Del Mp3 al Fan Shot Multicam, génesis de nuevos lenguajes multimedia

Esta ponencia analiza la usabilidad, mutación y dominio de una interfaz multimedia determinada con un enfoque tecnológico sociocultural, económico y productivo; partiendo de la utilización, masificación, mercantilización y difusión de contenidos electrónicos que culminan en procesos de domesticación de los mismos para su posterior remediación. La construcción de lenguajes en tanto actividades concretas dentro de interfases de uso común, están presentes en el marco de practicas culturales que sectores de la población mantienen al seno de sus vidas cotidianas. Así, el usuario apropia, consume y reinterpreta lenguajes impuestos mediante la creación de otros nuevos, que destaquen/condicionen la utilización de dispositivos e interfases dadas. Reflexionando entonces, sobre el affordance entre el usuario y la máquina en tanto intercambio comunicativo; esta ponencia toma como ejemplo el registro 'amateur' de la gira Lights In The Sky de la agrupación Nine Inch Nails en 2007 entendiendo que, a partir de la estandarización de formatos de transmisión de datos, particularmente de tecnologías aplicadas a la difusión e intercambio de contenidos musicales, nos ubicamos al frente de un nuevo punto de partida, condicionado y potenciado por un ciclo de experiencias y desarrollo lingüístico que ha corrido de la mano del ciclo tecnológico de la ultima década

Del Mp3 al Fan Shot Multicam, génesis de nuevos lenguajes multimedia

Esta ponencia analiza la usabilidad, mutación y dominio de una interfaz multimedia determinada con un enfoque tecnológico sociocultural, económico y productivo; partiendo de la utilización, masificación, mercantilización y difusión de contenidos electrónicos que culminan en procesos de domesticación de los mismos para su posterior remediación. La construcción de lenguajes en tanto actividades concretas dentro de interfases de uso común, están presentes en el marco de practicas culturales que sectores de la población mantienen al seno de sus vidas cotidianas. Así, el usuario apropia, consume y reinterpreta lenguajes impuestos mediante la creación de otros nuevos, que destaquen/condicionen la utilización de dispositivos e interfases dadas. Reflexionando entonces, sobre el affordance entre el usuario y la máquina en tanto intercambio comunicativo; esta ponencia toma como ejemplo el registro 'amateur' de la gira Lights In The Sky de la agrupación Nine Inch Nails en 2007 entendiendo que, a partir de la estandarización de formatos de transmisión de datos, particularmente de tecnologías aplicadas a la difusión e intercambio de contenidos musicales, nos ubicamos al frente de un nuevo punto de partida, condicionado y potenciado por un ciclo de experiencias y desarrollo lingüístico que ha corrido de la mano del ciclo tecnológico de la ultima década

Vehicular traffic surveillance and road lane detection using radar interferometry

Speed enforcement on public roadways is an important issue in order to guarantee road security and to reduce the number and seriousness of traffic accidents. Traditionally, this task has been partially solved using radar and/or laser technologies and, more recently, using video-camera based systems. All these systems have significant shortcomings that have yet to be overcome. The main drawback of classical Doppler radar technology is that the velocity measurement fails when several vehicles are in the radars beam. Modern radar systems are able to measure speed and range between vehicle and radar. However, this is not enough to discriminate the lane where the vehicle is driving on. The limitation of several vehicles in the beam is overcome using laser technology. However, laser systems have another important limitation: They cannot measure the speed of several vehicles simultaneously. Novel video-camera systems, based on license plate identification, solve the previous drawbacks, but they have the problem that they can only measure average speed but never top-speed. This paper studies the feasibility of using an interferometric linear frequency modulated continuous wave radar to improve top-speed enforcement on roadways. Two different systems based on down-the-road and across-the-road radar configurations are presented. The main advantage of the proposed solutions is they can simultaneously measure speed, range, and lane of several vehicles, allowing the univocal identification of the offenders. A detailed analysis about the operation and accuracy of these solutions is reported. In addition, the feasibility of the proposed techniques has been demonstrated with simulations and real experiments using a Ka-band interferometric radar developed by our research group.

