Burning questions: Exploring the impact of a natural disaster on community pharmacies

Background The past decade has seen a rapid change in the climate system with an increased risk of extreme weather events. On and following the 3rd of January 2013, Tasmania experienced three catastrophic bushfires, which led to the evacuation of several communities, the loss of many properties, and a financial cost of approximately AUD$80 million. Objective To explore the impacts of the 2012/2013 Tasmanian bushfires on community pharmacies. Method Qualitative research methods were undertaken, employing semi-structured telephone interviews with a purposive sample of seven Tasmanian pharmacists. The interviews were recorded and transcribed, and two different methods were used to analyse the text. The first method utilised Leximancer® text analytics software to provide a birds-eye view of the conceptual structure of the text. The second method involved manual, open and axial coding, conducted independently by the two researchers for inter-rater reliability, to identify key themes in the discourse. Results Two main themes were identified - ‘people’ and ‘supply’ - from which six key concepts were derived. The six concepts were ‘patients’, ‘pharmacists’, ‘local doctor’, ‘pharmacy operations’, ‘disaster management planning’, and ‘emergency supply regulation’. Conclusion This study identified challenges faced by community pharmacists during Tasmanian bushfires. Interviewees highlighted the need for both the Tasmanian State Government and the Australian Federal Government to recognise the important primary care role that community pharmacists play during natural disasters, and therefore involve pharmacists in disaster management planning. They called for greater support and guidance for community pharmacists from regulatory and other government bodies during these events. Their comments highlighted the need for a review of Tasmania’s 3-day emergency supply regulation that allows pharmacists to provide a three-day supply of a patient’s medication without a doctor’s prescription in an emergency situation.

The cost-effectiveness of the MobileMums intervention to increase physical activity among mothers with young children: A Markov model informed by a randomised controlled trial

Objectives: To determine the cost-effectiveness of the MobileMums intervention. MobileMums is a 12-week programme which assists mothers with young children to be more physically active, primarily through the use of personalised SMS text-messages. Design: A cost-effectiveness analysis using a Markov model to estimate and compare the costs and consequences of MobileMums and usual care. Setting: This study considers the cost-effectiveness of MobileMums in Queensland, Australia. Participants: A hypothetical cohort of over 36 000 women with a child under 1 year old is considered. These women are expected to be eligible and willing to participate in the intervention in Queensland, Australia. Data sources: The model was informed by the effectiveness results from a 9-month two-arm community-based randomised controlled trial undertaken in 2011 and registered retrospectively with the Australian Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12611000481976). Baseline characteristics for the model cohort, treatment effects and resource utilisation were all informed by this trial. Main outcome measures: The incremental cost per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) of MobileMums compared with usual care. Results: The intervention is estimated to lead to an increase of 131 QALYs for an additional cost to the health system of 1.1 million Australian dollars (AUD). The expected incremental cost-effectiveness ratio for MobileMums is 8608 AUD per QALY gained. MobileMums has a 98% probability of being cost-effective at a cost-effectiveness threshold of 64 000 AUD. Varying modelling assumptions has little effect on this result. Conclusions: At a cost-effectiveness threshold of 64 000 AUD, MobileMums would likely be a cost-effective use of healthcare resources in Queensland, Australia. Trial registration number: Australian Clinical Trials Registry; ACTRN12611000481976.

The effectiveness of SMS reminders on appointment attendance: A meta-analysis

Objective To identify the efficacy of short message service (SMS) reminders in health care appointment attendance. Materials and Methods A systematic review was undertaken to identify studies published between 2005 and 2015 that compared the attendance rates of patients receiving SMS reminders compared to patients not receiving a reminder. Each article was examined for information regarding the study design, sample size, population demographics and intervention methods. A meta-analysis was used to calculate a pooled estimate odds ratio. Results Twenty-eight (28) studies were included in the review, including 13 (46%) randomized controlled trials. The pooled odds ratio of the randomized control trials was 1.62 (1.35 – 1.94). Half of the studies reviewed sent the reminder within 48 hour prior to the appointment time, yet no significant subgroups differences with respect to participant age, SMS timing, rate or type, setting or specialty was detectable. Discussion All studies, except one with a small sample size, demonstrated a positive OR, indicating SMS reminders were an effective means of improving appointment attendance. There was no significant difference in OR when controlling for when the SMS was sent, the frequency of the reminders or the content of the reminder. Conclusion SMS appointment reminders are an effective and operative method in improving appointment attendance in a health care setting and this effectiveness has improved over the past five years. Further research is required to identify the optimal SMS reminder timing and frequency, specifically in relation to the length of time since the appointment.

