Unusual fatal petrositis presenting as myofascial pain and dysfunction of the temporal muscle.

Petrositis is a rare and severe complication of acute otitis media and mastoiditis. Although the extension of the inflammatory process from the petrous apex to the adjacent Meckel cave can lead to trigeminal pain, an irritation of the trigeminal nerve roots resulting in acute or chronic hyperactivity of masticatory muscles has never been reported. We report here the unusual case of an 86-year-old man who presented with a handicapping myofascial pain and dysfunction syndrome of the right temporal muscle as a heralding manifestation of an unusual form of petrositis. The patient progressively developed a retropharyngeal abscess, a right sphenoid sinusitis, and fatal meningitis. This case demonstrated that (1) myofascial pain and dysfunction syndrome that does not respond to conventional treatments may suggest an unusual etiology and warrant further medical investigations and a detailed medical history and that (2) petrositis can manifest itself with atypical clinical symptoms and radiologic signs. (Quintessence Int 2011;42:419-422).

Temporal distribution and magnitude of the vulnerability period around stroke depend on stroke subtype.

Background: We aimed to analyze the rate and time distribution of pre- and post-morbid cerebrovascular events in a single ischemic stroke population, and whether these depend on the etiology of the index stroke. Methods: In 2,203 consecutive patients admitted to a single stroke center registry (ASTRAL), the ischemic stroke that led to admission was considered the index event. Frequency distribution and cumulative relative distribution graphs of the most recent and first recurrent event (ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attack, intracranial or subarachnoid hemorrhage) were drawn in weekly and daily intervals for all strokes and for all stroke types. Results: The frequency of events at identical time points before and after the index stroke was mostly reduced in the first week after (vs. before) stroke (1.0 vs. 4.2%, p < 0.001) and the first month (2.7 vs. 7.4%, p < 0.001), and then ebbed over the first year (8.4 vs. 13.1%, p < 0.001). On daily basis, the peak frequency was noticed at day -1 (1.6%) with a reduction to 0.7% on the index day and 0.17% 24 h after. The event rate in patients with atherosclerotic stroke was particularly high around the index event, but 1-year cumulative recurrence rate was similar in all stroke types. Conclusions: We confirm a short window of increased vulnerability in ischemic stroke and show a 4-, 3- and 2-fold reduction in post-stroke events at 1 week, 1 month and 1 year, respectively, compared to identical pre-stroke periods. This break in the 'stroke wave' is particularly striking after atherosclerotic and lacunar strokes.

Padrão espaço-temporal da umidade volumétrica do solo em uma bacia hidrográfica com predominância de latossolos

A umidade volumétrica do solo possui alta variabilidade espacial e temporal devido à influência de vários fatores ambientais e de uso do solo. Desse modo, seu entendimento assume papel fundamental na modelagem dos processos que envolvem o escoamento superficial, a erosão do solo e o transporte de sedimentos. Nesse contexto, objetivou-se neste estudo avaliar o padrão espacial e temporal da umidade volumétrica na camada superficial do solo, nas diferentes estações do ano, em uma bacia hidrográfica experimental, com predominância de latossolos, localizada na região Sul de Minas Gerais. Para isso, utilizou-se o conceito de estabilidade temporal e escalonamento de semivariogramas, o qual possibilitou a comparação da estrutura espacial dos modelos de semivariogramas ajustados. Foi possível detectar forte dependência espacial da umidade do solo na bacia hidrográfica, com grau de dependência sempre acima de 80 %, e os semivariogramas escalonados mostraram semelhanças no padrão espacial no verão e no outono e diferenças em relação ao inverno e à primavera. Dessa forma, constatou-se que houve diferença no padrão espacial da umidade do solo ao longo do ano, contudo maior homogeneidade no período chuvoso (verão). Ocorreu variação no padrão temporal de umidade do solo de acordo com as estações do ano, sendo verificada tendência nos dados de inverno e primavera, demonstrada pelo teste de Spearman. Devido às diferenças verificadas no padrão espaçotemporal da umidade do solo ao longo das estações do ano, quatro pontos distintos foram identificados, um em cada estação, para implantação de monitoramento permanente desse atributo do solo na bacia hidrográfica.

A temporal hierarchy for conspecific vocalization discrimination in humans.