Network convergence and QoS for future multimedia services in the VISION project

The emerging use of real-time 3D-based multimedia applications imposes strict quality of service (QoS) requirements on both access and core networks. These requirements and their impact to provide end-to-end 3D videoconferencing services have been studied within the Spanish-funded VISION project, where different scenarios were implemented showing an agile stereoscopic video call that might be offered to the general public in the near future. In view of the requirements, we designed an integrated access and core converged network architecture which provides the requested QoS to end-to-end IP sessions. Novel functional blocks are proposed to control core optical networks, the functionality of the standard ones is redefined, and the signaling improved to better meet the requirements of future multimedia services. An experimental test-bed to assess the feasibility of the solution was also deployed. In such test-bed, set-up and release of end-to-end sessions meeting specific QoS requirements are shown and the impact of QoS degradation in terms of the user perceived quality degradation is quantified. In addition, scalability results show that the proposed signaling architecture is able to cope with large number of requests introducing almost negligible delay.

Multipedia: Enriching DBpedia with Multimedia Information

Enriching knowledge bases with multimedia information makes it possible to complement textual descriptions with visual and audio information. Such complementary information can help users to understand the meaning of assertions, and in general improve the user experience with the knowledge base. In this paper we address the problem of how to enrich ontology instances with candidate images retrieved from existing Web search engines. DBpedia has evolved into a major hub in the Linked Data cloud, interconnecting millions of entities organized under a consistent ontology. Our approach taps into the Wikipedia corpus to gather context information for DBpedia instances and takes advantage of image tagging information when this is available to calculate semantic relatedness between instances and candidate images. We performed experiments with focus on the particularly challenging problem of highly ambiguous names. Both methods presented in this work outperformed the baseline. Our best method leveraged context words from Wikipedia, tags from Flickr and type information from DBpedia to achieve an average precision of 80%.

Characterization of the Wikipedia Traffic

Since its inception, Wikipedia has grown to a solid and stable project and turned into a mass collaboration tool that allows the sharing and distribution of knowledge. The wiki approach that basis this initiative promotes the participation and collaboration of users. In addition to visits for browsing its contents, Wikipedia also receives the contributions of users to improve them. In the past, researchers paid attention to different aspects concerning authoring and quality of contents. However, little effort has been made to study the nature of the visits that Wikipedia receives. We conduct such an study using a sample of users' requests provided by the Wikimedia Foundation in the form of Squid log lines. Our sample contains more that 14,000 million requests from users all around the world and directed to all the projects maintained by the Wikimedia Foundation, including different editions of Wikipedia. This papers describes the work made to characterize the traffic directed to Wikipedia and consisting of the requests sent by its users. Our main aim is to obtain a detailed description of its composition in terms of the percentages corresponding to the different types of requests making part of it. The benefits from our work may range from the prediction of traffic peaks to the determination of the kind of resources most often requested, which can be useful for scalability considerations.

A speech interface for air traffic control terminals

Several issues concerning the current use of speech interfaces are discussed and the design and development of a speech interface that enables air traffic controllers to command and control their terminals by voice is presented. A special emphasis is made in the comparison between laboratory experiments and field experiments in which a set of ergonomics-related effects are detected that cannot be observed in the controlled laboratory experiments. The paper presents both objective and subjective performance obtained in field evaluation of the system with student controllers at an air traffic control (ATC) training facility. The system exhibits high word recognition test rates (0.4% error in Spanish and 1.5% in English) and low command error (6% error in Spanish and 10.6% error in English in the field tests). Subjective impression has also been positive, encouraging future development and integration phases in the Spanish ATC terminals designed by Aeropuertos Españoles y Navegación Aérea (AENA).

