987 resultados para tube-fin heat exchanger


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Chromium (VI) removal and its reduction to chromium (III) from aqueous solution by untreated and heat-treated Quercus cerris and heat-treated Quercus suber black agglomerate cork granules was investigated. Initial screening studies revealed that among the sorbents tested, untreated Q. cerris and Q. suber black agglomerate are the most efficient in the removal of Cr(VI) ions and were selected for adsorption essays. Heat treatment adversely affected chromium adsorption and chromium (VI) reduction in Q. cerris cork. The highest metal uptake was found at pH 3.0 for Q. cerris and pH 2.0 for black agglomerate. The experimental data fitted the Langmuir model and the calculated qmax was 22.98 mg/g in black agglomerate and 21.69 mg/g in untreated Q. cerris cork. The FTIR results indicated that while in black agglomerate, lignin is the sole component responsible for Cr(VI) sorption, and in untreated Q. cerris cork, suberin and polysaccharides also play a significant role on the sorption. The SEM-EDX results imply that chromium has a homogenous distribution within both cork granules. Also, phloemic residues in Q. cerris granules showed higher chromium concentration. The results obtained in this study show that untreated Q. cerris and black agglomerate cork granules can be an effective and economical alternative to more costly materials for the treatment of liquid wastes containing chromium

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To predict the capacity of the structure or the point which is followed by instability, calculation of the critical crack size is important. Structures usually contain several cracks but not necessarily all of these cracks lead to failure or reach the critical size. So, defining the harmful cracks or the crack size which is the most leading one to failure provides criteria for structure’s capacity at elevated temperature. The scope of this thesis was to calculate fracture parameters like stress intensity factor, the J integral and plastic and ultimate capacity of the structure to estimate critical crack size for this specific structure. Several three dimensional (3D) simulations using finite element method by Ansys program and boundary element method by Frank 3D program were carried out to calculate fracture parameters and results with the aid of laboratory tests (loaddisplacement curve, the J resistance curve and yield or ultimate stress) leaded to extract critical size of the crack. Two types of the fracture which is usually affected by temperature, Elastic and Elasti-Plastic fractures were simulated by performing several linear elastic and nonlinear elastic analyses. Geometry details of the weldment; flank angle and toe radius were also studied independently to estimate the location of crack initiation and simulate stress field in early stages of crack extension in structure. In this work also overview of the structure’s capacity in room temperature (20 ºC) was studied. Comparison of the results in different temperature (20 ºC and -40 ºC) provides a threshold of the structure’s behavior within the defined range.

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Muutoskatsastusta koskeva lainsäädäntö aiheuttaa tulkintavaikeuksia ja rajoitteita moottoripyöräharrastajille ja alan toimijoille. Nykyinen asetus edellyttää tarvittaessa asiantuntijaselvitystä rakennemuutoksen lujuudesta ja hitsaustyöstä. Moottoripyörän geometria on laissa rajattu akselivälin ja emäputken kulman osalta. Moottoripyörien runkoja valmistetaan hitsaamalla seostamattomista teräksistä ja lämpökäsiteltävistä alumiini- ja terässeoksista. Runkojen muuntelu suoritetaan myös yleisesti hitsaamalla. Turvallisuuden kannalta tärkeiltä hitsausliitoksilta vaaditaan hyvää laatua, joka saavutetaan oikeilla hitsausparametreilla ja -suorituksella. Vaatimukset seostamattomalle teräkselle voidaan täyttää pätevöityneen hitsaajan toimesta. Lämpökäsiteltävät seokset vaativat lisäksi jälkilämpökäsittelyn, mikä edelleen vaikeuttaa runkojen hitsausta. Hitsien laadun merkitystä moottoripyörän rungossa tutkittiin soveltamalla rajoitetun vahingon periaatetta. Vauriotapauksena mallinnettiin satunnaisen rungon hitsausliitoksen murtuminen. Eri kuormitustilanteissa elementtimenetelmää hyödyntäen todettiin chopper-tyyppisten moottoripyörien runkojen olevan osittain vauriosietoisia ja havaittiin kriittiset hitsausliitokset emä- ja vaakaputken alueilla. Moottoripyörien runkojen kriittisiä hitsausliitoksia tarkasteltiin väsymisen kannalta. Soveltamalla tehollista lovijännitystä, vertailtiin emäputken hitsausliitosten väsymiskestävyyttä oletetulla kuormituksella. Tulosten perusteella muunneltu moottoripyörän runko voi olla alkuperäisrunkoa kestävämpi tai heikompi. Moottoripyörän akseliväli tai emäputken kulma eivät määrää kestävyyttä, vaan rakenteen yksityiskohtainen suunnittelu. Kriittisten liitosten väsymiskestävyyksissä havaittiin merkittäviä eroja eri mallien välillä.

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The moisture sorption isotherms of Chilean papaya were determined at 5, 20, and 45 ºC, over a relative humidity range of 10-95%. The GAB, BET, Oswin, Halsey, Henderson, Smith, Caurie and Iglesias-Chirife models were applied to the sorption experimental data. The goodness of fit of the mathematical models was statistically evaluated by means of the determination coefficient, mean relative percentage deviation, sum square error, root-mean-square error, and chi-square values. The GAB, Oswin and Halsey models were found to be the most suitable for the description of the sorption data. The sorption heats calculated using the Clausius-Clapeyron equation were 57.35 and 59.98 kJ·mol-1, for adsorption and desorption isotherms, respectively.