An internet-based control engineering laboratory

This paper presents LABNET, an internet-based remote laboratory for control engineering education developed at UEM-University. At present, the remote laboratory integrates three basic physical systems (level control, temperature control and ship stabilizing system). In this paper, the LABNET architecture is presented and discussed in detail. Issues concerned with concurrent user access, local or remote feedback, automatic report generating and reusing of experiment’s templates have been addressed. Furthermore, the experiences gained developing, testing and using the system will be also presented and their consequences for future design.

Integration of process planning and scheduling using mobile-agent based approach in a networked manufacturing environment

Effective and efficient implementation of intelligent and/or recently emerged networked manufacturing systems require an enterprise level integration. The networked manufacturing offers several advantages in the current competitive atmosphere by way to reduce, by shortening manufacturing cycle time and maintaining the production flexibility thereby achieving several feasible process plans. The first step in this direction is to integrate manufacturing functions such as process planning and scheduling for multi-jobs in a network based manufacturing system. It is difficult to determine a proper plan that meets conflicting objectives simultaneously. This paper describes a mobile-agent based negotiation approach to integrate manufacturing functions in a distributed manner; and its fundamental framework and functions are presented. Moreover, ontology has been constructed by using the Protégé software which possesses the flexibility to convert knowledge into Extensible Markup Language (XML) schema of Web Ontology Language (OWL) documents. The generated XML schemas have been used to transfer information throughout the manufacturing network for the intelligent interoperable integration of product data models and manufacturing resources. To validate the feasibility of the proposed approach, an illustrative example along with varied production environments that includes production demand fluctuations is presented and compared the proposed approach performance and its effectiveness with evolutionary algorithm based Hybrid Dynamic-DNA (HD-DNA) algorithm. The results show that the proposed scheme is very effective and reasonably acceptable for integration of manufacturing functions.

Long term performance evaluation of small-diameter vascular grafts based on polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel and dextran and MSCs-based therapies using the ovine pre-clinical animal model.

The functional and structural performance of a 5 cm synthetic small diameter vascular graft (SDVG) produced by the copolymerization of polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel with low molecular weight dextran (PVA/Dx graft) associated to mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)-based therapies and anticoagulant treatment with heparin, clopidogrel and warfarin was tested using the ovine model during the healing period of 24 weeks. The results were compared to the ones obtained with standard expanded polyetetrafluoroethylene grafts (ePTFE graft). Blood flow, vessel and graft diameter measurements, graft appearance and patency rate (PR), thrombus, stenosis and collateral vessel formation were evaluated by B-mode ultrasound, audio and color flow Doppler. Graft and regenerated vessels morphologic evaluation was performed by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis. All PVA/Dx grafts could maintain a similar or higher PR and systolic / diastolic laminar blood flow velocities were similar to ePTFE grafts. CD14 (macrophages) and α-actin (smooth muscle) staining presented similar results in PVA/Dx/MSCs and ePTFE graft groups. Fibrosis layer was lower and endothelial cells were only detected at graft-artery transitions where it was added the MSCs. In conclusion, PVA/Dx graft can be an excellent scaffold candidate for vascular reconstruction, including clinic mechanically challenging applications, such as SDVGs, especially when associated to MSCs-based therapies to promote higher endothelialization and lower fibrosis of the vascular prosthesis, but also higher PR values.

Development and Validation of a Model-Based Combustion Controller for Water Injection Management

This manuscript reports the overall development of a Ph.D. research project during the “Mechanics and advanced engineering sciences” course at the Department of Industrial Engineering of the University of Bologna. The project is focused on the development of a combustion control system for an innovative Spark Ignited engine layout. In details, the controller is oriented to manage a prototypal engine equipped with a Port Water Injection system. The water injection technology allows an increment of combustion efficiency due to the knock mitigation effect that permits to keep the combustion phasing closer to the optimal position with respect to the traditional layout. At the beginning of the project, the effects and the possible benefits achievable by water injection have been investigated by a focused experimental campaign. Then the data obtained by combustion analysis have been processed to design a control-oriented combustion model. The model identifies the correlation between Spark Advance, combustion phasing and injected water mass, and two different strategies are presented, both based on an analytic and semi-empirical approach and therefore compatible with a real-time application. The model has been implemented in a combustion controller that manages water injection to reach the best achievable combustion efficiency while keeping knock levels under a pre-established threshold. Three different versions of the algorithm are described in detail. This controller has been designed and pre-calibrated in a software-in-the-loop environment and later an experimental validation has been performed with a rapid control prototyping approach to highlight the performance of the system on real set-up. To further make the strategy implementable on an onboard application, an estimation algorithm of combustion phasing, necessary for the controller, has been developed during the last phase of the PhD Course, based on accelerometric signals.