Validating adult and paediatric nutrition screening and assessment tools in Vietnamese language in two acute hospital in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Despite being commonly prevalent in acute care hospitals worldwide, malnutrition often goes unidentified and untreated due to a lack in the implementation of a nutrition care pathway. The aim of this study was to validate nutrition screening and assessment tools in Vietnamese language. After converting into Vietnamese, Malnutrition Screening Tool (MST) and Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) were used to identify malnutrition in the adult setting; and the Paediatric Nutrition Screening Tool (PNST) and paediatric Subjective Global Nutritional Assessment (SGNA) were used in the paediatric setting in two acute care hospitals in Vietnam. This cross-sectional observational study sampled 123 adults (median age 78 years [39–96 years], 63% males) and 105 children (median age 20 months [2–100 months], 66% males). In adults, nutrition risk and malnutrition were identified in 29% and 45% of the cohort respectively. Nutrition risk and malnutrition were identified in 71% and 43% of the paediatric cohort respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of the screening tools were: 62% and 99% for the MST compared to the SGA; 89% and 42% for the PNST compared to the SGNA. This study provides a stepping stone to the potential use of evidence-based nutrition screening and assessment tools in Vietnamese language within the adult and paediatric Vietnamese acute care setting. Further work is required into integrating a complete nutrition care pathway within the acute care setting in Vietnamese hospitals.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Finland: recent changes in the epidemiology, long-term facility aspects, and phenotypic and molecular detection of isolates