The ability to discriminate conspecific vocalizations is observed across species and early during development. However, its neurophysiologic mechanism remains controversial, particularly regarding whether it involves specialized processes with dedicated neural machinery. We identified spatiotemporal brain mechanisms for conspecific vocalization discrimination in humans by applying electrical neuroimaging analyses to auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) in response to acoustically and psychophysically controlled nonverbal human and animal vocalizations as well as sounds of man-made objects. AEP strength modulations in the absence of topographic modulations are suggestive of statistically indistinguishable brain networks. First, responses were significantly stronger, but topographically indistinguishable to human versus animal vocalizations starting at 169-219 ms after stimulus onset and within regions of the right superior temporal sulcus and superior temporal gyrus. This effect correlated with another AEP strength modulation occurring at 291-357 ms that was localized within the left inferior prefrontal and precentral gyri. Temporally segregated and spatially distributed stages of vocalization discrimination are thus functionally coupled and demonstrate how conventional views of functional specialization must incorporate network dynamics. Second, vocalization discrimination is not subject to facilitated processing in time, but instead lags more general categorization by approximately 100 ms, indicative of hierarchical processing during object discrimination. Third, although differences between human and animal vocalizations persisted when analyses were performed at a single-object level or extended to include additional (man-made) sound categories, at no latency were responses to human vocalizations stronger than those to all other categories. Vocalization discrimination transpires at times synchronous with that of face discrimination but is not functionally specialized.

Spatial variation in the temporal change of male and female melanic ornamentation in the barn owl.

Because the magnitude of selection can vary between sexes and in space and time, sexually antagonistic selection is difficult to demonstrate. In a Swiss population of barn owls (Tyto alba), a heritable eumelanic colour trait (size of black spots on ventral feathers) was positively selected with respect to yearling survival only in females. It remains unclear whether the absence of negative selection in males is typical in this species. To tackle this issue indirectly, we measured the size of black spots in 1733 skin specimens collected by museums from 1816 to 2001 in seven European countries and in the Middle-East. The temporal change in spot size was sex- and country-specific. In males, spots became smaller particularly in three countries (Middle-East, Italy and Switzerland). In females, the size of spots increased significantly in two countries (UK and Spain) and decreased in two others (Germany and Switzerland). Because migration and phenotypic plasticity cannot explain these results, selection is the most likely cause. The weaker temporal change in spot size in females than males may be because of the combined effect of strong genetic correlation between the sexes and stronger negative selection in males than positive selection in females. We thus suggest that in the barn owl, spot size (or genetically correlated traits) is sexually antagonistically selected and that its pattern of selection may account for the maintenance of its variation and sexual dimorphism.

Front dynamics in the presence of spatio-temporal structured noises

Front dynamics modeled by a reaction-diffusion equation are studied under the influence of spatiotemporal structured noises. An effective deterministic model is analytical derived where the noise parameters, intensity, correlation time, and correlation length appear explicitly. The different effects of these parameters are discussed for the Ginzburg-Landau and Schlögl models. We obtain an analytical expression for the front velocity as a function of the noise parameters. Numerical simulation results are in a good agreement with the theoretical predictions.

Estabilidade temporal e variabilidade espacial da distribuição da armazenagem de água no solo numa sucessão feijão/aveia-preta

A armazenagem de água no solo é muito variável no tempo e no espaço devido à influência de vários fatores ambientais e topográficos. Objetivou-se neste estudo: quantificar a armazenagem de água no solo; avaliar sua estabilidade temporal e sua variabilidade espacial em um local próximo e outro distante do sistema radicular numa sucessão feijão/aveia-preta; e constatar sua variabilidade espacial em função do relevo. Em área experimental de 1.500 m², situada em Piracicaba-SP (latitude de 22° 42' 30" S, longitude de 47° 38' 00" W e 546 m de altitude), estabeleceram-se 60 pontos de amostragem, distanciados entre si de 5 m, numa grade de 10 por 6 pontos (50 x 30 m). Os valores da armazenagem de água no solo apresentaram comportamento-padrão para o solo estudado, com valores maiores em profundidade do que na camada mais superficial. Houve maior estabilidade temporal da armazenagem de água no solo durante o período chuvoso, porém na fase de secagem do solo a estabilidade temporal também foi constatada, mas com valores de coeficiente de correlação mais elevados na camada de 0,0-0,80 m, mostrando que essa estabilidade foi claramente devida à posição topográfica desses pontos, os quais estão localizados na porção mais baixa do relevo. Assim, o ponto 52 foi escolhido como representativo da média na fase de recarga de água no solo em ambas as camadas estudadas, e o ponto 46, na camada superior durante a fase de secagem do solo. A dependência espacial da variabilidade da armazenagem de água no solo foi detectada em ambas as camadas de solo, porém com maior alcance na camada de 0,0-0,40 m, quando houve ocorrência de precipitação. Quando as chuvas cessaram, o alcance foi maior na camada de 0,0-0,80 m. Durante o período chuvoso, o padrão de variabilidade espacial foi muito semelhante em ambas as camadas de solo, com armazenagens maiores na faixa de maior inclinação e depressões do terreno.

