species. Average levels of bycatch were 0.518 metric tons (t) per set, and 27.1 t per 1000 t of target species. The total annual purse-seine catch of yellowfin and skipjack tunas by principal fishing nations in the WIO during 1985–94 was 118,000–277,000 t. Nonrecorded annual bycatch for this period was estimated at 944–2270 t of pelagic oceanic sharks, 720–1877 t of rainbow runners, 705–1836 t of dolphinfishes, 507–1322 t of triggerfishes, 113–294 t of wahoo, 104–251 t of billfishes, 53–112 t of mobulas and mantas, 35–89 t of mackerel scad, 9–24 t of barracudas, and 67–174 t of other fishes. In addition, turtle bycatch and whale mortalities may have occurred. Because the bycatches were not recorded by some purse-seine vessels, it was not possible to assess the full impact of the fisheries on the pelagic ecosystem of the Indian Ocean. The first step to solving this problem is for the Indian Ocean Tuna Commission to establish a pro-gram in which scientific observers are placed on board tuna purse-seine and longline vessels fishing in the WIO.