Constraint Programming-based Job Dispatching for Modern HPC Applications

A High-Performance Computing job dispatcher is a critical software that assigns the finite computing resources to submitted jobs. This resource assignment over time is known as the on-line job dispatching problem in HPC systems. The fact the problem is on-line means that solutions must be computed in real-time, and their required time cannot exceed some threshold to do not affect the normal system functioning. In addition, a job dispatcher must deal with a lot of uncertainty: submission times, the number of requested resources, and duration of jobs. Heuristic-based techniques have been broadly used in HPC systems, at the cost of achieving (sub-)optimal solutions in a short time. However, the scheduling and resource allocation components are separated, thus generates a decoupled decision that may cause a performance loss. Optimization-based techniques are less used for this problem, although they can significantly improve the performance of HPC systems at the expense of higher computation time. Nowadays, HPC systems are being used for modern applications, such as big data analytics and predictive model building, that employ, in general, many short jobs. However, this information is unknown at dispatching time, and job dispatchers need to process large numbers of them quickly while ensuring high Quality-of-Service (QoS) levels. Constraint Programming (CP) has been shown to be an effective approach to tackle job dispatching problems. However, state-of-the-art CP-based job dispatchers are unable to satisfy the challenges of on-line dispatching, such as generate dispatching decisions in a brief period and integrate current and past information of the housing system. Given the previous reasons, we propose CP-based dispatchers that are more suitable for HPC systems running modern applications, generating on-line dispatching decisions in a proper time and are able to make effective use of job duration predictions to improve QoS levels, especially for workloads dominated by short jobs.

Synthesis of new non-fullerene acceptors based on indacenodithiophene core for organic solar cells

Due to the low cost, lightness and flexibility, Polymer Solar Cell (PSC) technology is considered one of the most promising energy technologies. In the past decades, PSCs using fullerenes or fullerene derivatives as the electron acceptors have made great progress with best power conversion efficiency (PCE) reaching 11%. However, fullerene type electron acceptors have several drawbacks such as complicated synthesis, a low light absorption coefficient and poor tuning in energy levels, which prevent the further development of fullerene-based PSCs. Hence the need to have a new class of electron acceptors as an alternative to conventional fullerene compounds. Non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs) have developed rapidly in the last years and the maximum PCEs have exceeded 14% for single-junction cells and 17% for double-junction tandem cells. By combining an electron-donating backbone, generally with several fused rings with electron-withdrawing units, we can simply construct NFA of the acceptor–donor–acceptor type (A–D–A). Versatile molecular structures have been developed using methods such as acceptor motif engineering and donor motif engineering. However, there are only a few electron-donating backbones that have been proved to be successful. Therefore, it is still necessary to develop promising building blocks to further enrich the structural diversity. An indacenodithiophene (IDT) unit with just five fused rings has a sufficiently rigid coplanar structure, which has been regarded as one of the promising electron-rich units to design high-performance A–D–A NFAs. In this work, performed at the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology in Saudi Arabia, a new nine-cyclic building block (TBIDT) with a two benzothiophene unit was synthesized and used for designing new non-fullerene electron acceptors.

Functional engineering of hybrid heterostructures for application in electronic, optical and optoelectronic nanostructured devices

Interfacing materials with different intrinsic chemical-physical characteristics allows for the generation of a new system with multifunctional features. Here, this original concept is implemented for tailoring the functional properties of bi-dimensional black phosphorus (2D bP or phosphorene) and organic light-emitting transistors (OLETs). Phosphorene is highly reactive under atmospheric conditions and its small-area/lab-scale deposition techniques have hampered the introduction of this material in real-world applications so far. The protection of 2D bP against the oxygen by means of functionalization with alkane molecules and pyrene derivatives, showed long-term stability with respect to the bare 2D bP by avoiding remarkable oxidation up to 6 months, paving the way towards ultra-sensitive oxygen chemo-sensors. A new approach of deposition-precipitation heterogeneous reaction was developed to decorate 2D bP with Au nanoparticles (NP)s, obtaining a “stabilizer-free” that may broaden the possible applications of the 2D bP/Au NPs interface in catalysis and biodiagnostics. Finally, 2D bP was deposited by electrospray technique, obtaining oxidized-phosphorous flakes as wide as hundreds of µm2 and providing for the first time a phosphorous-based bidimensional system responsive to electromechanical stimuli. The second part of the thesis focuses on the study of organic heterostructures in ambipolar OLET devices, intriguing optoelectronic devices that couple the micro-scaled light-emission with electrical switching. Initially, an ambipolar single-layer OLET based on a multifunctional organic semiconductor, is presented. The bias-depending light-emission shifted within the transistor channel, as expected in well-balanced ambipolar OLETs. However, the emitted optical power of the single layer-based device was unsatisfactory. To improve optoelectronic performance of the device, a multilayer organic architecture based on hole-transporting semiconductor, emissive donor-acceptor blend and electron-transporting semiconductor was optimized. We showed that the introduction of a suitable electron-injecting layer at the interface between the electron-transporting and light-emission layers may enable a ≈ 2× improvement of efficiency at reduced applied bias.