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important bacteria that cause disease in humans, and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) has become the most commonly identified antibiotic-resistant pathogen in many parts of the world. MRSA rates have been stable for many years in the Nordic countries and the Netherlands with a low MRSA prevalence in Europe, but in the recent decades, MRSA rates have increased in those low-prevalence countries as well. MRSA has been established as a major hospital pathogen, but has also been found increasingly in long-term facilities (LTF) and in communities of persons with no connections to the health-care setting. In Finland, the annual number of MRSA isolates reported to the National Infectious Disease Register (NIDR) has constantly increased, especially outside the Helsinki metropolitan area. Molecular typing has revealed numerous outbreak strains of MRSA, some of which have previously been associated with community acquisition. In this work, data on MRSA cases notified to the NIDR and on MRSA strain types identified with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing at the National Reference Laboratory (NRL) in Finland from 1997 to 2004 were analyzed. An increasing trend in MRSA incidence in Finland from 1997 to 2004 was shown. In addition, non-multi-drug resistant (NMDR) MRSA isolates, especially those resistant only to methicillin/oxacillin, showed an emerging trend. The predominant MRSA strains changed over time and place, but two internationally spread epidemic strains of MRSA, FIN-16 and FIN-21, were related to the increase detected most recently. Those strains were also one cause of the strikingly increasing invasive MRSA findings. The rise of MRSA strains with SCCmec types IV or V, possible community-acquired MRSA was also detected. With questionnaires, the diagnostic methods used for MRSA identification in Finnish microbiology laboratories and the number of MRSA screening specimens studied were reviewed. Surveys, which focused on the MRSA situation in long-term facilities in 2001 and on the background information of MRSA-positive persons in 2001-2003, were also carried out. The rates of MRSA and screening practices varied widely across geographic regions. Part of the NMDR MRSA strains could remain undetected in some laboratories because of insufficient diagnostic techniques used. The increasing proportion of elderly population carrying MRSA suggests that MRSA is an emerging problem in Finnish long-term facilities. Among the patients, 50% of the specimens were taken on a clinical basis, 43% on a screening basis after exposure to MRSA, 3% on a screening basis because of hospital contact abroad, and 4% for other reasons. In response to an outbreak of MRSA possessing a new genotype that occurred in a health care ward and in an associated nursing home of a small municipality in Northern Finland in autumn 2003, a point-prevalence survey was performed six months later. In the same study, the molecular epidemiology of MRSA and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) strains were also assessed, the results to the national strain collection compared, and the difficulties of MRSA screening with low-level oxacillin-resistant isolates encountered. The original MRSA outbreak in LTF, which consisted of isolates possessing a nationally new PFGE profile (FIN-22) and internationally rare MLST type (ST-27), was confined. Another previously unrecognized MRSA strain was found with additional screening, possibly indicating that current routine MRSA screening methods may be insufficiently sensitive for strains possessing low-level oxacillin resistance. Most of the MSSA strains found were genotypically related to the epidemic MRSA strains, but only a few of them had received the SCCmec element, and all those strains possessed the new SCCmec type V. In the second largest nursing home in Finland, the colonization of S. aureus and MRSA, and the role of screening sites along with broth enrichment culture on the sensitivity to detect S. aureus were studied. Combining the use of enrichment broth and perineal swabbing, in addition to nostrils and skin lesions swabbing, may be an alternative for throat swabs in the nursing home setting, especially when residents are uncooperative. Finally, in order to evaluate adequate phenotypic and genotypic methods needed for reliable laboratory diagnostics of MRSA, oxacillin disk diffusion and MIC tests to the cefoxitin disk diffusion method at both +35°C and +30°C, both with or without an addition of sodium chloride (NaCl) to the Müller Hinton test medium, and in-house PCR to two commercial molecular methods (the GenoType® MRSA test and the EVIGENETM MRSA Detection test) with different bacterial species in addition to S. aureus were compared. The cefoxitin disk diffusion method was superior to that of oxacillin disk diffusion and to the MIC tests in predicting mecA-mediated resistance in S. aureus when incubating at +35°C with or without the addition of NaCl to the test medium. Both the Geno Type® MRSA and EVIGENETM MRSA Detection tests are usable, accurate, cost-effective, and sufficiently fast methods for rapid MRSA confirmation from a pure culture.

Improved wound management at lower costs: A sensible goal for Australia

Chronic wounds cost the Australian health system at least US$2·85 billion per year. Wound care services in Australia involve a complex mix of treatment options, health care sectors and funding mechanisms. It is clear that implementation of evidence-based wound care coincides with large health improvements and cost savings, yet the majority of Australians with chronic wounds do not receive evidence-based treatment. High initial treatment costs, inadequate reimbursement, poor financial incentives to invest in optimal care and limitations in clinical skills are major barriers to the adoption of evidence-based wound care. Enhanced education and appropriate financial incentives in primary care will improve uptake of evidence-based practice. Secondary-level wound specialty clinics to fill referral gaps in the community, boosted by appropriate credentialing, will improve access to specialist care. In order to secure funding for better services in a competitive environment, evidence of cost-effectiveness is required. Future effort to generate evidence on the cost-effectiveness of wound management interventions should provide evidence that decision makers find easy to interpret. If this happens, and it will require a large effort of health services research, it could be used to inform future policy and decision-making activities, reduce health care costs and improve patient outcomes.

Spirometric studies on the adult general population of Helsinki : bronchodilation responses, determinants, and intrasession repeatability of FEV1, FEV6, FVC, and forced expiratory time

