Passive MVC och MVVM designmönster i Android : En jämförelse av kodkomplexitet mellan Passive MVC och MVVM

Det mobila operativsystemet Android är idag ett ganska dominerande operativsystem på den mobila marknaden dels på grund av sin öppenhet men också på grund av att tillgängligheten är stor i och med både billiga och dyra telefoner finns att tillgå. Men idag har Android inget fördefinierat designmönster vilket leder till att varje utvecklare får bestämma själv vad som ska användas, vilket ibland kan leda till onödigt komplex kod i applikationerna som sen blir svårtestad och svårhanterlig. Detta arbete ämnar jämföra två designmönster, Passive Model View Controller (PMVC) och Model View View-Model (MVVM), för att se vilket designmönster som blir minst komplext med hjälp av att räkna fram mätvärden med hjälp av Cyclomatic Complexity Number (CCN). Studien är gjord utifrån arbetssättet Design & Creation och ämnar bidra med: kunskap om vilket mönster man bör välja, samt om CCN kan peka ut vilka delar i en applikation som kommer att ta mer eller mindre lång tid att testa. Under studiens gång tog vi även fram skillnader på om man anväder sig av den så kallade Single Responsibilyt Principle (SRP) eller inte. Detta för att se om separerade vyer gör någon skillnad i applikationernas komplexitet. I slutändan så visar studien på att komplexiteten i små applikationer är väldigt likvärdig, men att man även på små applikationer kan se skillnad på hur komplex koden är men också att kodkomplexitet på metodnivå kan ge riktlinjer för testfall.

Crescimento e distribuição de renda

The present dissertation has as main purpose to discuss the relations between growth and income distribution. First, I show how c1assical, neoclassical and keynesian tradicional approaches point to the existence of a trade-off between growth and income distribution. After that, three different models were presented based on Bresser Pereira (1986), Lucas (1988), and Dutt (1984,1987) and Amadeo (1986). These models allow the conc1usion that there is not a necessary trade-offbetween growth and income distribution, We also present a hyphothesis that this relation depends on the levei of economic development of a country. In the ealier stages of development, the trade-off exists, but, since the country reaches more advanced stages of development, this relation changes and the presence of a high income concentration pattern becomes an adicional barrier to development

Wallon: alternativa teórica em psicologia e implicações para uma abordagem do deficiente mental

Tomando-se como ponto de partida a carência de uma perspectiva teórica sistematizada que se observa na abordagem psicológica do deficiente mental, o presente estudo visa levantar e sugerir alguns aspectos relevantes da referida área, como possíveis contribuições ao seu enriquecimento. Admite-se que a deficiência mental só pode ser legítima e autêticamente investigada em suas dimensões psicológicas (cognitivas e afetivo-emocionais) desde que referida a um contexto teórico abrangente e estruturado, do qual seja um campo de aplicação de conceitos e pressupostos devidamente articulados. Neste sentido, a obra de Henri Wallon é tomada como o referencial estratégico. Analisam-se suas contribuições para a psicologia enquanto tal, à psicologia do desenvolvimento, à psicopatologia, assim como as implicações relativas ao estudo da deficiência mental feito à luz de tais pressupostos. A Psicologia Genética de Wallon é discutida, no capítulo 1, enquanto uma alternativa teórica para a delimitação do objeto de estudo da ciência psicológica e para o equacionamento da metodologia de conhecimento do mesmo. Apresentam-se suas tentativas de introdução do materialismo dialético como postura epistemológica e sua metodologia concreta-multidimensional na abordagem do fenômeno psíquico. A partir de tal enquadre, derivam- se seus estágios de desenvolvimento e suas concepções acerca da evolução dialética da personalidade. O capítulo 2 focaliza a expressão patológica do fenômeno psíquico enquanto um comprometimento compreensível da evolução dialética normal. Como decorrência e implicação, a deficiência mental é discutida como um âmbito particular e expressivo do fenômeno psicopatológico, traduzindo, em seus diferentes níveis, um processo evolutivo que inviabiliza o acolhimento e a resolução de conflitos e contradições que caracterizam o desenvolvimento normal. Finalmente, analisam-se as diferentes e profundas contribuições acarretadas por uma retomada do pensamento walloniano inexplicávelmente negligenciado em seu alcance, riqueza, fecundidade e abrangência.

