FORJA revisitada : La Fuerza Orientadora Radical de la Joven Argentina y su programa político e intelectual (1935-1945)

El presente artículo se propone como objetivo analizar el derrotero seguido por FORJA desde su formación en 1935 hasta su autodisolución, decidida diez años más tarde. El trabajo presenta, en primer lugar, una breve reconstrucción de los orígenes de la agrupación. Avanza, en segundo término, en un análisis de las reformulaciones que FORJA introdujo en la identidad radical, prestando particular atención al modo en que los forjistas reinterpretaron el legado yrigoyenista. Expone luego los elementos centrales del programa forjista, examinando tanto las ideas esbozadas en dicho programa como las prácticas de difusión y propaganda de las que la agrupación se valió para divulgar su prédica; analiza, asimismo, el modo en que FORJA arraigó en distintos puntos del territorio nacional. Finalmente, el trabajo hace referencia a la compleja relación que la agrupación mantuvo con el peronismo en la coyuntura crítica en que éste hizo su aparición en el escenario político argentino

El gobierno de Bernardo de Irigoyen, las disidencias de la Unión Cívica Radical y el triunfo de los Partidos Unidos en la Provincia de Buenos Aires

Fil: Barba, Fernando Enrique. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina.

Spatial compartmentalization of free radical formation and mitochondrial heterogeneity in bivalve gills revealed by live-imaging techniques, supplementary material

Live-imaging techniques (LIT) utilize target-specific fluorescent dyes to visualize biochemical processes using confocal and multiphoton scanning microscopy, which are increasingly employed as non-invasive approach to physiological in-vivo and ex-vivo studies. Here we report application of LIT to bivalve gills for ex-vivo analysis of gill physiology and mapping of reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS) species formation in the living tissue. Our results indicate that H2O2, HOO. and ONOO- radicals (assessed through C-H2DFFDA staining) are mainly formed within the blood sinus of the filaments and are likely to be produced by hemocytes as defense against invading pathogens. The oxidative damage in these areas is controlled by enhanced CAT (catalase) activities recorded within the filaments. The outermost areas of the ciliated epithelial cells composing the filaments, concentrated the highest mitochondrial densities (MTK Deep Red 633 staining) and the most acidic pH values (as observed with ageladine-a). These mitochondria have low (depolarized) membrane potentials (D psi m) (JC-1 staining), suggesting that the high amounts of ATP required for ciliary beating may be in part produced by non-mitochondrial mechanisms, such as the enzymatic activity of an ATP-regenerating kinase. Nitric oxide (NO, DAF-2DA staining) produced in the region of the peripheral mitochondria may have an effect on mitochondrial electron transport and possibly cause the low membrane potential. High DAF-2DA staining was moreover observed in the muscle cells composing the wall of the blood vessels where NO may be involved in regulating blood vessel diameter. On the ventral bend of the gills, subepithelial mucus glands (SMG) contain large mucous vacuoles showing higher fluorescence intensities for O2.- (DHE staining) than the rest of the tissue. Given the antimicrobial properties of superoxide, release of O2.- into the mucus may help to avoid the development of microbial biofilms on the gill surface. However, cells of the ventral bends are paying a price for this antimicrobial protection, since they show significantly higher oxidative damage, according to the antioxidant enzyme activities and the carbonyl levels, than the rest of the gill tissue. This study provides the first evidence that one single epithelial cell may contain mitochondria with significantly different membrane potentials. Furthermore, we provide new insight into ROS and RNS formation in ex-vivo gill tissues which opens new perspectives for unraveling the different ecophysiological roles of ROS and RNS in multifunctional organs such as gills.

(Table 1) Activity of alkali phosphatase in suspended matter at 20°C and environmental temperatures, and recycling time of organic phosphorus in the Barents and Norwegian seas

Alkali phosphatase activity and hydrochemical structure of waters in the Barents and Norwegian seas were investigated. In a sea with the seasonal bioproduction cycle alkali phosphatase activity is also seasonal, rising with trophic level of waters. At the end of hydrological and biological winter activity is practically zero. Alkali phosphatase activity is especially important in summer, when plankton has consumed winter supply of phosphate in the euphotic layer and nutrient limitation of primary production begins. In summer production and destruction cycle, apparent time for recycling of phosphorus by phosphatase in suspended matter in the euphotic layer of the Barents Sea and Norwegian Sea averages from 7 to 30 hours.