Biodiversitat de coleòpters i el seu paper com a plagues i com a agents de control biològic en un conreu de cítrics ecològics

El present treball estudiarà la comunitat d’espècies Coleoptera d’un camp de cítrics situat a la Selva de Camp, Tarragona, durant el període de temps dels anys 2002 fins al 2011. Els Coleoptera és l’ordre animal conegut comunament com els “escarabats” i és el més abundant i variat de tot el regne animal. Els estudis realitzats són pocs i, normalment, de les espècies més abundants (sobretot la família Coccinellidae). Totes les espècies d’aquest ordre presenten unes característiques típiques (García et al., 1989). (1) Presenten una cutícula dura, rígida i quitinitzada, amb el primer parell d’ales endurides (èlitres). Gran protecció als traumes físics. (2) Tenen una gran capacitat per retenir la humitat degut a que els estigmes s’obren els èlitres i eviten la pèrdua d’aigua per transpiració. (3) Presenten mandíbules mastegadores, adaptables i utilitzables per a una gran varietat de funcions (Chinery, 1988). (4) Algunes espècies poden acumular substàncies tòxiques a l’organisme. Presenten un règim alimentari fitòfag o micòfag, per norma general, tot i que també es poden trobar espècies sapròfagues o depredadores. És per aquest motiu que les espècies de Coleoptera podrien presentar un paper important com a potencial plagues o com a possible control biològic (Zahradnik, 1990). Durant moltes dècades, els plaguicides han constituït una lluita química contra les plagues dels cultius agrícoles, obtenint molt bons resultats en quant a manteniment i qualitat de les collites. No obstant, la seva utilització deliberada ha constituït en molts casos una important font de contaminació del territori. La seva gran mobilitat i persistència ha originat efectes de bioacumulació i biomagnificació a les xarxes tròfiques dels essers vius presents en aquestes zones. Actualment, per evitar tots aquests problemes ocasionats pels productes sintètics, el control biològic de plagues constitueix un dels principals pilars de la protecció moderna de cultius (Jacas et al., 2005). Se sap que les formigues tenen un doble rol molt important a les comunitats vegetals (poden ser mutualistes o depredadors generalistes), fent que la presència o absència d’aquestes pugui tenir efectes potencials sobre l’abundància d’altres artròpodes (James et al., 1999). És per aquest motiu que al present treball es realitzen experiments amb dos tipus d’arbres, els que presenten formigues i els que les formigues s’han exclòs experimentalment. Així doncs, els objectius del present treball són: - Descriure quantitativament la Comunitat de Coleoptera no Coccinellidae. - Descriure els canvis que s’han produït en la comunitat de Coleoptera al llarg de 10 anys. - Valorar la importància de les diferents espècies i/o famílies com a components de la biodiversitat d’un conreu ecològic. - Descriure els efectes sobre la comunitat de Coleoptera no Coccinellidae de la presència o absència de formgiues. - Valorar la importància de les diferents espècies i/o famílies com a possibles plagues o com a agents de control biològic.

Fructose-rich diet-induced abdominal adipose tissue endocrine dysfunction in normal male rats.

We have currently studied the changes induced by administration of a fructose-rich diet (FRD) to normal rats in the mass and the endocrine function of abdominal (omental) adipose tissue (AAT). Rats were fed ad libitum a standard commercial chow and tap water, either alone (control diet, CD) or containing fructose (10%, w/vol) (FRD). Three weeks after treatment, circulating metabolic markers and leptin release from adipocytes of AAT were measured. Plasma free fatty acids (FFAs), leptin, adiponectin, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) levels were significantly higher in FRD than in CD rats. AAT mass was greater in FRD than in CD rats and their adipocytes were larger, they secreted more leptin and showed impaired insulin sensitivity. While leptin mRNA expression increased in AAT from FRD rats, gene expression of insulin receptor substrate, IRS1 and IRS2 was significantly reduced. Our study demonstrates that administration of a FRD significantly affects insulin sensitivity and several AAT endocrine/metabolic functions. These alterations could be part of a network of interacting abnormalities triggered by FRD-induced oxidative stress at the AAT level. In view of the impaired glucose tolerance observed in FRD rats, these alterations could play a key role in both the development of metabolic syndrome (MS) and beta-cell failure.