Looking for orders of magnitude : five essays in trade and the environment and economic geography

General Summary Although the chapters of this thesis address a variety of issues, the principal aim is common: test economic ideas in an international economic context. The intention has been to supply empirical findings using the largest suitable data sets and making use of the most appropriate empirical techniques. This thesis can roughly be divided into two parts: the first one, corresponding to the first two chapters, investigates the link between trade and the environment, the second one, the last three chapters, is related to economic geography issues. Environmental problems are omnipresent in the daily press nowadays and one of the arguments put forward is that globalisation causes severe environmental problems through the reallocation of investments and production to countries with less stringent environmental regulations. A measure of the amplitude of this undesirable effect is provided in the first part. The third and the fourth chapters explore the productivity effects of agglomeration. The computed spillover effects between different sectors indicate how cluster-formation might be productivity enhancing. The last chapter is not about how to better understand the world but how to measure it and it was just a great pleasure to work on it. "The Economist" writes every week about the impressive population and economic growth observed in China and India, and everybody agrees that the world's center of gravity has shifted. But by how much and how fast did it shift? An answer is given in the last part, which proposes a global measure for the location of world production and allows to visualize our results in Google Earth. A short summary of each of the five chapters is provided below. The first chapter, entitled "Unraveling the World-Wide Pollution-Haven Effect" investigates the relative strength of the pollution haven effect (PH, comparative advantage in dirty products due to differences in environmental regulation) and the factor endowment effect (FE, comparative advantage in dirty, capital intensive products due to differences in endowments). We compute the pollution content of imports using the IPPS coefficients (for three pollutants, namely biological oxygen demand, sulphur dioxide and toxic pollution intensity for all manufacturing sectors) provided by the World Bank and use a gravity-type framework to isolate the two above mentioned effects. Our study covers 48 countries that can be classified into 29 Southern and 19 Northern countries and uses the lead content of gasoline as proxy for environmental stringency. For North-South trade we find significant PH and FE effects going in the expected, opposite directions and being of similar magnitude. However, when looking at world trade, the effects become very small because of the high North-North trade share, where we have no a priori expectations about the signs of these effects. Therefore popular fears about the trade effects of differences in environmental regulations might by exaggerated. The second chapter is entitled "Is trade bad for the Environment? Decomposing worldwide SO2 emissions, 1990-2000". First we construct a novel and large database containing reasonable estimates of SO2 emission intensities per unit labor that vary across countries, periods and manufacturing sectors. Then we use these original data (covering 31 developed and 31 developing countries) to decompose the worldwide SO2 emissions into the three well known dynamic effects (scale, technique and composition effect). We find that the positive scale (+9,5%) and the negative technique (-12.5%) effect are the main driving forces of emission changes. Composition effects between countries and sectors are smaller, both negative and of similar magnitude (-3.5% each). Given that trade matters via the composition effects this means that trade reduces total emissions. We next construct, in a first experiment, a hypothetical world where no trade happens, i.e. each country produces its imports at home and does no longer produce its exports. The difference between the actual and this no-trade world allows us (under the omission of price effects) to compute a static first-order trade effect. The latter now increases total world emissions because it allows, on average, dirty countries to specialize in dirty products. However, this effect is smaller (3.5%) in 2000 than in 1990 (10%), in line with the negative dynamic composition effect identified in the previous exercise. We then propose a second experiment, comparing effective emissions with the maximum or minimum possible level of SO2 emissions. These hypothetical levels of emissions are obtained by reallocating labour accordingly across sectors within each country (under the country-employment and the world industry-production constraints). Using linear programming techniques, we show that emissions are reduced by 90% with respect to the worst case, but that they could still be reduced further by another 80% if emissions were to be minimized. The findings from this chapter go together with those from chapter one in the sense that trade-induced composition effect do not seem to be the main source of pollution, at least in the recent past. Going now to the economic geography part of this thesis, the third chapter, entitled "A Dynamic Model with Sectoral Agglomeration Effects" consists of a short note that derives the theoretical model estimated in the fourth chapter. The derivation is directly based on the multi-regional framework by Ciccone (2002) but extends it in order to include sectoral disaggregation and a temporal dimension. This allows us formally to write present productivity as a function of past productivity and other contemporaneous and past control variables. The fourth chapter entitled "Sectoral Agglomeration Effects in a Panel of European Regions" takes the final equation derived in chapter three to the data. We investigate the empirical link between density and labour productivity based on regional data (245 NUTS-2 regions over the period 1980-2003). Using dynamic panel techniques allows us to control for the possible endogeneity of density and for region specific effects. We find a positive long run elasticity of density with respect to labour productivity of about 13%. When using data at the sectoral level it seems that positive cross-sector and negative own-sector externalities are present in manufacturing while financial services display strong positive own-sector effects. The fifth and last chapter entitled "Is the World's Economic Center of Gravity Already in Asia?" computes the world economic, demographic and geographic center of gravity for 1975-2004 and compares them. Based on data for the largest cities in the world and using the physical concept of center of mass, we find that the world's economic center of gravity is still located in Europe, even though there is a clear shift towards Asia. To sum up, this thesis makes three main contributions. First, it provides new estimates of orders of magnitudes for the role of trade in the globalisation and environment debate. Second, it computes reliable and disaggregated elasticities for the effect of density on labour productivity in European regions. Third, it allows us, in a geometrically rigorous way, to track the path of the world's economic center of gravity.