Spirometry is the most widely used lung function test in the world. It is fundamental in diagnostic and functional evaluation of various pulmonary diseases. In the studies described in this thesis, the spirometric assessment of reversibility of bronchial obstruction, its determinants, and variation features are described in a general population sample from Helsinki, Finland. This study is a part of the FinEsS study, which is a collaborative study of clinical epidemiology of respiratory health between Finland (Fin), Estonia (Es), and Sweden (S). Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) constitute the two major obstructive airways diseases. The prevalence of asthma has increased, with around 6% of the population in Helsinki reporting physician-diagnosed asthma. The main cause of COPD is smoking with changes in smoking habits in the population affecting its prevalence with a delay. Whereas airway obstruction in asthma is by definition reversible, COPD is characterized by fixed obstruction. Cough and sputum production, the first symptoms of COPD, are often misinterpreted for smokers cough and not recognized as first signs of a chronic illness. Therefore COPD is widely underdiagnosed. More extensive use of spirometry in primary care is advocated to focus smoking cessation interventions on populations at risk. The use of forced expiratory volume in six seconds (FEV6) instead of forced vital capacity (FVC) has been suggested to enable office spirometry to be used in earlier detection of airflow limitation. Despite being a widely accepted standard method of assessment of lung function, the methodology and interpretation of spirometry are constantly developing. In 2005, the ATS/ERS Task Force issued a joint statement which endorsed the 12% and 200 ml thresholds for significant change in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) or FVC during bronchodilation testing, but included the notion that in cases where only FVC improves it should be verified that this is not caused by a longer exhalation time in post-bronchodilator spirometry. This elicited new interest in the assessment of forced expiratory time (FET), a spirometric variable not usually reported or used in assessment. In this population sample, we examined FET and found it to be on average 10.7 (SD 4.3) s and to increase with ageing and airflow limitation in spirometry. The intrasession repeatability of FET was the poorest of the spirometric variables assessed. Based on the intrasession repeatability, a limit for significant change of 3 s was suggested for FET during bronchodilation testing. FEV6 was found to perform equally well as FVC in the population and in a subgroup of subjects with airways obstruction. In the bronchodilation test, decreases were frequently observed in FEV1 and particularly in FVC. The limit of significant increase based on the 95th percentile of the population sample was 9% for FEV1 and 6% for FEV6 and FVC; these are slightly lower than the current limits for single bronchodilation tests (ATS/ERS guidelines). FEV6 was proven as a valid alternative to FVC also in the bronchodilation test and would remove the need to control duration of exhalation during the spirometric bronchodilation test.

General Practitioner Antimicrobial Stewardship Programme Study (GAPS): protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial

Background There is a strong link between antibiotic consumption and the rate of antibiotic resistance. In Australia, the vast majority of antibiotics are prescribed by general practitioners, and the most common indication is for acute respiratory infections. The aim of this study is to assess if implementing a package of integrated, multifaceted interventions reduces antibiotic prescribing for acute respiratory infections in general practice. Methods/design This is a cluster randomised trial comparing two parallel groups of general practitioners in 28 urban general practices in Queensland, Australia: 14 intervention and 14 control practices. The protocol was peer-reviewed by content experts who were nominated by the funding organization. This study evaluates an integrated, multifaceted evidence-based package of interventions implemented over a six month period. The included interventions, which have previously been demonstrated to be effective at reducing antibiotic prescribing for acute respiratory infections, are: delayed prescribing; patient decision aids; communication training; commitment to a practice prescribing policy for antibiotics; patient information leaflet; and near patient testing with C-reactive protein. In addition, two sub-studies are nested in the main study: (1) point prevalence estimation carriage of bacterial upper respiratory pathogens in practice staff and asymptomatic patients; (2) feasibility of direct measures of antibiotic resistance by nose/throat swabbing. The main outcome data are from Australia’s national health insurance scheme, Medicare, which will be accessed after the completion of the intervention phase. They include the number of antibiotic prescriptions and the number of patient visits per general practitioner for periods before and during the intervention. The incidence of antibiotic prescriptions will be modelled using the numbers of patients as the denominator and seasonal and other factors as explanatory variables. Results will compare the change in prescription rates before and during the intervention in the two groups of practices. Semi-structured interviews will be conducted with the general practitioners and practice staff (practice nurse and/or practice manager) from the intervention practices on conclusion of the intervention phase to assess the feasibility and uptake of the interventions. An economic evaluation will be conducted to estimate the costs of implementing the package, and its cost-effectiveness in terms of cost per unit reduction in prescribing. Discussion The results on the effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, acceptability and feasibility of this package of interventions will inform the policy for any national implementation.