Jasmonate controls polypeptide patterning in undamaged tissue in wounded Arabidopsis leaves.

Wounding initiates a strong and largely jasmonate-dependent remodelling of the transcriptome in the leaf blades of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). How much control do jasmonates exert on wound-induced protein repatterning in leaves? Replicated shotgun proteomic analyses of 2.5-mm-wide leaf strips adjacent to wounds revealed 106 differentially regulated proteins. Many of these gene products have not emerged as being wound regulated in transcriptomic studies. From experiments using the jasmonic acid (JA)-deficient allene oxide synthase mutant we estimated that approximately 95% of wound-stimulated changes in protein levels were deregulated in the absence of JA. The levels of two tonoplast proteins already implicated in defense response regulation, TWO-PORE CHANNEL1 and the calcium-V-ATPase ACA4 increased on wounding, but their transcripts were not wound inducible. The data suggest new roles for jasmonate in controlling the levels of calcium-regulated pumps and transporters, proteins involved in targeted proteolysis, a putative bacterial virulence factor target, a light-dependent catalyst, and a key redox-controlled enzyme in glutathione synthesis. Extending the latter observation we found that wounding increased the proportion of oxidized glutathione in leaves, but only in plants able to synthesize JA. The oxidizing conditions generated through JA signaling near wounds help to define the cellular environment in which proteome remodelling occurs.

Cos i consciència : El paper de les emocions en la unificació de l'ésser humà

El text que presento explora com es transforma l'autoimatge a partir del treball corporal propi del sistema Rio Abierto, el qual cerca la integració de les diverses intel·ligències, motriu, emocional i mental, que conformen la persona. Les emocions són les que permeten l'encontre entre tots els dualismes possibles, entre altres, cos-ment, biologia-cultura o individu-món social, així com la seua unificació.

Constant p53 pathway inactivation in a large series of soft tissue sarcomas with complex genetics.

Alterations of the p53 pathway are among the most frequent aberrations observed in human cancers. We have performed an exhaustive analysis of TP53, p14, p15, and p16 status in a large series of 143 soft tissue sarcomas, rare tumors accounting for around 1% of all adult cancers, with complex genetics. For this purpose, we performed genomic studies, combining sequencing, copy number assessment, and expression analyses. TP53 mutations and deletions are more frequent in leiomyosarcomas than in undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcomas. Moreover, 50% of leiomyosarcomas present TP53 biallelic inactivation, whereas most undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcomas retain one wild-type TP53 allele (87.2%). The spectrum of mutations between these two groups of sarcomas is different, particularly with a higher rate of complex mutations in undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcomas. Most tumors without TP53 alteration exhibit a deletion of p14 and/or lack of mRNA expression, suggesting that p14 loss could be an alternative genotype for direct TP53 inactivation. Nevertheless, the fact that even in tumors altered for TP53, we could not detect p14 protein suggests that other p14 functions, independent of p53, could be implicated in sarcoma oncogenesis. In addition, both p15 and p16 are frequently codeleted or transcriptionally co-inhibited with p14, essentially in tumors with two wild-type TP53 alleles. Conversely, in TP53-altered tumors, p15 and p16 are well expressed, a feature not incompatible with an oncogenic process.

Estudi de la regulació del procés de formació de la fusta per a l’obtenció de biomassa i biocombustibles: el paper clau de dos factors de transcripció MYB amb funcions antagòniques

Estudi realitzat a partir d’una estada al Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales - Université Toulouse III, entre 2010 i 2012. Durant l’estada s’han pogut complir els principals objectius del projecte de recerca sobre la regulació de la formació de les parets secundàries en un arbre d’importància econòmica, l’eucaliptus. S’ha caracteritzat dos factors de transcripció, EgMYB1 i 2, comparant el seu patró d’expressió espaciotemporal a nivell cel•lular i estudiant l’efecte fenotípic de la pèrdua de funció d’aquests gens. A més, s’ha construït una llibreria de xilema d’eucaliptus adaptada a la tècnica dels dos híbrids i s’ha descobert alguns del partners proteics d’EgMYB1 i 2, els quals estic actualment validant per mètodes alternatius. Augmentant els objectius inicials de la sol•licitud, he aprofitat la recent publicació del genoma de l’Eucalyptus grandis per identificar i caracteritzar el patró d’expressió de vàries famílies gèniques.