Análise espaço-temporal de componentes do balanço hídrico em um Latossolo

O monitoramento das variáveis que constituem a equação do balanço hídrico do solo em campo cultivado é necessário para avaliar com confiabilidade os períodos de déficits hídricos durante o ciclo das culturas, manejar a irrigação e quantificar perdas de nutrientes por lixiviação. Os componentes da equação do balanço hídrico podem variar no espaço e no tempo, e o estudo da estabilidade temporal da variabilidade espacial desses componentes é essencial para determinar quais são os pontos de observação no campo (locais) para monitorar a água do solo com precisão e esforço amostral reduzido. Assim, os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar os componentes do balanço da água (especificamente a variação de armazenamento de água do solo, drenagem interna e evapotranspiração real) de plantas de milho em um Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo e analisar a variabilidade espacial e temporal, por meio da técnica de estabilidade temporal. O estudo foi realizado em uma área do Campus da ESALQ/USP, município de Piracicaba, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. O relevo da área experimental, que tem 1.500 m², é plano. Nessa área foram instalados 60 tubos de alumínio para acesso de uma sonda de nêutrons e 120 tensiômetros com manômetro de mercúrio (60 na profundidade de 0,75 m e 60 na profundidade de 0,85 m). Isso permitiu estimar a densidade de fluxo de água do solo na profundidade de 0,80 m por meio da equação de Darcy-Buckingham e o armazenamento de água na camada de 0,0-0,80 m, ao longo do ciclo da cultura. A precipitação pluvial foi medida por meio de um pluviômetro instalado no centro da área experimental, e a evaporação real foi considerada como desconhecida da equação do balanço hídrico. A pesquisa foi realizada dividindo o ciclo de cultivo em 13 períodos (P1 a P13). O uso da estatística descritiva foi feito para evidenciar a variação do comportamento dos dados após a remoção dos pontos discrepantes, que representaram entre 0,0 e 3,9 % dos pontos amostrais por período. O uso da estatística descritiva foi útil por ter apresentado a mudança no comportamento dos dados, após a retirada de valores discrepantes e extremos em alguns períodos. A técnica da estabilidade temporal é viável para avaliação do balanço hídrico no espaço e no tempo. Os coeficientes de correlação de Spearman entre os períodos indicaram estabilidade temporal para a armazenagem da água independentemente do teor de umidade do solo, mas não expressaram confiabilidade para a avaliação da drenagem interna e a evapotranspiração real da cultura. A evapotranspiração oscilou ao longo do ciclo da cultura mantendo-se praticamente constante nos períodos P5 a P9, em que houve maior desenvolvimento vegetativo das plantas.