Design and testing of innovative, artificial intelligence-based techniques to model and control the combustion process and to reduce the Co2 emissions in modern, high-performance, gasoline direct injection engines

This work deals with the development of calibration procedures and control systems to improve the performance and efficiency of modern spark ignition turbocharged engines. The algorithms developed are used to optimize and manage the spark advance and the air-to-fuel ratio to control the knock and the exhaust gas temperature at the turbine inlet. The described work falls within the activity that the research group started in the previous years with the industrial partner Ferrari S.p.a. . The first chapter deals with the development of a control-oriented engine simulator based on a neural network approach, with which the main combustion indexes can be simulated. The second chapter deals with the development of a procedure to calibrate offline the spark advance and the air-to-fuel ratio to run the engine under knock-limited conditions and with the maximum admissible exhaust gas temperature at the turbine inlet. This procedure is then converted into a model-based control system and validated with a Software in the Loop approach using the engine simulator developed in the first chapter. Finally, it is implemented in a rapid control prototyping hardware to manage the combustion in steady-state and transient operating conditions at the test bench. The third chapter deals with the study of an innovative and cheap sensor for the in-cylinder pressure measurement, which is a piezoelectric washer that can be installed between the spark plug and the engine head. The signal generated by this kind of sensor is studied, developing a specific algorithm to adjust the value of the knock index in real-time. Finally, with the engine simulator developed in the first chapter, it is demonstrated that the innovative sensor can be coupled with the control system described in the second chapter and that the performance obtained could be the same reachable with the standard in-cylinder pressure sensors.

Study of the tracking performance of a liquid Argon detector based on a novel optical imaging concept

The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is a long-baseline accelerator experiment designed to make a significant contribution to the study of neutrino oscillations with unprecedented sensitivity. The main goal of DUNE is the determination of the neutrino mass ordering and the leptonic CP violation phase, key parameters of the three-neutrino flavor mixing that have yet to be determined. An important component of the DUNE Near Detector complex is the System for on-Axis Neutrino Detection (SAND) apparatus, which will include GRAIN (GRanular Argon for Interactions of Neutrinos), a novel liquid Argon detector aimed at imaging neutrino interactions using only scintillation light. For this purpose, an innovative optical readout system based on Coded Aperture Masks is investigated. This dissertation aims to demonstrate the feasibility of reconstructing particle tracks and the topology of CCQE (Charged Current Quasi Elastic) neutrino events in GRAIN with such a technique. To this end, the development and implementation of a reconstruction algorithm based on Maximum Likelihood Expectation Maximization was carried out to directly obtain a three-dimensional distribution proportional to the energy deposited by charged particles crossing the LAr volume. This study includes the evaluation of the design of several camera configurations and the simulation of a multi-camera optical system in GRAIN.

Crystal engineering strategies against antimicrobial resistance: a solid contribution to a contemporary problem

This PhD thesis sets its goal in the application of crystal engineering strategies to the design, formulation, synthesis, and characterization of innovative materials obtained by combining well established biologically active molecules and/or GRAS (generally recognized as safe) compounds with co-formers able to modulate specific properties of the molecule of interest. The solid-state association, via non-covalent interactions, of an active ingredient with another molecular component, a metal salt or a complex, may alter in a useful way the physicochemical properties of the active ingredient and/or may allow to explore new ways to enhance, in a synergistic way, the overall biological performance. More specifically this thesis will address the threat posed by the increasing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) developed by microorganisms, which call for novel therapeutic strategies. Crystal engineering provides new tools to approach this crisis in a greener and cost-effective way. This PhD work has been developed along two main research lines aiming to contribute to the search for innovative solutions to the AMR problem. Design, preparation and characterization of novel metal-based antimicrobials, whereby organic molecules with known antimicrobial properties are combined with metal atoms also known to exert antimicrobial action. Design, preparation and characterization of co-crystals obtained by combining antibacterial APIs (active pharmaceutical ingredients) with natural antimicrobials.

Study of the calorimetric performance of a liquid Argon detector based on a novel optical imaging concept

DUNE is a next-generation long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiment. It aims to measure the still unknown $ \delta_{CP} $ violation phase and the sign of $ \Delta m_{13}^2 $, which defines the neutrino mass ordering. DUNE will exploit a Far Detector composed of four multi-kiloton LArTPCs, and a Near Detector (ND) complex located close to the neutrino source at Fermilab. The SAND detector at the ND complex is designed to perform on-axis beam monitoring, constrain uncertainties in the oscillation analysis and perform precision neutrino physics measurements. SAND includes a 0.6 T super-conductive magnet, an electromagnetic calorimeter, a 1-ton liquid Argon detector - GRAIN - and a modular, low-density straw tube target tracker system. GRAIN is an innovative LAr detector where neutrino interactions can be reconstructed using only the LAr scintillation light imaged by an optical system based on Coded Aperture masks and lenses - a novel approach never used before in particle physics applications. In this thesis, a first evaluation of GRAIN track reconstruction and calorimetric capabilities was obtained with an optical system based on Coded Aperture cameras. A simulation of $\nu_\mu + Ar$ interactions with the energy spectrum expected at the future Fermilab Long Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) was performed. The performance of SAND was evaluated, combining the information provided by all its sub-detectors, on the selection of $ \nu_\mu + Ar \to \mu^- + p + X $ sample and on the neutrino energy reconstruction.

Chemiluminescence – based bioanalytical devices for astrobiological, food safety and clinical applications

At the intersection of biology, chemistry, and engineering, biosensors are a multidisciplinary innovation that provide a cost-effective alternative to traditional laboratory techniques. Due to their advantages, biosensors are used in medical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, food safety and many other fields. The first part of the thesis is concerned with learning the state of the art of paper-based immunosensors with bioluminescent (BL) and chemiluminescent (CL) detection. The use of biospecific assays combined with CL detection and paper-based technology offers an optimal approach to creating analytical tools for on-site applications and we have focused on the specific areas that need to be considered more in order to ensure a future practical implementation of these methods in routine analyses. The subsequent part of the thesis addresses the development of an autonomous lab-on-chip platform for performing chemiluminescent-based bioassays in space environment, exploiting a CubeSat platform for astrobiological investigations. An origami-inspired microfluidic paper-based analytical device has been developed with the purpose of assesses its performance in space and to evaluate its functionality and the resilience of the (bio)molecules when exposed to a radiation-rich environment. Subsequently, we designed a paper-based assay to detect traces of ovalbumin in food samples, creating a user-friendly immunosensing platform. To this purpose, we developed an origami device that exploits a competitive immunoassay coupled with chemiluminescence detection and magnetic microbeads used to immobilize ovalbumin on paper. Finally, with the aim of exploring the use of biomimetic materials, an hydrogel-based chemiluminescence biosensor for the detection of H2O2 and glucose was developed. A guanosine hydrogel was prepared and loaded with luminol and hemin, miming a DNAzyme activity. Subsequently, the hydrogel was modified by incorporating glucose oxidase enzyme to enable glucose biosensing. The emitted photons were detected using a portable device equipped with a smartphone's CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) camera for CL emission detection.

A performance analysis of mesh models for cloud-based workflows

Nell'ambito della loro trasformazione digitale, molte organizzazioni stanno adottando nuove tecnologie per supportare lo sviluppo, l'implementazione e la gestione delle proprie architetture basate su microservizi negli ambienti cloud e tra i fornitori di cloud. In questo scenario, le service ed event mesh stanno emergendo come livelli infrastrutturali dinamici e configurabili che facilitano interazioni complesse e la gestione di applicazioni basate su microservizi e servizi cloud. L’obiettivo di questo lavoro è quello di analizzare soluzioni mesh open-source (istio, Linkerd, Apache EventMesh) dal punto di vista delle prestazioni, quando usate per gestire la comunicazione tra applicazioni a workflow basate su microservizi all’interno dell’ambiente cloud. A questo scopo è stato realizzato un sistema per eseguire il dislocamento di ognuno dei componenti all’interno di un cluster singolo e in un ambiente multi-cluster. La raccolta delle metriche e la loro sintesi è stata realizzata con un sistema personalizzato, compatibile con il formato dei dati di Prometheus. I test ci hanno permesso di valutare le prestazioni di ogni componente insieme alla sua efficacia. In generale, mentre si è potuta accertare la maturità delle implementazioni di service mesh testate, la soluzione di event mesh da noi usata è apparsa come una tecnologia ancora non matura, a causa di numerosi problemi di funzionamento.