Estudi del paper de la JMJD3 en la progressió tumoral induïda per TGFB

La demetilasa d’histones JMJD3 (Jumonji domain containing protein 3), és un enzim capaç de de demetilar específicament la lisina 27 a la histona 3 (H3K27), eliminant així una marca epigenètica relacionada amb la repressió transcripcional. Recentment s’ha descrit que està implicada en el manteniment de la pluripotència de les cèl•lules mare embrionàries (ESCs). A més, també s’ha demostrat el seu paper en la regulació de processos fisiològics d’inflamació, de reprogramació epigenètica i de diferenciació, així com en la progressió del càncer de colon. En aquesta línia, resultats previs del grup han demostrat que l’expressió de JMJD3 està regulada per TGFB, en línies cel•lulars derivades de glioma. Tenint en compte aquests antecedents, l’objectiu principal d’aquest projecte ha estat estudiar el paper principal de la JMJD3 en la regulació epigenètica de la progressió tumoral induïda per TGFB. Els nostres resultats demostren que l’expressió de JMD3 en cèl•lules A549, derivades d’un adenocarcinoma de pulmó, es veu fortament induïda després d’un tractament amb TGFB. Aquest augment es produeix ràpidament i es manté almenys 48 hores, temps en el que té lloc la transició epitelio-mesenquimal (EMT). Per tal d’estudiar el paper de la JMD3 en aquest procés de transdiferenciació, vam generar línies cel•lulars estables mitjançant la infecció amb vectors lentivirals que expressaven shRNAs específics contra la seva seqüència. El knockdown de JMJD3 va bloquejar significativament l’expressió de marcadors mesenquimals, tant a nivell RNA com de proteïna en presència de TGFB. Aquests resultats suggereixen que la demetilasa d’histones JMJD3 té un paper clau en la regulació de la EMT induïda per TGFB.

Hypertension increases connexin43 in a tissue-specific manner.

BACKGROUND: Connexin43 (Cx43), a membrane protein involved in the control of cell-to-cell communication, is thought to play a role in the contractility of the vascular wall and in the electrical coupling of cardiac myocytes. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of experimental hypertension on Cx43 expression in rat aorta and heart. METHODS AND RESULTS: Rats were made hypertensive after one renal artery was clipped (two kidney, one-clip renal model) or after the administration of deoxycorticosterone and salt (DOCA-salt model). After 4 weeks, all rats showed a similar increase in intra-arterial mean blood pressure and in the thickness of both the aortic wall and the heart. Northern blot analysis of aorta mRNA and immunolabeling for Cx43 showed that hypertensive rats expressed twice as much Cx43 in aorta as the control animals. In contrast, no difference in Cx43 mRNA or in the immunolabeled protein was observed in heart. CONCLUSIONS: The results show that rats exhibiting a similar degree of blood pressure elevation, as the result of different mechanisms, feature a comparable increase in Cx43 gene expression, which was observed in the aortic but not in the cardiac muscle. These data suggest that localized mechanical forces induced by hypertension are major tissue-specific regulators of Cx43 expression.

Brain tissue properties differentiate between motor and limbic basal ganglia circuits.