Periodontite Severa como um indicador para diagnóstico precoce de Síndrome Metabólica

A Periodontite e a Síndrome Metabólica (SM) podem estar associadas com inflamações sistêmicas e resistência insulínica, e assim as duas condições poderiam estar interrelacionadas. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a condição periodontal de pacientes não diabéticos com a SM, e avaliar sua relação com os valores dos componentes metabólicos da SM. Foram selecionados 165 pacientes não diabéticos com SM, 135 dentados (31 homens e 104 mulheres) entre 30 e 82 anos e 30 edentados. Sessenta e quatro pacientes não diabéticos e sem SM foram divididos em dois grupos: grupo saudável periodontalmente e grupo com Periodontite Severa. A avaliação da SM foi baseada nos critérios definidos pela Federação Internacional de Diabetes em 2005. Excluindo os edentados do grupo de pacientes com SM, 14,8% pacientes eram saudáveis periodontalmente, 40,7% com Periodontite moderada e 44,4% com Periodontite Severa. Entre os marcadores sistêmicos do grupo com SM, somente o IMC do grupo com Periodontite não severa foi significativamente maior quando comparado ao grupo com Periodontite Severa e ao grupo desdentado. A extensão e severidade da doença periodontal nos pacientes com Periodontite Severa com ou sem SM eram semelhantes. Pacientes com Periodontite Severa e SM tinham valores médios de glicemia, circunferência da cintura, pressão arterial sistólica e IMC significativamente maiores do que os observados nos pacientes com Periodontite Severa sem SM. No grupo sem SM os pacientes com Periodontite Severa apresentaram valores de HDL e circunferência da cintura significativamente diferentes dos pacientes saudáveis periodontalmente. Concluindo,a Periodontite Severa em pacientes com a SM e sem o Diabetes apresenta um padrão semelhante a indivíduos sem a SM. Pacientes com Periodontite Severa sem diagnóstico de SM devem ser investigados para SM.

As representações sociais de profissionais de saúde acerca do paciente psiquiátrico: aspectos descritivos e de zona muda

A presença de pacientes crônicos em instituições psiquiátricas tem se constituído como um desafio humano, político e programático para esta área assistencial. Frente a isto, definiu-se como objetivo geral deste estudo analisar a reconstrução sócio-cognitiva do profissional de saúde mental acerca do paciente psiquiátrico crônico, contextualizando com a sua permanência institucional e o processo assistencial. Como objetivos específicos, descrever os conteúdos e a estrutura das representações sociais do paciente psiquiátrico crônico para os profissionais; identificar a existência de conteúdos implícitos nas formações discursivas dos profissionais de saúde referentes ao paciente crônico institucionalizado; e analisar a perspectiva assistencial implementada na atenção a esses indivíduos no contexto institucional a partir das representações sociais do paciente crônico. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, desenvolvida com o aporte teórico-metodológico da Teoria das Representações Sociais em sua abordagem estrutural, em dois hospitais colônias localizados na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Os dados foram coletados através de evocações livres em dois momentos. No primeiro, com 159 profissionais e no segundo utilizou-se a técnica de substituição com 151 profissionais. Os dados gerados foram analisados pelo software EVOC 2003 e organizados pelo quadro de quatro casas. Utilizou-se, ainda, a análise de similitude. Quanto à representação do paciente psiquiátrico, a mesma foi organizada ao redor das dimensões assistencial-institucional (cuidado), imagética (louco) e afetividade positiva (atenção), que se desdobram nos demais quadrantes, com destaque para a primeira e a segunda. A análise de similitude revelou que o léxico cuidado, obteve o maior número de ligações. Quanto à representação do paciente crônico em contexto normativo, a dimensão assistencial-institucional mostrou-se fortemente presente (cuidado, paciência e dependente), seguida da imagética (abandonado) e da de necessidade (carência). No entanto, na análise de similitude, a afetividade positiva (amor) mostra-se central com maior número de ligações de léxicos. Em contextos contra-normativos, a representação revelou-se negativa (louco, não e medo). A análise de similitude demonstrou uma representação estruturada através de uma imagem e de uma afetividade negativas. Conclui-se que os avanços na área de saúde mental, nos últimos 30 anos, não foram capazes de realizar mudanças representacionais sob fenômenos que ancoram em imagens produzidas desde os primórdios da humanidade. Ressalta-se a possível existência de uma zona muda acerca do paciente psiquiátrico crônico.

O trabalho do assistente social no Programa Saúde da Família (PSF) de Ipatinga/MG : limites e perspectivas

Esta dissertação analisa o trabalho do Assistente Social no Programa Saúde da Família PSF, tomando por base o município de Ipatinga-MG. Buscou-se mostrar a concepção de parte da gestão local da Política de Saúde e dos profissionais da equipe básica do programa sobre o trabalho do Assistente Social na saúde e no PSF, e se esse profissional tem conseguido realizar um trabalho que contribua para a efetivação do programa enquanto estratégia de reorientação do modelo assistencial na atenção básica. O estudo foi desenvolvido através da metodologia de estudo caso, com enfoque qualitativo. A coleta de dados se deu por meio de consultas documentais e bibliográficas sobre a Política de Saúde e PSF a nível nacional e municipal; visitas às unidades básicas de saúde e a realização de entrevistas com uma porcentagem dos gerentes, dos profissionais da equipe básica e com os Assistentes Sociais. O estudo apontou que, o profissional de Serviço Social não vem conseguindo realizar um trabalho em conjunto com o Saúde da Família, se limitando aos atendimentos de casos isolados, assumindo papel complementar e subsidiário aos profissionais da equipe básica, não conseguindo, assim, contribuir para a concretização do programa enquanto estratégia que traga mudanças na organização dos serviços de atenção básica em saúde no município.

Um estudo da atenção primária à saúde mediante o indicador: Internações por condições sensíveis à atenção ambulatorial (CSAA)

A Atenção Primária à Saúde - APS é reconhecida como o nível fundamental e porta de entrada do sistema de atenção à saúde, sendo o lugar adequado onde pode ser atendida e resolvida a maior parte dos problemas de saúde. É considerada pela OMS como a principal proposta de modelo assistencial. Essa importância da APS leva a necessidade de pesquisas avaliativas dos seus resultados para adequação e melhoria de políticas e planos de ação delineados em relação à mesma. Pesquisas internacionais e nacionais são realizadas, nas quais indicadores relativos às atividades hospitalares estão sendo empregados com o objetivo de medir resultados como efetividade e acesso da APS. Um desses indicadores, desenvolvido por John Billings da Universidade de Nova York, na década de 90, consiste nas condições pelas quais as internações hospitalares por Condições Sensíveis à Atenção Ambulatorial (CSAA) deveriam ser evitadas caso os serviços da APS fossem efetivos e acessíveis. Utilizando-se o SIH-AIH/2008 e a lista brasileira de Internações por Condições Sensíveis a Atenção Primária, publicada em 2008, a proposta do presente trabalho é a de estudar os cuidados primários à saúde baseando-se nas ICSAA, na área urbana da cidade de Juiz de Fora-MG. Buscou-se responder sobre os efeitos que ocorrem nessas internações a partir das características individuais dos pacientes, das características das Unidades Básicas de Saúde-UBS (infraestrutura, produção e modelos assistenciais) e das condições sócio-econômicas/ambientais das áreas cobertas por UAPS e descobertas (sem UAPS), com a utilização de modelos multiníveis logísticos com intercepto aleatório. Buscou-se conhecer, também, a distribuição espacial das taxas padronizadas por idade das ICSAA nessas áreas e suas associações com as variáveis contextuais, utilizando-se ferramentas da análise espacial. Os resultados do presente trabalho mostraram que a porcentagem de internações por CSAA, foi de 4,1%. Os modelos assistenciais ESF e o Modelo Tradicional, base da organização da atenção primária no Brasil, não apresentaram no município, impacto significativo nas ICSAA, somente na forma de áreas descobertas tendo como referência as áreas cobertas. Também não foram significativas as variáveis de infraestrutura e produção das UAPS. Os efeitos individuais (idade e sexo) nas ICSAA foram significativos, apresentando probabilidades de significância menores que 1%, o mesmo acontecendo com o Índice de Desenvolvimento Social-IDS, que contempla as condições sociais, econômicas e ambientais das áreas analisadas. A distribuição espacial das taxas padronizadas por idade apresentou padrão aleatório e os testes dos Multiplicadores de Lagrange não foram significativos indicando o modelo de regressão clássico (MQO) como adequado para explicar as taxas em função das variáveis contextuais. Para a análise conjunta das áreas cobertas e descobertas foram fatores de risco: a variável econômica (% dos domicílios com renda até 2 SM), áreas descobertas tendo como referência as áreas cobertas e a região nordeste do município. Para as áreas cobertas as variáveis de produção das UAPS, econômica e a região nordeste apresentaram como fator de risco para as taxas de internação por CSAA.

