Esporte como experiência : uma análise fenomenológico-pragmática da Constituição do jogo coletivo

O objetivo desse trabalho é compreender a ação humana nos jogos esportivos coletivos. Os jogos em questão são aqueles que são disputados em interações conduzidas pelos jogadores em ações simultâneas mutuamente referidas que envolvem o corpo em um mesmo ambiente ? geralmente esportes com bola, como o futebol, o basquetebol e o voleibol, entre outros. A perspectiva adotada nos conduziu no sentido de compreender a ação no curso da experiência de jogar, uma experiência comumente retratada por praticantes como uma experiência desafiadora, excitante, arrebatadora e autêntica. A realização da ação adequada à lógica dos eventos no sentido de propiciar o alcance das metas e objetivos propostos pelo jogo aos jogadores e à sua equipe, com uma organização e sentido de desafio, conduz e ordena todo o curso da experiência competitiva até o fim da partida ocasionando aquela experiência. Como isso é possível? Para tentar entender como ação e experiência se articulam em uma vivência singular, distinta das demais, na prática dos esportes coletivos, devemos compreender toda a ordem presente na própria constituição do desafio que caracteriza todo o jogo ? uma ordem prática que confere ao ser um impulso contínuo e arrebatador à ação. O jogo, desse modo, é apresentado aqui como um mundo a que corresponde toda uma ordem de existência. Esse mundo, em relação ao qual um modo agonistico de ser se alinha, é ordenado por um conjunto de regras que determina a forma lógica básica da prática competitiva. No modo como foi subjetivada e incorporada pelos jogadores em suas competências, essa forma ordena as interações permitindo que uma dinâmica competitiva real se desdobre fluentemente entre eles numa mesma corrente simultânea e sequencial de eventos que envolvem a todos, sendo vivenciada por cada um no mesmo tempo e no mesmo espaço de uma experiência competitiva nossa. Essa forma se apresenta como ordem de uma mesma realidade contínua, presente tanto numa dimensão predominante espacial e corporal da experiência, envolvendo objetos físicos, no tempo imediato; quanto numa dimensão predominantemente temporal, onde se situa um espaço relacional no qual segue se definindo quem está melhor ou pior e, ao final, o vencedor e o perdedor da partida. Nesse mundo dos jogos agonísticos, ambas as dimensões se mantêm articuladas por mecanismos de definição, acumulação e objetivação numérica dos eventos (como o placar) que são programados para funcionar de acordo com um princípio integrador de justiça, baseados em critérios de excelência e competitividade ? mecanismos cujas operações bem inter-relacionadas devem definir o melhor a cada partida, conferindo à realidade vivenciável nesse mundo um sentido de unidade e completude próprias de uma experiência singular.

Early Medial Temporal Atrophy Scale (EMTA)

186 p.

Spatial and temporal distribution of grouper larvae (Serranidae: Epinephelinae: Epinephelini) in the Gulf of Mexico and Straits of Florida

Little is known about the seasonality and distribution of grouper larvae (Serranidae: Epinephelini) in the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean off the coast of the southeast United States. Grouper larvae were collected from a transect across the Straits of Florida in 2003 and 2004 and during the Southeast Area Monitoring and Assessment Program spring and fall surveys from 1982 through 2005. Analysis of these larval data provided information on location and timing of spawning, larval distribution patterns, and interannual occurrence for a group of species not easily studied as adults. Our analyses indicated that shelf-edge habitat is important for spawning of many species of grouper—some species for which data were not previously available. Spawning for some species may occur year-round, but two peak seasons are evident: late winter and late summer through early fall. Interannual variability in the use of three important subregions by species or groups of species was partially explained by environmental factors (surface temperature, surface salinity, and water depth). A shift in species dominance over the last three decades from spring-spawned species (most of the commercial species) to fall-spawned species also was documented. The results of these analyses expand our understanding of the basic distribution and spawning patterns of northwest Atlantic grouper species and indicate a need for further examination of the changing population structure of individual species and species dominance in the region.

Ontogenetic and temporal variability in the fat content and fatty acid composition of Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) from the Bay of Fundy, Canada

Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) is an ecologically and economically valuable species in many food webs, yet surprisingly little is known about the variation in the nutritional quality of these fish. Atlantic herring collected from 2005 through 2008 from the Bay of Fundy, Canada, were examined for variability in their nutritional quality by using total lipid content (n=889) and fatty acid composition (n=551) as proxies for nutritional value. A significant positive relationship was found between fish length and total lipid content. Atlantic herring also had significantly different fatty acid signatures by age. Fish from 2005 had significantly lower total lipid content than fish from 2006 through 2008, and all years had significantly different fatty acid signatures. Summer fish were significantly fatter than winter fish and had significantly different fatty acid signatures. For all comparisons (ontogenetic, annual, and seasonal) percent concentrations of omega-3, -6, and long-chain monounsaturated fatty acids were the most important for distinguishing between the fatty acid signatures of fish. This study underscores the importance of quantifying variation in prey quality synoptically with prey quantity in food webs over ontogenetic and temporal scales when evaluating the effect of prey nutritional quality on predators and on modeling trophic dynamics.

Análise espaço-temporal do uso do habitat pelo boto-cinza (Sotalia Guianensis) na Baía de Guanabara, Rio de Janeiro

Determinar áreas de vida tem sido um tema amplamente discutido em trabalhos que procuram entender a relação da espécie estudada com as características de seu habitat. A Baía de Guanabara abriga uma população residente de botos-cinza (Sotalia guianensis) e o objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar o uso espacial de Sotalia guianensis, na Baía de Guanabara (RJ), entre 2002 e 2012. Um total de 204 dias de coleta foi analisado e 902 pontos selecionados para serem gerados os mapas de distribuição. A baía foi dividida em quatro subáreas e a diferença no esforço entre cada uma não ultrapassou 16%. O método Kernel Density foi utilizado nas análises para estimativa e interpretação do uso do habitat pelos grupos de botos-cinza. A interpretação das áreas de concentração da população também foi feita a partir de células (grids) de 1,5km x 1,5km com posterior aplicação do índice de sobreposição de nicho de Pianka. As profundidades utilizadas por S. guianensis não apresentaram variações significativas ao longo do período de estudo (p = 0,531). As áreas utilizadas durante o período de 2002/2004 foram estimadas em 79,4 km com áreas de concentração de 19,4 km. Os períodos de 2008/2010 e 2010/2012 apresentaram áreas de uso estimadas em um total de 51,4 e 58,9 km, respectivamente e áreas de concentração com 10,8 e 10,4 km, respectivamente. As áreas utilizadas envolveram regiões que se estendem por todo o canal central e região nordeste da Baía de Guanabara, onde também está localizada a Área de Proteção Ambiental de Guapimirim. Apesar disso, a área de vida da população, assim como suas áreas de concentração, diminuiu gradativamente ao longo dos anos, especialmente no entorno da Ilha de Paquetá e centro-sul do canal central. Grupos com mais de 10 indivíduos e grupos na classe ≥ 25% de filhotes em sua composição, evidenciaram reduções de mais de 60% no tamanho das áreas utilizadas. A população de botos-cinza vem decrescendo rapidamente nos últimos anos, além de interagir diariamente com fontes perturbadoras, sendo estas possíveis causas da redução do uso do habitat da Baía de Guanabara. Por esse motivo, os resultados apresentados são de fundamental importância para a conservação desta população já que representam consequências da interação em longo prazo com um ambiente costeiro altamente impactado pela ação antrópica.

¿Que impacto tienen las reformas jurídico-laborales sobre el mercado de trabajo? Una aproximación a las modificaciones de la normativa jurídica española de la Empresa de Trabajo Temporal

Un estudio de la figura de las Empresas de Trabajo Temporal, sus modificaciones durante los últimos años y el impacto que han tenido en el mercado laboral español en los últimos años.

Spatial and temporal variation in otolith chemistry for tautog (Tautoga onitis) in Narragansett Bay and Rhode Island coastal ponds

The elemental composition of otoliths may provide valuable information for establishing connectivity between fish nursery grounds and adult fish populations. Concentrations of Rb, Mg, Ca, Mn, Sr, Na, K, Sr, Pb, and Ba were determined by using solution-based inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in otoliths of young-of-the year tautog (Tautoga onitis) captured in nursery areas along the Rhode Island coast during two consecutive years. Stable oxygen (δ18O) and carbon (δ13C) isotopic ratios in young-of-the year otoliths were also analyzed with isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Chemical signatures differed significantly among the distinct nurseries within Narragansett Bay and the coastal ponds across years. Significant differences were also observed within nurseries from year to year. Classification accuracy to each of the five tautog nursery areas ranged from 85% to 92% across years. Because accurate classification of juvenile tautog nursery sites was achieved, otolith chemistry can potentially be used as a natural habitat tag.

Spatial and temporal distribution and the potential for estuarine interactions between wild and hatchery chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) in Taku Inlet, Alaska

We investigated estuarine spatial and temporal overlap of wild and marked hatchery chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) fry; the latter included two distinct size groups released near the Taku River estuary (Taku Inlet) in Southeast Alaska (early May releases of ~ 1.9 g and late May releases of ~ 3.9 g wet weight). Our objectives were to compare abundance, body size, and condition of wild chum salmon fry and hatchery chum salmon fry raised under early and late rearing strategies in different habitats of Taku Inlet and to document environmental factors that could potentially explain the distribution, size, and abundance of these chum salmon fr y. We used a sampling design stratified into inner and outer inlet and neritic and littoral habitats. Hatchery fry were rare in the inner estuary in both years but outnumbered wild fry 20:1 in the outer estuary. Hatchery fry were significantly larger than wild fry in both littoral and neritic samples. Abundances of wild and hatchery fry were positively correlated in the outer inlet, indicating the formation of mixed schools of hatchery and wild fry. Spatial and temporal overlap was greatest between wild and early hatchery fry in the outer inlet in both habitats. The early hatchery release coincided with peak abundances of wild fry in the outer inlet, and the distribution of wild and early hatchery fry overlapped for about three weeks. Our results demonstrate that the timing of release of hatchery fry may affect interactions with wild fry.

Spatial and temporal distribution of North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) in Cape Cod Bay, and implications for management

Cape Cod Bay (Massachusetts) is the only known winter and early spring feeding area for concentrations of the endangered North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) population. During January–May, 1998–2002, 167 aerial surveys were conducted (66,466 km of total survey effort), providing a complete representation of the spatiotemporal distribution of right whales in the bay during winter and spring. A total of 1553 right whales were sighted; some of these sightings were multiple sightings of the same individuals. Right whale distribution and relative abundance patterns were quantified as sightings per unit of effort (SPUE) and partitioned into 103 23-km2 cells and 12 2-week periods. Significant interannual variations in mean SPUE and timing of SPUE maxima were likely due to physically forced changes in available food resources. The area of greatest SPUE expanded and contracted during the season but its center remained in the eastern bay. Most cells with SPUE>0 were inside the federal critical habitat (CH) and this finding gave evidence of the need for management measures within CH boundaries to reduce anthropogenic mortality from vessel strikes and entanglement. There was significant within-season SPUE variability: low in December−January, increasing to a maximum in late February−early April, and declining to zero in May; and these results provide support for management measures from 1 January

Spatial and temporal variability in the relative contribution of king mackerel (Scomberomorus cavalla) stocks to winter mixed fisheries off South Florida

King mackerel (Scomberomorus cavalla) are ecologically and economically important scombrids that inhabit U.S. waters of the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) and Atlantic Ocean (Atlantic). Separate migratory groups, or stocks, migrate from eastern GOM and southeastern U.S. Atlantic to south Florida waters where the stocks mix during winter. Currently, all winter landings from a management-defined south Florida mixing zone are attributed to the GOM stock. In this study, the stock composition of winter landings across three south Florida sampling zones was estimated by using stock-specific otolith morphological variables and Fourier harmonics. The mean accuracies of the jackknifed classifications from stepwise linear discriminant function analysis of otolith shape variables ranged from 66−76% for sex-specific models. Estimates of the contribution of the Atlantic stock to winter landings, derived from maximum likelihood stock mixing models, indicated the contribution was highest off southeastern Florida (as high as 82.8% for females in winter 2001−02) and lowest off southwestern Florida (as low as 14.5% for females in winter 2002−03). Overall, results provided evidence that the Atlantic stock contributes a certain, and perhaps a significant (i.e., ≥50%), percentage of landings taken in the management-defined winter mixing zone off south Florida, and the practice of assigning all winter mixing zone landings to the GOM stock should