A review of drainage and spontaneous rupture in free standing thin films with tangentially immobile interfaces

A review of spontaneous rupture in thin films with tangentially immobile interfaces is presented that emphasizes the theoretical developments of film drainage and corrugation growth through the linearization of lubrication theory in a cylindrical geometry. Spontaneous rupture occurs when corrugations from adjacent interfaces become unstable and grow to a critical thickness. A corrugated interface is composed of a number of waveforms and each waveform becomes unstable at a unique transition thickness. The onset of instability occurs at the maximum transition thickness, and it is shown that only upper and lower bounds of this thickness can be predicted from linear stability analysis. The upper bound is equivalent to the Freakel criterion and is obtained from the zeroth order approximation of the H-3 term in the evolution equation. This criterion is determined solely by the film radius, interfacial tension and Hamaker constant. The lower bound is obtained from the first order approximation of the H-3 term in the evolution equation and is dependent on the film thinning velocity A semi-empirical equation, referred to as the MTR equation, is obtained by combining the drainage theory of Manev et al. [J. Dispersion Sci. Technol., 18 (1997) 769] and the experimental measurements of Radoev et al. [J. Colloid Interface Sci. 95 (1983) 254] and is shown to provide accurate predictions of film thinning velocity near the critical thickness of rupture. The MTR equation permits the prediction of the lower bound of the maximum transition thickness based entirely on film radius, Plateau border radius, interfacial tension, temperature and Hamaker constant. The MTR equation extrapolates to Reynolds equation under conditions when the Plateau border pressure is small, which provides a lower bound for the maximum transition thickness that is equivalent to the criterion of Gumerman and Homsy [Chem. Eng. Commun. 2 (1975) 27]. The relative accuracy of either bound is thought to be dependent on the amplitude of the hydrodynamic corrugations, and a semiempirical correlation is also obtained that permits the amplitude to be calculated as a function of the upper and lower bound of the maximum transition thickness. The relationship between the evolving theoretical developments is demonstrated by three film thickness master curves, which reduce to simple analytical expressions under limiting conditions when the drainage pressure drop is controlled by either the Plateau border capillary pressure or the van der Waals disjoining pressure. The master curves simplify solution of the various theoretical predictions enormously over the entire range of the linear approximation. Finally, it is shown that when the Frenkel criterion is used to assess film stability, recent studies reach conclusions that are contrary to the relevance of spontaneous rupture as a cell-opening mechanism in foams. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Reactivity of the isolated perfused rat tail vascular bed

Isolated segments of the perfused rat tail artery display a high basal tone when compared to other isolated arteries such as the mesenteric and are suitable for the assay of vasopressor agents. However, the perfusion of this artery in the entire tail has not yet been used for functional studies. The main purpose of the present study was to identify some aspects of the vascular reactivity of the rat tail vascular bed and validate this method to measure vascular reactivity. The tail severed from the body was perfused with Krebs solution containing different Ca2+ concentrations at different flow rates. Rats were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (65 mg/kg) and heparinized (500 U). The tail artery was dissected near the tail insertion, cannulated and perfused with Krebs solution plus 30 µM EDTA at 36oC and 2.5 ml/min and the procedures were started after equilibration of the perfusion pressure. In the first group a dose-response curve to phenylephrine (PE) (0.5, 1, 2 and 5 µg, bolus injection) was obtained at different flow rates (1.5, 2.5 and 3.5 ml/min). The mean perfusion pressure increased with flow as well as PE vasopressor responses. In a second group the flow was changed (1.5, 2, 2.5, 3 and 3.5 ml/min) at different Ca2+ concentrations (0.62, 1.25, 2.5 and 3.75 mM) in the Krebs solution. Increasing Ca2+ concentrations did not alter the flow-pressure relationship. In the third group a similar protocol was performed but the rat tail vascular bed was perfused with Krebs solution containing PE (0.1 µg/ml). There was an enhancement of the effect of PE with increasing external Ca2+ and flow. PE vasopressor responses increased after endothelial damage with air and CHAPS, suggesting an endothelial modulation of the tone of the rat tail vascular bed. These experiments validate the perfusion of the rat tail vascular bed as a method to investigate vascular reactivity.

Estudo da corrosão e inibição dos aços carbono AISI 1010, inoxidável AISI 316 e duplex UNS S31803 em meio de solução de íons cloreto

O comportamento da corrosão e inibição à corrosão dos aços carbono AISI 1010, inox AISI 316 e duplex UNS S31803 foi estudado em meio de solução de íons cloreto à 3,0% (m/v), na ausência e presença do benzimidazol e imidazol como inibidores. A caracterização química e morfológica dos aços foi realizada por meio das técnicas de espectrometria de emissão ótica, difração de raios X (DRX), microscopia ótica, microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e energia dispersiva de raios X (EDX). As análises eletroquímicas foram realizadas através das técnicas de polarização potenciodinâmica e espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica. As análises de DRX e de metalografia mostraram as fases presentes em cada aço, sendo o aço AISI 1010 composto pela fase ferrita, o aço AISI 316 pelas fases de FeNi e Cr e o aço UNS S31803 pelas fases austenita e ferrita. Além disso, a metalografia e as análises de MEV e EDX permitiram identificar regiões e certos elementos presentes nos aços que propiciam à ocorrência da corrosão, tais como inclusões. Os inibidores foram testados em diferentes concentrações (25 ppm, 50 ppm, 100 ppm, 500 ppm e 1000 ppm) para os três aços, através das curvas de polarização e impedância eletroquímica, e verificou-se que para todas as concentrações houve aumento da resistência à corrosão dos aços. Pelas curvas de polarização verificou-se que o benzimidazol proporcionou aos aços AISI 1010, AISI 316 e UNS S31803, eficiências de inibição de cerca de 51%, 71% e 75%, respectivamente. Enquanto que o imidazol apresentou eficiência de cerca de 73%, 95% e 86%, respectivamente. Os resultados de impedância eletroquímica mostraram que as eficiências de inibição do benzimidazol foram de aproximadamente 52%, 73% e 71%, respectivamente, para os aços AISI 1010, AISI 316 e UNS S31803. E por sua vez, o imidazol apresentou eficiências de aproximadamente 96% para os aços AISI 1010 e AISI 316 e 85% para o aço UNS S31803. O teste de perda de massa mostrou que para o aço AISI 1010 tanto o benzimidazol quanto e o imidazol inibiram a corrosão, sendo que reduziram a corrosão em cerca de 17% e 24%, respectivamente. Nas análises das curvas de polarização em estudos com a água do mar observou-se que os inibidores foram menos eficientes do que em meio de solução de cloreto. O benzimidazol obteve eficiências de cerca de 14%, 50% e 33%, respectivamente, para os aços AISI 1010, AISI 316 e UNS S31803. Enquanto que o imidazol apresentou eficiências de aproximadamente 21%, 59% e 34%, respectivamente. Em todas as análises eletroquímicas e análise de perda de massa, o imidazol se mostrou o melhor inibidor para os aços estudados.

Qualidade da água da lagoa Juara (Serra/ES) : avaliações físicas, químicas e respostas fisiológicas e citogenéticas em plantas

A gestão dos recursos hídricos necessita da integração entre os critérios físicos e químicos, e os aspectos bióticos, os quais possibilitam identificar os efeitos combinados de substâncias e avaliar suas influências. Os sistemas testes Allium cepa e Tradescantia pallida, são utilizados para o estudo da poluição aquática a partir de aspectos citogenéticos. Além destes biomarcadores, os teores de clorofila também são utilizados em estudos de estresse devido ao reflexo a múltiplos fatores. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade da água da lagoa Juara (Município de Serra/ES) pela análise integrada de aspectos físicos, químicos e ecotoxicológicos a partir de estudos citogenéticos em A. cepa e T. pallida, e fotossintéticos nesta última espécie. Foram definidas três estações amostrais ao longo da lagoa e a partir de amostras de água foram analisados parâmetros tais como condutividade, oxigênio dissolvido, concentração de nutrientes e metais. A determinação dos metais ocorreu por análises de espectrometria de massa. O teste do A. cepa foi realizado a partir sementes germinadas em amostras de água da lagoa. Com plantas de T. pallida, foi realizado o ensaio da mitose em ponta de raiz de T. pallida e dosado os teores de pigmentos cloroplastídicos em folhas totalmente expandidas. Para tanto, foi realizado ensaio utilizando-se a água da lagoa como solvente para solução de Hoagland onde estacas previamente enraizadas de T. pallida foram expostas durante 24 horas e 40 dias para as avaliações citogenéticas e fotossintéticas, respectivamente. Foi realizado novo teste do A. cepa nas águas da lagoa após os 40 dias de ensaio para aferir a manutenção das propriedades químicas das amostras. A avaliação citogenética nas duas espécies envolveu a análise dos índice mitótico (IM), índice de aberrações cromossômicas (AC) e frequência de micronúcleos (MN). Para a análise estatística foi utilizada a análise de variância seguida pelo teste de Tukey (p < 0.05) para a comparação dos tratamentos durante a mesma campanha, e teste de Bonferroni (p < 0,05) para a comparação entre as campanhas. Os resultados físicos e químicos mensurados demonstram que a lagoa Juara apresenta indícios de eutroficação artificial. Duas estações amostrais, em pelo menos uma campanha amostral, apresentaram potenciais citotóxico, genotóxico e mutagênico. Todavia, esses potenciais não demonstram relação com os teores de Fe e Mn quantificados, levando a crer que tais pontos apresentam outros potenciais poluentes. Os danos citogenéticos observados apresentaram efeitos maximizados durante a segunda campanha, demostrando o efeito do período de chuva na intensificação da poluição nesse ambiente. O estudo do metabolismo fotossintético em T. pallida, demonstrou os teores de pigmentos cloroplastídicos relacionados ao elevado aporte de nutrientes presentes nas estações J2 e J3. Sendo o excesso destes, o provável responsável pelo teor inferior de pigmentos em J3. Observa-se que os ensaios com A. cepa e T. pallida responderam de maneira fidedigna ao risco potencial do ambiente, complementando as análises físicas e químicas usualmente utilizadas na avaliação da qualidade da água de ambientes lacustres.

A mobile health care rule-based system

The relation between patient and physician in most modern Health Care Sys- tems is sparse, limited in time and very in exible. On the other hand, and in contradiction with several recent studies, most physicians do not rely their patient diagnostics evaluations on intertwined psychological and social nature factors. Facing these problems and trying to improve the patient/physician relation we present a mobile health care solution to im- prove the interaction between the physician and his patients. The solution serves not only as a privileged mean of communication between physicians and patients but also as an evolutionary intelligent platform delivering a mobile rule based system.

A creative solution for rapid and inexpensive model-making in product design processes

Innovative Developments in Virtual and Physical Prototyping

Growth and nutrient uptake of coffee seedlings cultivated in nutrient solution with and without silicon addition

In recent years, the application of silicon (Si) in crops, including coffee, has become a common practice. The objective of this study was to assess the silicon uptake by coffee seedlings and its effects on plant growth, water and macro and micronutrient uptake. The research was conducted using nutrient solution in a greenhouse at the Departamento de Fitotecnia da Universidade Federal de Viçosa, in a completely randomized design with two treatments (with and without silicon) and three replications. Each plot consisted of three plants grown in a 800 mL vessel containing the treatment solutions. At every three days, water consumption, the concentration of OH - and the depletion of Si and K were assessed in the nutrient solutions. After 33 days, the plants were assessed with regard to their fresh and dry weight of leaves, roots and stem, shoot height and total length of the plant (shoot and root). Number of leaves and internodes, and the content and accumulation of silicon, macro, and micronutrients were also determined. The consumption of water, the amount of potassium uptake and, biomass accumulation were greater in plants grown in solution without silicon addition. However, the concentration of OH- in the solution and the amount of silicon uptake were greater in plants grown in solution with added silicon. Silicon accumulation was greater in leaves than in stem and roots. Silicon decreased coffee plant accumulation of phosphorus, potassium, calcium, zinc, copper and iron.

Kidney targeting and puncturing during percutaneous nephrolithotomy: recent advances and future perspectives

Background and Purpose: Precise needle puncture of the kidney is a challenging and essential step for successful percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). Many devices and surgical techniques have been developed to easily achieve suitable renal access. This article presents a critical review to address the methodologies and techniques for conducting kidney targeting and the puncture step during PCNL. Based on this study, research paths are also provided for PCNL procedure improvement. Methods: Most relevant works concerning PCNL puncture were identified by a search of Medline/PubMed, ISI Web of Science, and Scopus databases from 2007 to December 2012. Two authors independently reviewed the studies. Results: A total of 911 abstracts and 346 full-text articles were assessed and discussed; 52 were included in this review as a summary of the main contributions to kidney targeting and puncturing. Conclusions: Multiple paths and technologic advances have been proposed in the field of urology and minimally invasive surgery to improve PCNL puncture. The most relevant contributions, however, have been provided by the applicationofmedical imaging guidance, newsurgical tools,motion tracking systems, robotics, andimage processing and computer graphics. Despite the multiple research paths for PCNL puncture guidance, no widely acceptable solution has yet been reached, and it remains an active and challenging research field. Future developments should focus on real-time methods, robust and accurate algorithms, and radiation free imaging techniques

Medicis: a personal health care assistant

The relation between patient and physician in most modern Health Care Systems is sparse, limited in time and very inflexible. On the other hand, and in contradiction with several recent studies, most physicians do not rely their patient diagnostics evaluations on intertwined psychological and social nature factors. Facing these problems and trying to improve the patient/physician relation we present a mobile health care solution to improve the interaction between the physician and his patients. The solution serves not only as a privileged mean of communication between physicians and patients but also as an evolutionary intelligent platform delivering a mobile rule based system.

«Corruption» and social and economic criminal law: criminology, criminal policy, political science and law&economics - a new idea about criminal liability of legal entities

Abstract: If we think there is a significant number of legal offshore in the globalized world, then there is not even a global consensus about what «corruption» is. The «illegal corruption» in a country may be legal in another. Moreover, the great global corruption is above the law or above democratic States. And not all democratic States are «Rule of Law». Therefore, the solution is global earlier in time and space law, democratic, free and true law. While the human being does not reach a consensus of what «corruption» really is, the discussion will not go further than a caricature. One of the other problems about «corruption» is that it is very difficult to establish the imputation of crimes, including «corruption» (v.g. Portugal) on some «companies», corporations. We have a juridical problem in the composition of the art. 11. of the Portuguese Penal Code.

Effect of N and K doses in nutritive solution on growth, production and coffee bean size

An adequate supply of nutrients is essential for obtaining high yields of coffee. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of N, K and the N:K ratio on vegetative and reproductive growth of coffee. For this purpose, coffee plants were grown in nutrient solution containing K in the concentrations of 1.08; 2.15; 3.23 and 5.38 mmol L-1 combined with a dose of 6 mmol L-1 N, resulting in the N:K ratios (w/w): 1:0.5; 1:1; 1:1.5 and 1:2.5. The control treatment consisted of the doses 3 and 1.61 mmol L-1 of N and K respectively, resulting in the N:K ratio (w/w) 1.0:1.5. The following variables were evaluated: height, stem diameter, number of nodes of the eighth plagiotrofic branch (index branch), pairs of plagiotrofic branches and number of nodes in the orthotropic branch every three weeks from the beginning of the experiment. Additionally, it was evaluated the chemical composition of processed beans and leaves between the flowering and the rapid expansion stage of the cherry beans, production of cherry beans per plant and classification of beans according to the size. N influenced mainly the characteristics of vegetative growth and K influenced mainly the reproductive growth evaluated by the production. The lowest production resulted in the highest percentages of beans retained on sieves with holes larger than 16/64", while the highest production promoted an increase in the percentage of beans retained on sieves with holes smaller than 16/64".

A creative solution for rapid and inexpensive model-making in product design processes

Rapid prototyping (RP) is an approach for automatically building a physical object through solid freeform fabrication. Nowadays, RP has become a vital aspect of most product development processes, due to the significant competitive advantages it offers compared to traditional manual model making. Even in academic environments, it is important to be able to quickly create accurate physical representations of concept solutions. Some of these can be used for simple visual validation, while others can be employed for ergonomic assessment by potential users or even for physical testing. However, the cost of traditional RP methods prevents their use in most academic environments on a regular basis, and even for very preliminary prototypes in many small companies. That results in delaying the first physical prototypes to later stages, or creating very rough mock-ups which are not as useful as they could be. In this paper we propose an approach for rapid and inexpensive model-making, which was developed in an academic context, and which can be employed for a variety of objects.

Hydraulic conductivity in response to exchangeable sodium percentage and solution salt concentration

Hydraulic conductivity is determined in laboratory assays to estimate the flow of water in saturated soils. However, the results of this analysis, when using distilled or deionized water, may not correspond to field conditions in soils with high concentrations of soluble salts. This study therefore set out to determine the hydraulic conductivity in laboratory conditions using solutions of different electrical conductivities in six soils representative of the State of Pernambuco, with the exchangeable sodium percentage adjusted in the range of 5-30%. The results showed an increase in hydraulic conductivity with both decreasing exchangeable sodium percentage and increasing electrical conductivity in the solution. The response to the treatments was more pronounced in soils with higher proportion of more active clays. Determination of hydraulic conductivity in laboratory is routinely performed with deionized or distilled water. However, in salt affected soils, these determinations should be carried out using solutions of electrical conductivity different from 0 dS m-1, with values close to those determined in the saturation extracts.

The use of quantitative performance information by local elected politicians in top managers’ performance evaluation: case studies

This paper studies the use of results oriented performance information (outputs and outcomes) by local elected politicians (aldermen) in top managers’ performance evaluation. The main goal is to understand the top managers’ performance evaluation process conducted by Portuguese aldermen and to identify the dominant evaluation style. In line with Bogt (2001), an exploratory field research was developed in three large municipalities: Porto, Braga and Matosinhos. We intend to answer the following research questions: to what extent are local politicians (aldermen) 1 using results information (about outputs and outcomes) to evaluate top managers’ performance? Do aldermen give any importance to quantitative output information and report them on current planning and control documents? Will the output performance information be used on performance evaluation in a different way concerning policy field (task orientation)? Based on the Hopwood evaluation styles (adapted from the private to the public sector by Bogt, 2001), we have found that the performance evaluation process of top managers is more featured by the ‘operations-conscious styles’ (or ‘implicit style’). Portuguese aldermen recognize the importance to quantify outputs and outcomes, but these days they focus on the information about activities and the realized operations when they evaluate performance. We haven´t found significant differences between different tasks (some exceptions for culture and environment areas). However, the municipality of Matosinhos paid more attention on quantitative performance information. This finding is reinforced by the quality of quantitative data on outputs reported on its management report. Generally speaking, aldermen are aware that more attention should be paid to quantitative information about results and performance, taking into account recent reforms introduced in Portuguese municipalities (PLG) on this field, but the ‘implicit’ style is dominant.

Surface plasmon resonance as a tool in the functional analisys of an immunodominant site in foot-and-mouth disease virus

A fast and direct surface plasmon resonance (SPR) method for the kinetic analysis of the interactions between peptide antigens and immobilised monoclonal antibodies (mAb) has been established. Protocols have been developed to overcome the problems posed by the small size of the analytes (< 1600 Da). The interactions were well described by a simple 1:1 bimolecular interaction and the rate constants were self-consistent and reproducible. The key features for the accuracy of the kinetic constants measured were high buffer flow rates, medium antibody surface densities and high peptide concentrations. The method was applied to an extensive analysis of over 40 peptide analogues towards two distinct anti-FMDV antibodies, providing data in total agreement with previous competition ELISA experiments. Eleven linear 15-residue synthetic peptides, reproducing all possible combinations of the four replacements found in foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) field isolate C-S30, were evaluated. The direct kinetic SPR analysis of the interactions between these peptides and three anti-site A mAbs suggested additivity in all combinations of the four relevant mutations, which was confirmed by parallel ELISA analysis. The four-point mutant peptide (A15S30) reproducing site A from the C-S30 strain was the least antigenic of the set, in disagreement with previously reported studies with the virus isolate. Increasing peptide size from 15 to 21 residues did not significantly improve antigenicity. Overnight incubation of A15S30 with mAb 4C4 in solution showed a marked increase in peptide antigenicity not observed for other peptide analogues, suggesting that conformational rearrangement could lead to a stable peptide-antibody complex. In fact, peptide cyclization clearly improved antigenicity, confirming an antigenic reversion in a multiply substituted peptide. Solution NMR studies of both linear and cyclic versions of the antigenic loop of FMDV C-S30 showed that structural features previously correlated with antigenicity were more pronounced in the cyclic peptide. Twenty-six synthetic peptides, corresponding to all possible combinations of five single-point antigenicity-enhancing replacements in the GH loop of FMDV C-S8c1, were also studied. SPR kinetic screening of these peptides was not possible due to problems mainly related to the high mAb affinities displayed by these synthetic antigens. Solution affinity SPR analysis was employed and affinities displayed were generally comparable to or even higher than those corresponding to the C-S8c1 reference peptide A15. The NMR characterisation of one of these multiple mutants in solution showed that it had a conformational behaviour quite similar to that of the native sequence A15 and the X-ray diffraction crystallographic analysis of the peptide ? mAb 4C4 complex showed paratope ? epitope interactions identical to all FMDV peptide ? mAb complexes studied so far. Key residues for these interactions are those directly involved in epitope ? paratope contacts (141Arg, 143Asp, 146His) as well as residues able to stabilise a particular peptide global folding. A quasi-cyclic conformation is held up by a hydrophobic cavity defined by residues 138, 144 and 147 and by other key intrapeptide hydrogen bonds, delineating an open turn at positions 141, 142 and 143 (corresponding to the Arg-Gly-Asp motif).