Fuzzy logic applied to the modeling of water dynamics in an Oxisol in northeastern Brazil

Modeling of water movement in non-saturated soil usually requires a large number of parameters and variables, such as initial soil water content, saturated water content and saturated hydraulic conductivity, which can be assessed relatively easily. Dimensional flow of water in the soil is usually modeled by a nonlinear partial differential equation, known as the Richards equation. Since this equation cannot be solved analytically in certain cases, one way to approach its solution is by numerical algorithms. The success of numerical models in describing the dynamics of water in the soil is closely related to the accuracy with which the water-physical parameters are determined. That has been a big challenge in the use of numerical models because these parameters are generally difficult to determine since they present great spatial variability in the soil. Therefore, it is necessary to develop and use methods that properly incorporate the uncertainties inherent to water displacement in soils. In this paper, a model based on fuzzy logic is used as an alternative to describe water flow in the vadose zone. This fuzzy model was developed to simulate the displacement of water in a non-vegetated crop soil during the period called the emergency phase. The principle of this model consists of a Mamdani fuzzy rule-based system in which the rules are based on the moisture content of adjacent soil layers. The performances of the results modeled by the fuzzy system were evaluated by the evolution of moisture profiles over time as compared to those obtained in the field. The results obtained through use of the fuzzy model provided satisfactory reproduction of soil moisture profiles.

Caracterização das chuvas erosivas em Urussanga, SC, com relação ao padrão de distribuição temporal

O estudo da distribuição temporal de chuvas é realizado com objetivo de caracterizar o padrão de chuva mais frequente. O conhecimento das características físicas das chuvas com relação aos padrões de precipitação permite realizar modelagem matemática de eventos hidrológicos em condições mais próximas às condições reais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar as chuvas erosivas em Urussanga, SC, com relação aos padrões hidrológicos de distribuição temporal. Foram usados os pluviogramas da estação meteorológica de Urussanga (latitude 28,31º S, longitude 49,19º W e altitude de 49 m) relativos ao período de outubro de 1980 a março de 2012. As chuvas erosivas foram classificadas em padrões avançado, intermediário e atrasado, se a maior intensidade ocorre no terço de duração inicial, intermediário e final, respectivamente. Foram determinadas as características de altura pluvial, duração da chuva, energia cinética, intensidade máxima em 30 min, erosividade e frequência de chuvas mensais de cada padrão de chuva. Verificou-se a ocorrência de 1.221 chuvas erosivas, das quais 651 com perfil avançado; 416, intermediário; e 154, atrasado. A duração média das chuvas erosivas é de 14,4 h. A média total de intensidade média para as chuvas erosivas foi de 17,4 mm h-1. A maior concentração de chuvas (32,9 %) foi observada no intervalo de duração de 6 a 12 h. Para duração inferior a 18 h, ocorre maior frequência de chuvas do padrão avançado; já para acima de 18 h, as frequências de chuvas do padrão avançado e intermediário são semelhantes.

Exact temporal evolution for some non-linear diffusion process

Exact solutions to FokkerPlanck equations with nonlinear drift are considered. Applications of these exact solutions for concrete models are studied. We arrive at the conclusion that for certain drifts we obtain divergent moments (and infinite relaxation time) if the diffusion process can be extended without any obstacle to the whole space. But if we introduce a potential barrier that limits the diffusion process, moments converge with a finite relaxation time.

Improving Offender Programming, Data Download, Iowa Department of Corrections, June 2012

In 2008, the Iowa Department of Corrections embarked on a comprehensive audit of all institutional andcommunity corrections offender programs that receive corrections funding. The audit focused on the degree towhich each program adheres to evidence-based practices principles (what works best). The audit areas are listedbelow along with some examples of the questions asked about each program: