Hardwoods Nutrient/Disease Interactions

Interactions of nutrients and disease expression in hardwood plantations.

ACIAR Reduce pest disease related yield decrease in sweet potato Papua New Guinea

Develops and extends DEEDI and partner technologies, improves yields and quality by removing virus diseases and some pests. Objectives: 1.Develop and test sweet potato pest and disease control strategies 2.Increase dissemination and adoption of pathogen tested and Integrated Pest Management strategy for pest and disease control.

DAQ339A Pest and disease identification and management in herbs

The major objective is to produce an educational tool for growers and research/extension personnel to allow accurate identification of a range of pests and diseases encountered in herbs. To a lessor extent develop both a mechanism to manage beneficial insects in field crops pre-harvest and to identify some common seed borne diseases in herbs.

Estimation and partitioning of polygenic variation captured by common SNPs for Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis and endometriosis

Common diseases such as endometriosis (ED), Alzheimer's disease (AD) and multiple sclerosis (MS) account for a significant proportion of the health care burden in many countries. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) for these diseases have identified a number of individual genetic variants contributing to the risk of those diseases. However, the effect size for most variants is small and collectively the known variants explain only a small proportion of the estimated heritability. We used a linear mixed model to fit all single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) simultaneously, and estimated genetic variances on the liability scale using SNPs from GWASs in unrelated individuals for these three diseases. For each of the three diseases, case and control samples were not all genotyped in the same laboratory. We demonstrate that a careful analysis can obtain robust estimates, but also that insufficient quality control (QC) of SNPs can lead to spurious results and that too stringent QC is likely to remove real genetic signals. Our estimates show that common SNPs on commercially available genotyping chips capture significant variation contributing to liability for all three diseases. The estimated proportion of total variation tagged by all SNPs was 0.26 (SE 0.04) for ED, 0.24 (SE 0.03) for AD and 0.30 (SE 0.03) for MS. Further, we partitioned the genetic variance explained into five categories by a minor allele frequency (MAF), by chromosomes and gene annotation. We provide strong evidence that a substantial proportion of variation in liability is explained by common SNPs, and thereby give insights into the genetic architecture of the diseases.

Identification of seven loci affecting mean telomere length and their association with disease

Interindividual variation in mean leukocyte telomere length (LTL) is associated with cancer and several age-associated diseases. We report here a genome-wide meta-analysis of 37,684 individuals with replication of selected variants in an additional 10,739 individuals. We identified seven loci, including five new loci, associated with mean LTL (P < 5 x 10(-8)). Five of the loci contain candidate genes (TERC, TERT, NAF1, OBFC1 and RTEL1) that are known to be involved in telomere biology. Lead SNPs at two loci (TERC and TERT) associate with several cancers and other diseases, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Moreover, a genetic risk score analysis combining lead variants at all 7 loci in 22,233 coronary artery disease cases and 64,762 controls showed an association of the alleles associated with shorter LTL with increased risk of coronary artery disease (21% (95% confidence interval, 5-35%) per standard deviation in LTL, P = 0.014). Our findings support a causal role of telomere-length variation in some age-related diseases.

Dyslipidaemia, glucose intolerance and cardiovascular disease mortality and morbidity in Europeans and Asians

Dyslipidaemia, a major risk factor of cardiovascular disease (CVD), is prevalent not only in diabetic patients but also in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or impaired fasting glucose (IFG). The aims of this study were: 1) to investigate lipid levels in relation to glucose in European (Study I) and Asian (Study II) populations without a prior history of diabetes; 2) to study the ethnic difference in lipid profiles controlling for glucose levels (Study III); 3) to estimate the relative risk for cardiovascular mortality (Study IV) and morbidity (Study V) associated with dyslipidaemia in individuals with different glucose tolerance status. Data of 15 European cohorts with 19 476 subjects (I and III) and 13 Asian cohorts with 19 763 individuals (II and III) from 21 countries aged 25-89 years, without a prior history of diabetes at enrollment, representing Asian Indian, Chinese, European, Japanese and Mauritian Indian, were compared. The lipid-CVD relationship was studied in 14 European cohorts of 17 763 men and women which provided with follow-up data on vital status, with 871 CVD deaths occurred during the average 10-year follow-up (IV). The impact of dyslipidaemia on incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) in persons with different glucose categories (V) was further evaluated in 6 European studies, with 9087 individuals free of CHD at baseline and 457 developed CHD during follow-up. Z-scores of each lipid component were used in the data analysis (I, II, IV and V) to reduce the differences in methodology between studies. Analyses of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity were performed using Cox proportional hazards regression analysis adjusting for potential confounding factors. Within each glucose category, fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels were correlated with increasing levels of triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), TC to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) ratio and non-HDL cholesterol (non-HDL-C) (p<0.05 in most of the ethnic groups) and inversely associated with HDL-C (p<0.05 in some, but not all, of the populations). The association of lipids with 2-h plasma glucose (2hPG) followed a similar pattern as that for the FPG, except the stronger association of HDL-C with 2hPG. Compared with Central & Northern (C & N) Europeans, multivariable adjusted odd ratios (95% CIs) for having low HDL-C were 4.74 (4.19-5.37), 5.05 (3.88-6.56), 3.07 (2.15-4.40) and 2.37 (1.67-3.35) in Asian Indian men but 0.12 (0.09-0.16), 0.07 (0.04-0.13), 0.11 (0.07-0.20) and 0.16 (0.08-0.32) in Chinese men who had normoglycaemia, prediabetes, undiagnosed and diagnosed diabetes, respectively. Similar results were obtained for women. The prevalence of low HDL-C remained higher in Asian Indians than in others even in individuals with LDL-C < 3 mmol/l. Dyslipidaemia was associated with increased CVD mortality or CHD incidence in individuals with isolated fasting hyperglycaemia or IFG, but not in those with isolated post-load hyperglycaemia or IGT. In conclusion, hyperglycaemia is associated with adverse lipid profiles in Europeans and Asians without a prior history of diabetes. There are distinct patterns of lipid profiles associated with ethnicity regardless of the glucose levels, suggesting that ethnic-specific strategies and guidelines on risk assessment and prevention of CVD are required. Dyslipidaemia predicts CVD in either diabetic or non-diabetic individuals defined based on the fasting glucose criteria, but not on the 2-hour criteria. The findings may imply considering different management strategies in people with fasting or post-load hyperglycaemia.

Using genomic data to make indirect (and unauthorized) estimates of disease risk

The number of genetic factors associated with common human traits and disease is increasing rapidly, and the general public is utilizing affordable, direct-to-consumer genetic tests. The results of these tests are often in the public domain. A combination of factors has increased the potential for the indirect estimation of an individual's risk for a particular trait. Here we explain the basic principals underlying risk estimation which allowed us to test the ability to make an indirect risk estimation from genetic data by imputing Dr. James Watson's redacted apolipoprotein E gene (APOE) information. The principles underlying risk prediction from genetic data have been well known and applied for many decades, however, the recent increase in genomic knowledge, and advances in mathematical and statistical techniques and computational power, make it relatively easy to make an accurate but indirect estimation of risk. There is a current hazard for indirect risk estimation that is relevant not only to the subject but also to individuals related to the subject; this risk will likely increase as more detailed genomic data and better computational tools become available.

Loci affecting gamma-glutamyl transferase in adults and adolescents show age x SNP interaction and cardiometabolic disease associations

Serum gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) activity is a marker of liver disease which is also prospectively associated with the risk of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and cancers. We have discovered novel loci affecting GGT in a genome-wide association study (rs1497406 in an intergenic region of chromosome 1, P = 3.9 x 10(-8); rs944002 in C14orf73 on chromosome 14, P = 4.7 x 10(-13); rs340005 in RORA on chromosome 15, P = 2.4 x 10(-8)), and a highly significant heterogeneity between adult and adolescent results at the GGT1 locus on chromosome 22 (maximum P(HET) = 5.6 x 10(-12) at rs6519520). Pathway analysis of significant and suggestive single-nucleotide polymorphism associations showed significant overlap between genes affecting GGT and those affecting common metabolic and inflammatory diseases, and identified the hepatic nuclear factor (HNF) family as controllers of a network of genes affecting GGT. Our results reinforce the disease associations of GGT and demonstrate that control by the GGT1 locus varies with age.

Mast cells and endothelial erosion: Implications for human atherothrombotic disease

More than 40% of all deaths in Finland are caused by atherosclerosis. The complications of atherosclerosis are due to either detachment of the luminal endothelium (erosion) or rupture of the fibrous cap of an atherosclerotic plaque (rupture). As a result, a thrombus is formed at the site of the intimal lesion. Indeed, erosions cause roughly 40% of sudden atherothrombotic deaths and 25% of all atherothrombotic deaths. Erosions are overrepresented in young subjects, diabetics, smokers and women. This dissertation focuses on endothelial erosion. Endothelial erosions were studied in the context of arterial grafting and vascular inflammation. Special attention was given to the role of intimal mast cells and the methodological viewpoints of reliable identification of endothelial erosions. Mast cells are inflammatory cells mostly known for their ability to cause allergic symptoms. In addition to occurring in skin and mucosal surfaces, mast cells are abundant in arterial intima and adventitia. In this study, mast cells were found to associate with endothelial erosions in non-lesional and atherosclerotic human coronary arteries. Thus, mast cells may participate in atherogenesis at the initial phases of the disease process already. We also showed that the mast cell proteases tryptase, chymase, and cathepsin G are all capable of cleaving molecules essential for endothelial cell-to-cell and cell-to-extracellular matrix interactions, such as VE-cadherin and fibronectin. Symptom-causing carotid plaques were found to contain more inflammatory cells, especially mast cells, than non-symptom-causing plaques. Furthermore, the atherogenic serum lipid profile and the degree of carotid stenosis turned out to correlate with the density of carotid plaque mast cells. Apoptotic and proliferating cells were more abundant in non-symptom causing plaques (active renewal of endothelial cells), but erosions were larger in symptom-causing plaques (capacity of endothelial regeneration exceeded). The process of identifying endothelial erosions with immunostainings has been ambiguous, since both endothelial cells and platelets express largely the same antigens. This may have caused inaccurate interpretations of the presence of endothelial erosion. In the last substudy of this thesis we developed a double immunostaining method for simultaneous identification of endothelial cells and platelets. This method enables more reliable identification of endothelial erosions.

Integrated viral disease management in vegetable crops

Integrated viral disease management in vegetable crops.

ACIAR Scoping Study on disease and agronomic issues - Vanuatu

ACIAR Scoping Study on disease and agronomic issues - Vanuatu.

Shift in disease burden from communicable to non-communicable diseases: Aiming to achieve Universal Health Coverage in Nepal

A major barrier to accessing healthcare services is spending, and the extended time that non-communicable diseases require treatment for means that many people around the world do not have proper access to care. Saval Khanal from Sankalpa Foundation, Nepal, Lennert Veerman and Samantha Hollingworth from the University of Queensland and Lisa Nissen from Queensland University of Technology lay out the results of their study and establish a method to forecast medicine use in Nepal.

Stroke and coronary heart disease in relation to hyperglycemia gender and age

This study was carried out to compare the fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and 2-h plasma glucose (2-h PG) criteria for diabetes with regard to their relation to stroke mortality and the incidence of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. In addition, the age-and gender difference in the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke and their relation with known cardiovascular disease risk factors and diabetes mellitus was examined. The study was a sub-data analysis of the Diabetes Epidemiology: Collaborative analysis Of Diagnostic criteria in Europe (DECODE) study including 25 181 individuals, 11 844 (47%) men and 13 345 (53%) women aged 25 to 90 years, from 14 European cohorts. In individuals without a history of diabetes elevated 2-h post-challenge glucose was a better predictor of stroke mortality than elevated fasting glucose in men, whereas the latter was better than the former in women. Elevated FPG and 2-h PG levels were associated with an increased risk of ischemic stroke incidence. 2-h PG contributed to the risk more strongly than FPG. No relationship between hyperglycemia and the risk of hemorrhagic stroke was found. The risk of CHD and ischemic stroke incidence increased with age in both genders, but was higher in all age groups in men than in women. The gender difference was, however, more marked for CHD than for ischemic stroke. Age, smoking and diabetes contributed to the development of both CHD and ischemic stroke. Elevated cholesterol levels predicted CHD only, whereas elevated blood pressure was a risk predictor for the incidence of ischemic stroke. The CHD and ischemic stroke risk was higher in men than in women with and without diabetes, however, the gender difference diminished for CHD but enlarged for ischemic stroke in diabetic individuals. The known risk factors including diabetes contributed differently to the risk of CHD and ischemic stroke in women and in men. Hyperglycemia defined by FPG or 2-h PG increases the risk of ischemic stroke in individuals without diabetes. FPG better predicts stroke mortality in women and 2-h PG in men. The risk of acute CHD and ischemic stroke is higher in men than in women in all ages, but such gender difference is more marked for CHD than for ischemic stroke. CHD risk is higher in men than in women, but the difference is reduced in diabetic population. Diabetes, however, increases stroke risk more in men than in women in all ages.