Prevalência de sintomas depressivos em uma população de idosos usuários de serviços públicos

Esta dissertação pretende estimar a prevalência de sintomas depressivos em idosos segundo três níveis de complexidade de atenção à saúde e estudar a co-ocorrência de sintomas depressivos e incapacidade funcional. No Brasil, a transição demográfica ocorreu de forma rápida e explosiva. À medida que o número de idosos cresce ocorre o aumento da prevalência de doenças crônicas e suas complicações. A habilidade funcional pode ser vista como uma medida de resumo do impacto geral das condições médicas no contexto do ambiente e do sistema de apoio social do indivíduo, e deve ser uma consideração importante em qualquer planejamento de saúde. Uma enfermidade associada a elevado grau de incapacidade funcional é a depressão. Entre os agravos de saúde mental, a depressão é um dos mais comuns e importantes problemas psiquiátricos entre indivíduos idosos. Trata-se de estudo transversal com tamanho amostral de 643 idosos com idade de 65 ou mais anos selecionados aleatoriamente e usuários de três serviços públicos de saúde com níveis crescentes de complexidade (primário, secundário e terciário). A prevalência de sintomas depressivos foi estimada a partir da EDG-15, já traduzida e validada para uso no Brasil. O nível de estado funcional foi definido conforme os escores dos instrumentos SF-36 e HAQ. A prevalência de sintomas depressivos na amostra total foi de 45,2% (IC=41,1 49,3). Estratificando por unidade, a prevalência foi de 35,3% no nível primário, 47,6% no nível secundário e 51,7% no nível terciário (p=0,004). As prevalências encontradas foram altas nos três níveis de complexidade de atendimento, inclusive na população de idosos da unidade básica de saúde, apesar de serem idosos mais independentes e mais saudáveis. A prevalência geral de sintomas depressivos aumentou à medida que o grau de incapacidade funcional também aumentou. A busca ativa por idosos com sintomas depressivos é importante em todos os níveis de complexidade de atendimento do sistema de saúde.

Encaminhamentos para avaliação psiquiátrica em um Programa de Saúde da Família em Piraí: nuances de uma comunicação cotidiana

O presente trabalho estuda os encaminhamentos realizados por médicos de família para avaliação psiquiátrica. As avaliações são realizadas pelo autor deste estudo dentro do PSF de Arrozal, distrito do município de Piraí, interior do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. A impressão era de que havia uma configuração do cuidado em saúde semelhante ao panóptico descrito por Foucault, ou seja, um sistema de vigilância daquela comunidade que desencadeava processos de medicalização dentro do Programa de Saúde da Família. Estudamos se os encaminhamentos para avaliação psiquiátrica são motivados por uma concepção da Psiquiatria enquanto uma instância disciplinadora e se existiriam outros processos de medicalização envolvidos nos encaminhamentos, além de subsidiar a Secretaria de Saúde de Piraí com os dados da pesquisa. Procedemos a análise de encaminhamentos por escrito por médicos de família para avaliação psiquiátrica e entrevistas semi-estruturadas com os médicos que realizam os encaminhamentos. Constatamos que os processos de medicalização ocorrem no cotidiano do PSF em estudo. Dispositivos como espaços de construção coletiva de projetos terapêuticos e educação em saúde e conceitos como resiliência e territorialidade são discutidos.