Despite advances in understanding basic organizational principles of the human basal ganglia, accurate in vivo assessment of their anatomical properties is essential to improve early diagnosis in disorders with corticosubcortical pathology and optimize target planning in deep brain stimulation. Main goal of this study was the detailed topological characterization of limbic, associative, and motor subdivisions of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) in relation to corresponding corticosubcortical circuits. To this aim, we used magnetic resonance imaging and investigated independently anatomical connectivity via white matter tracts next to brain tissue properties. On the basis of probabilistic diffusion tractography we identified STN subregions with predominantly motor, associative, and limbic connectivity. We then computed for each of the nonoverlapping STN subregions the covariance between local brain tissue properties and the rest of the brain using high-resolution maps of magnetization transfer (MT) saturation and longitudinal (R1) and transverse relaxation rate (R2*). The demonstrated spatial distribution pattern of covariance between brain tissue properties linked to myelin (R1 and MT) and iron (R2*) content clearly segregates between motor and limbic basal ganglia circuits. We interpret the demonstrated covariance pattern as evidence for shared tissue properties within a functional circuit, which is closely linked to its function. Our findings open new possibilities for investigation of changes in the established covariance pattern aiming at accurate diagnosis of basal ganglia disorders and prediction of treatment outcome.

Communication skills training in oncology: a position paper based on a consensus meeting among European experts in 2009.

BACKGROUND: Communication in cancer care has become a major topic of interest. Since there is evidence that ineffective communication affects both patients and oncology clinicians (physicians and nurses), so-called communication skills trainings (CSTs) have been developed over the last decade. While these trainings have been demonstrated to be effective, there is an important heterogeneity with regard to implementation and with regard to evidence of different aspects of CST. METHODS: In order to review and discuss the scientific literature on CST in oncology and to formulate recommendations, the Swiss Cancer League has organised a consensus meeting with European opinion leaders and experts in the field of CST, as well as oncology clinicians, representatives of oncology societies and patient organisations. On the basis of a systematic review and a meta-analysis, recommendations have been developed and agreed upon. RESULTS: Recommendations address (i) the setting, objectives and participants of CST, (ii) its content and pedagogic tools, (iii) organisational aspects, (iv) outcome and (v) future directions and research. CONCLUSION: This consensus meeting, on the basis of European expert opinions and a systematic review and meta-analysis, defines key elements for the current provision and future development and evaluation of CST in oncology.

Temporal diffeomorphic free-form deformation: application to motion and strain estimation from 3D echocardiography

This paper presents a new registration algorithm, called Temporal Di eomorphic Free Form Deformation (TDFFD), and its application to motion and strain quanti cation from a sequence of 3D ultrasound (US) images. The originality of our approach resides in enforcing time consistency by representing the 4D velocity eld as the sum of continuous spatiotemporal B-Spline kernels. The spatiotemporal displacement eld is then recovered through forward Eulerian integration of the non-stationary velocity eld. The strain tensor iscomputed locally using the spatial derivatives of the reconstructed displacement eld. The energy functional considered in this paper weighs two terms: the image similarity and a regularization term. The image similarity metric is the sum of squared di erences between the intensities of each frame and a reference one. Any frame in the sequence can be chosen as reference. The regularization term is based on theincompressibility of myocardial tissue. TDFFD was compared to pairwise 3D FFD and 3D+t FFD, bothon displacement and velocity elds, on a set of synthetic 3D US images with di erent noise levels. TDFFDshowed increased robustness to noise compared to these two state-of-the-art algorithms. TDFFD also proved to be more resistant to a reduced temporal resolution when decimating this synthetic sequence. Finally, this synthetic dataset was used to determine optimal settings of the TDFFD algorithm. Subsequently, TDFFDwas applied to a database of cardiac 3D US images of the left ventricle acquired from 9 healthy volunteers and 13 patients treated by Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy (CRT). On healthy cases, uniform strain patterns were observed over all myocardial segments, as physiologically expected. On all CRT patients, theimprovement in synchrony of regional longitudinal strain correlated with CRT clinical outcome as quanti ed by the reduction of end-systolic left ventricular volume at follow-up (6 and 12 months), showing the potential of the proposed algorithm for the assessment of CRT.

Adipose tissue integrity as a prerequisite for systemic energy balance: a critical role for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) is an essential regulator of adipocyte differentiation, maintenance, and survival. Deregulations of its functions are associated with metabolic diseases. We show here that deletion of one PPARgamma allele not only affected lipid storage but, more surprisingly, also the expression of genes involved in glucose uptake and utilization, the pentose phosphate pathway, fatty acid synthesis, lipolysis, and glycerol export as well as in IR/IGF-1 signaling. These deregulations led to reduced circulating adiponectin levels and an energy crisis in the WAT, reflected in a decrease to nearly half of its intracellular ATP content. In addition, there was a decrease in the metabolic rate and physical activity of the PPARgamma(+/-) mice, which was abolished by thiazolidinedione treatment, thereby linking regulation of the metabolic rate and physical activity to PPARgamma. It is likely that the PPARgamma(+/-) phenotype was due to the observed WAT dysfunction, since the gene expression profiles associated with metabolic pathways were not affected either in the liver or the skeletal muscle. These findings highlight novel roles of PPARgamma in the adipose tissue and underscore the multifaceted action of this receptor in the functional fine tuning of a tissue that is crucial for maintaining the organism in good health.

Behandlung des akuten Hirninfarktes [Treatment of acute stroke -- an overview]

This paper provides an overview on the actual state of acute therapy in patients with ischemic stroke. The discussion focusses on intravenous and intraarterial thrombolysis, antithrombotic therapy, and the treatment of medical and neurological complications, and therapy recommendations are presented. Finally ongoing studies, particularly those concerning thrombolysis with glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor blockers and ultrasound-assisted thrombolysis, are presented.

Little effect of seasonal constraints on population genetic structure in eusocial paper wasps.

Climate has long been suggested to affect population genetic structures of eusocial insect societies. For instance, Hamilton [Journal of Theoretical Biology7 (1964) 17] discusses whether temperate and tropical eusocial insects may show differences in population-level genetic structure and viscosity, and how this might relate to differences in the degree of synchrony in their life cycles or modes of nest founding. Despite the importance of Hamilton's 1964 papers, this specific idea has not been tested in actual populations of wasps, probably due to the paucity of studies on tropical species. Here, we compare colony and population genetic structures in two species of primitively eusocial paper wasps with contrasting ecologies: the tropical species Polistes canadensis and the temperate species P. dominulus. Our results provide important clarifications of Hamilton's discussion. Specifically, we show that the genetic structures of the temperate and tropical species were very similar, indicating that seasonality does not greatly affect population viscosity or inbreeding. For both species, the high genetic differentiation between nests suggests strong selection at the nest level to live with relatives, whereas low population viscosity and low genetic differentiation between nest aggregations might reflect balancing selection to disperse, avoiding competition with relatives. Overall, our study suggests no prevalence of seasonal constraints of the life cycle in affecting the population genetic structure of eusocial paper wasps. These conclusions are likely to apply also to other primitively eusocial insects, such as halictine bees. They also highlight how selection for a kin structure that promotes altruism can override potential effects of ecology in eusocial insects.

Tissue biomarker development in a multicentre trial context: a feasibility study on the PETACC3 stage II and III colon cancer adjuvant treatment trial.

PURPOSE: We evaluated the feasibility of biomarker development in the context of multicenter clinical trials. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples were collected from a prospective adjuvant colon cancer trial (PETACC3). DNA was isolated from tumor as well as normal tissue and used for analysis of microsatellite instability, KRAS and BRAF genotyping, UGT1A1 genotyping, and loss of heterozygosity of 18 q loci. Immunohistochemistry was used to test expression of TERT, SMAD4, p53, and TYMS. Messenger RNA was retrieved and tested for use in expression profiling experiments. RESULTS: Of the 3,278 patients entered in the study, FFPE blocks were obtained from 1,564 patients coming from 368 different centers in 31 countries. In over 95% of the samples, genomic DNA tests yielded a reliable result. Of the immmunohistochemical tests, p53 and SMAD4 staining did best with reliable results in over 85% of the cases. TERT was the most problematic test with 46% of failures, mostly due to insufficient tissue processing quality. Good quality mRNA was obtained, usable in expression profiling experiments. CONCLUSIONS: Prospective clinical trials can be used as framework for biomarker development using routinely processed FFPE tissues. Our results support the notion that as a rule, translational studies based on FFPE should be included in prospective clinical trials.