Malthus to Solow

A unified growth theory is developed that accounts for the roughly constant living standards displayed by world economies prior to 1800 as well as the growing living standards exhibited by modem industrial economies. Our theory also explains the industrial revolution, which is the transition from an era when per capita incomes are stagnant to one with sustained growth. This transition is inevitable given positive rates oftotal factor productivity growth. We use a standard growth mode1 with one good and two available techno10gies. The first, denoted the "Malthus" technology, requires 1and, labor and reproducible capital as inputs. The second, denoted the "Solow" technology, does not require land. We show that in the earIy stages of development, only the Malthus technology is used and, due to population growth, living standards are stagnant despite technological progresso Eventually, technological progress causes the Solow technology to become profitable and both technologies are employed. At this point, living standards improve since population growth has less influence on per capita income growth. In the limit, the economy behaves like a standard Solow growth model.

Processo biotecnológico voltado a produção de estoques poliploides do camarão-branco litopenaeus vannamei (decapoda, penaeidae)

without practical results so far. Protocols used in biotechnological cultured aquatic organisms aimed at increasing growth rates and disease resistance, have been studied and perfected. Among the available techniques, the application of chromosomal manipulation, although still nascent, is presented as a tool aimed at mitigating ecological and economical issues in shrimp farming. The polyploidization artificial method already employed in fish and shellfish, has been widely researched for use in farmed shrimp. Some limitations of this method of expansion in shrimp refer to a better knowledge of cytogenetic aspects, the level of sexual dimorphism and performance in growing conditions. To contribute on some of these issues, the present study aimed to characterize cytogenetic species Litopenaeus vannamei (Decapoda) and Artemia franciscana (Anostraca), analyze the effectiveness of methods for detection of ploidy, through the use of flow cytometry in processes of induction polyploidy cold thermal shock at different stages of development of newly fertilized eggs. Additionally, aimed also the qualitative and quantitative comparison of larval development between diploid and polyploid organisms, besides the identification of sexual dimorphism in L. vannamei, through geometric morphometrics. The results provide information relevant to the improvement and widespread use of biotechnological methods applied toward national productivity in shrimp farming

Biologia reprodutiva da |Tainha, Mugil curema valencientes, 1836 (osteichthyes: mugilidade) nas águas costeiras do Rio Grande do Norte

The marine fish white mullet, Mugil curema Valenciennes, 1836 (Osteichthyes: Mugilidae) exhibits a wide geographical distribution, being common in the Brazilian coast and is an important component of the artisanal fisheries. The objective of this study was to investigate the reproductive biology of M. curema in the coastal waters of Rio Grande do Norte. Fish samples were captured on a monthly basis during August, 2008 to July, 2009. The fish specimens were numbered, weighed, measured, dissected and their gonads were removed, weighed, their sex and gonadal development were identified. The length-weight relationship was determined for males and females. The sex ratio, the size at first gonadal maturation and gonadosomatic index (GSI) were calculated and ovarian development was investigated using macroscopic and histological techniques. The fecundity, spawning type and the reproductive period of the species were determined. A total of 366 specimens (186 males and 180 females) were captured. The sex ratio was 1:1 and the females were heavier than males. The estimated values of the angular coefficient for both sexes suggest that the species has isometric growth. The size at which 50% of the population began the process of maturation was 25.9 cm of total length for grouped sex. The macroscopic characteristics of the ovaries showed four stages of development: immature, maturing, mature and spent. However, the microscopic characteristics of the ovaries showed five stages of development: immature, early maturing, late maturing, mature and spent. The development of oocytes indicated five phases: Chromatin-nucleolus (phase I), initial perinucleolar (phase II), final perinuclear (phase II), formation of vitelline vesicle or yolk (phase III), vitellogenic (phase IV) and complete vitellogenesis (phase V). The species has a prolonged spawning period, with two peaks coinciding with the rainy season.

Caracterização funcional de dois cDNAs de cana-de- açúcar : PKCI e SHAGGY

Flowering is controlled by several environmental and endogenous factors, usually associated with a complex network of metabolic mechanisms. The gene characterization in Arabidopsis model has provided much information about the genetic and molecular mechanisms that control flowering process. Some of these genes had been found in rice and maize. However, in sugarcane this processe is not well known. It is known that early flowering may reduce its production up to 60% at northeast conditions. Considering the impact of early flowering in sugarcane production, the aim of this work was to make the gene characterization of two cDNAs previously identified in subtractive cDNA libraries: scPKCI and scSHAGGY. The in silico analysis showed that these two cDNAs presented both their sequence and functional catalytic domains conserved. The results of transgenic plants containing the overexpression of the gene cassette scPKCI in sense orientation showed that this construction had a negative influence on the plant development as it was observed a decrease in plant height and leaf size. For the scPKCI overexpression in antisense orientation it was observed change in the number of branches from T1 transgenic plants, whereas transgenic T2 plants showed slow development during germination and initial stages of development. The other cDNA analyzed had homology to SHAGGY protein. The overexpression construct in sense orientation did not shown any effect on development. The only difference observed it was an increase in stigma structure. These results allowed us to propose a model how these two genes may be interact and affect floweringdevelopment.

Crescimento inicial e morfologia foliar em plantas de Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong. E Erythrina velutina Mart. ex Benth, sob estresse hídrico

The Caatinga is the predominant vegetation type in semi-arid region of Brazil, where many inhabitants depend on hunting and gathering for survival, obtaining resources for: food and feed, folk medicine, timber production, etc. It‟s the dry ecosystem with highest population density in the world. The early stages of development are the most critical during the life cycle of a flowering plant and they‟re primordial to its establishment in environments exposed to water stress. Information about adjustments to the growth of the species, correlated with their studies of distribution in Seridó oriental potiguar, are an important ecological and economic standpoint, because they provide subsidies for the development of cultivation techniques, to programs of sustainable use and recovery of degraded areas. This thesis aimed to study the initial growth and foliar morphology in plants like Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong. (tamboril) and Erythrina velutina Mart. ex Benth (mulungu), species of occurrence in the Caatinga, under water stress. After sowing and emergency, the seedlings were exposed to three water regimes: 450 (control), 225 (moderate stress) and 112.5 (severe stress) mm of water slide for 40 days. Seeding occurred in bags of 5 kg and after the establishment of seedlings thinning was carried out leaving a plantlet per bag. At the beginning the waterings occurred daily with distilled water, passing to be on alternate days after thinning. Twenty and forty days after the thinning seedlings collections were held to be done analysis of growth and biomass partition. When compared to the control group, the treatments with water stress showed reduction in the growth of the aerial part, growth of the greater root, number of leaves and leaflets, dry leaf area and total phytomass in both species, but in general, this effect was most marked for E. velutina. Regarding the partition of biomass, there were few changes throughout the experiment. Morphological changes in the leaves as a function of stress were not significant, however, there was a trend, in both species, to produce narrower leaves, that facilitate heat loss to the environment. It has not been possible to establish a positive relationship between inhibition of growth and distribution of species, whereas E. velutina is a species of most common occurrence in Seridó oriental potiguar. In this way, other aspects should be taken into account when studying the adaptation of species the dry environments, such as salinity, presence of heavy metals, wind speed, etc

Aplicação em pré-colheita, de dessecante em duas cultivares de soja (Glycine max (L.) Merril) II - Efeitos sobre a incidência de fungos nas sementes

Plantas de soja das cultivares Santa Rosa e IAC-2 foram tratadas, em diferentes épocas após o início do florescimento, com o desse cante paraquat na dose de 2 l/ha do produto comercial. Objetivou-se avaliar os possíveis efeitos sobre a infecção de sementes por microorganismos prejudiciais a sua qualidade. As aplicações do produto foram feitas semanalmente a partir dos 72 e 75 dias após o início do fl orescimento, para as cultivares IAC -2 e Santa Rosa. respectivamente (teores de umidade das sementes de 56,8 e 57,5%). Para todas as épocas tratadas, existiam as suas respectivas comparações que não receberam o produto. As testemunhas foram colhidas seguindo-se os critérios usuais dos agricultores que trabalham com soja, aos 100 e 103 dias após o inicio do florescimento, respectivamente para as cultivares IAC-2 e Santa Rosa. A incidência de fungos prejudiciais à qualidade das sementes foi sempre menor para as parcelas que receberam dessecamento e au mentou com o retardamento da colheita, principalmente nas parcelas não tratadas.

Aplicação em pré-colheita, de dessecante em duas cultivares de soja (Glycine max (L.) Merril) I - Efeitos imediatos sobre a germinação e produção de sementes

Plantas de soja das cultivares Santa Rosa e IAC-2 foram tratadas, em diferentes épocas após o início do florescimento, com o desse cante paraquat na dose de 2 l/ha do produto comercial. Objetivou-se avaliar os possíveis efeitos sobre a infecção de sementes por microorganismos prejudiciais a sua qualidade. As aplicações do produto foram feitas semanalmente a partir dos 72 e 75 dias após o início do fl orescimento, para as cultivares IAC -2 e Santa Rosa. respectivamente (teores de umidade das sementes de 56,8 e 57,5%). Para todas as épocas tratadas, existiam as suas respectivas comparações que não receberam o produto. As testemunhas foram colhidas seguindo-se os critérios usuais dos agricultores que trabalham com soja, aos 100 e 103 dias após o inicio do florescimento, respectivamente para as cultivares IAC-2 e Santa Rosa. A incidência de fungos prejudiciais à qualidade das sementes foi sempre menor para as parcelas que receberam dessecamento e aumentou com o retardamento da colheita, principalmente nas parcelas não tratadas.

Florescimento em cana-de-açúcar

O florescimento da cana-de-açúcar é um processo fisiológico complexo formado por vários estádios de desenvolvimento, e cada estádio tem a sua própria necessidade ambiental e fisiológica. Os fatores externos relacionados com o florescimento são: fotoperíodo, temperatura, umidade e radiação solar, além da fertilidade do solo. Por outro lado, os fatores internos envolvem fitocromo, hormônios, florígeno, ácidos nucleicos, dentre outros. A intensidade do processo de florescimento e as consequências na qualidade da cana-de-açúcar variam com a variedade e com o clima. A redução do volume de caldo é o principal fator no qual o florescimento interfere, resultante do aumento do teor de fibras. Como as demais Poaceae, a cana-de-açúcar floresce, frutifica e morre, garantindo a perpetuação da espécie. Dessa forma, o homem procura interferir na natureza tentando evitar o florescimento da cana-de-açúcar, seja por meio de melhoramento genético ou por meio de reguladores vegetais. em áreas comerciais de produção de cana-de-açúcar, onde há condições ideais para o florescimento da cultura, é recomendado o uso de variedade com potencial menos florífero. E, quando não é possível esse manejo varietal, o uso de inibidores do florescimento é a melhor alternativa para evitar mais perdas no conteúdo de sacarose.

Uniformidade de deposição de gotas de pulverização em plantas de amendoim e Brachiaria plantaginea

Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar a uniformidade da deposição de gotas de pulverização em plantas de amendoim e de Brachiaria plantaginea localizadas nas linhas e entrelinhas de semeadura da cultura. O experimento de campo foi realizado com a cultura de amendoim, cultivar IAC Tatu-ST. As pulverizações foram feitas com a cultura nos estádios vegetativo (V1) e reprodutivo (R2). Foi utilizado, como marcador das gotas depositadas, o corante Azul Brilhante (FD&C-1) na concentração de 500 ppm. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por sete pontas de pulverização: XR 110015 VS (150 L ha-1), XR 11002 VS (200 L ha-1), TX-VK 6 (150 L ha-1), TX-VK 8 (200 L ha-1), AI 110015 VS (150 L ha-1), AI11002 VS (200 L ha-1) e TJ60 11002 VS (150 e 200 L ha-1). Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Para as análises qualitativas, os dados obtidos foram ajustados à curva de regressão pelo modelo de Gompertz. As pontas XR 11002 VS (200 L ha-1) e TX-VK 6 (150 L ha-1) proporcionaram as maiores uniformidades de distribuição da pulverização nas plantas de amendoim cultivar IAC Tatu ST nos estádios vegetativo (V1) e reprodutivo (R2), respectivamente. A uniformidade de deposição nas plantas de B. plantaginea teve grande variação nos depósitos unitários sobre as plantas localizadas na linha e entrelinha da cultura. Apenas a ponta XR 11002 VS (200 L ha¹) causa falhas de deposição em ambos os estádios de desenvolvimento da B. plantaginea localizada na linha da cultura. Quanto às plantas localizadas na entrelinha, a maior eficiência das pontas de pulverização ocorre no estádio de 3-5 perfilhos.

Murcha por Ceratocystis em eucalipto: avaliação de resistência e análise epidemiológica

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Estudo de manejo de águas pluviais urbanas na cidade Natal-Rio Grande do Norte

Urban stormwater can be considered as potential water resources as well as problems for the proper functioning of the manifold activities of the city, resulting from inappropriate use and occupation of the soil, usually due to poor planning of the occupation of the development areas, with little care for the environmental aspects of the drainage of surface runoff. As a basic premise, we must seek mechanisms to preserve the natural flow in all stages of development of an urban area, preserving the soil infiltration capacity in the scale of the urban area, comprising the mechanisms of natural drainage, and noting preserving natural areas of dynamic water courses, both in the main channel and in the secondary. They are challenges for a sustainable urban development in a harmonious coexistence of modern developmental, which are consistent with the authoritative economic environmental and social quality. Integrated studies involving the quantity and quality of rainwater are absolutely necessary to achieve understanding and obtaining appropriate technologies, involving both aspects of the drainage problems and aspects of use of water when subjected to an adequate management of surface runoff , for example, the accumulation of these reservoirs in detention with the possibility of use for other purposes. The purpose of this study aims to develop a computer model, adjusted to prevailing conditions of an experimental urban watershed in order to enable the implementation of management practices for water resources, hydrological simulations of quantity and, in a preliminary way, the quality of stormwater that flow to a pond located at the downstream end of the basin. To this end, we used in parallel with the distributed model SWMM data raised the basin with the highest possible resolution to allow the simulation of diffuse loads, heterogeneous characteristics of the basin both in terms of hydrological and hydraulic parameters on the use and occupation soil. The parallel work should improve the degree of understanding of the phenomena simulated in the basin as well as the activity of the calibration models, and this is supported by monitoring data acquired during the duration of the project MAPLU (Urban Stormwater Management) belonging to the network PROSAB (Research Program in Basic Sanitation) in the years 2006 to 2008

Dinâmica reprodutiva e parasitária de quatro espécies de peixes das águas costeiras do Sudoeste do Oceano Atlântico, Brasil

The present study investigated the reproductive dynamics and parasitism of four species of marine fishes: serra Spanish mackerel, Scomberomorus brasiliensis, Atlantic leatherjacks, Oligoplites saurus and O. palometa,, and Atlantic bumper, C. chrysurus, during the period of August, 2005 to July, 2007, in the coastal waters of Southwest Atlantic Ocean, Brazil. The collected fish samples were measured, weighed, dissected, the gonads were weighed and examined to separate the sex. The gonadosomatic index (GSI), fecundity, type of spawning, the breeding season, the macro and microscopic characterization of the gonads were determined. The ectoparasites from the branchial chambers and bucal cavity of the fish were collected, measured, weighed and identified. The sex ratio of the study fish species were approximately 1M:1F, however, there was a predominance of males of O. palometa (3M:2F). The GSI of fishes varied according to their reproductive cycle and the stage of gonadal maturation. The highest values of GSI and the spawning period coincided with the rainy period of the region. The females presented total spawning and the fecundity was positively correlated with the weight of the ovary and the body. Four stages of development of the gonads immature, maturing, mature and spent were identified macroscopically and histological analyses of ovaries revealed the different phases of oocyte development. Three species of isopod parasites were identified in the study fishes: Livoneca redmmanni, Rocinela signata and Cimothoa spinipalpa. The first two species occurred in the branchial cavities of C. chrysurus and S. brasiliensis. The isopod C.spinipalpa (a new species) was registered for the first time in the bucal cavity of O. saurus and O. palometa. The parasitic isopods preferred the branchial chambers and the bucal cavity of the host fishes as these were protected microhabitats. The isopods parasitized the immature, maturing and mature fishes. The prevalence of infection of isopods in the hosts varied from 16 to 21%, though in O. palometa it was 60%. In the rainy period the highest isopod parasitic occurrence was registered, however, this did not prejudice the normal reproductive cycle of the host fish.