Reduction in Calculated Uncertainty of a Noise Map by Improving the Traffic Model Data Through Two Phases

The influence of applying European default traffic values to the making of a noise map was evaluated in a typical environment like Palma de Mallorca. To assess these default traffic values, a first model has been created and compared with measured noise levels. Subsequently a second traffic model, improving the input data used for the first one, has been created and validated according to the deviations. Different methodologies were also examined for collecting model input data that would be of higher quality, by analysing the improvement generated in the reduction in the uncertainty of the noise map introduced by the road traffic noise emission

Detection and Tracking of Traffic Signs Using a Recursive Bayesian Decision Framework

In this paper we propose a new method for the automatic detection and tracking of road traffic signs using an on-board single camera. This method aims to increase the reliability of the detections such that it can boost the performance of any traffic sign recognition scheme. The proposed approach exploits a combination of different features, such as color, appearance, and tracking information. This information is introduced into a recursive Bayesian decision framework, in which prior probabilities are dynamically adapted to tracking results. This decision scheme obtains a number of candidate regions in the image, according to their HS (Hue-Saturation). Finally, a Kalman filter with an adaptive noise tuning provides the required time and spatial coherence to the estimates. Results have shown that the proposed method achieves high detection rates in challenging scenarios, including illumination changes, rapid motion and significant perspective distortion

Inter-Packet Symbol Approach To Reed-Solomon FEC Codes For RTP-Multimedia Stream Protection

This paper presents an alternative Forward Error Correction scheme, based on Reed-Solomon codes, with the aim of protecting the transmission of RTP-multimedia streams: the inter-packet symbol approach. This scheme is based on an alternative bit structure that allocates each symbol of the Reed-Solomon code in several RTP-media packets. This characteristic permits to exploit better the recovery capability of Reed-Solomon codes against bursty packet losses. The performance of our approach has been studied in terms of encoding/decoding time versus recovery capability, and compared with other proposed schemes in the literature. The theoretical analysis has shown that our approach allows the use of a lower size of the Galois Fields compared to other solutions. This lower size results in a decrease of the required encoding/decoding time while keeping a comparable recovery capability. Finally, experimental results have been carried out to assess the performance of our approach compared to other schemes in a simulated environment, where models for wireless and wireline channels have been considered.

Using the Journalistic Metaphor to Design User Interfaces That Explain Sensor Data

Facilitating general access to data from sensor networks (including traffic, hydrology and other domains) increases their utility. In this paper we argue that the journalistic metaphor can be effectively used to automatically generate multimedia presentations that help non-expert users analyze and understand sensor data. The journalistic layout and style are familiar to most users. Furthermore, the journalistic approach of ordering information from most general to most specific helps users obtain a high-level understanding while providing them the freedom to choose the depth of analysis to which they want to go. We describe the general characteristics and architectural requirements for an interactive intelligent user interface for exploring sensor data that uses the journalistic metaphor. We also describe our experience in developing this interface in real-world domains (e.g., hydrology).

Testing a Cloud Provider Network for Hybrid P2P and Cloud Streaming Architectures

The number of online real-time streaming services deployed over network topologies like P2P or centralized ones has remarkably increased in the recent years. This has revealed the lack of networks that are well prepared to respond to this kind of traffic. A hybrid distribution network can be an efficient solution for real-time streaming services. This paper contains the experimental results of streaming distribution in a hybrid architecture that consist of mixed connections among P2P and Cloud nodes that can interoperate together. We have chosen to represent the P2P nodes as Planet Lab machines over the world and the cloud nodes using a Cloud provider's network. First we present an experimental validation of the Cloud infrastructure's ability to distribute streaming sessions with respect to some key streaming QoS parameters: jitter, throughput and packet losses. Next we show the results obtained from different test scenarios, when a hybrid distribution network is used. The scenarios measure the improvement of the multimedia QoS parameters, when nodes in the streaming distribution network (located in different continents) are gradually moved into the Cloud provider infrastructure. The overall conclusion is that the QoS of a streaming service can be efficiently improved, unlike in traditional P2P systems and CDN, by deploying a hybrid streaming architecture. This enhancement can be obtained by strategic placing of certain distribution network nodes into the Cloud provider infrastructure, taking advantage of the reduced packet loss and low latency that exists among its datacenters.

Contribución a los Modelos y Metodologías para la Estimación de la Calidad Percibida por los Usuarios (QoE) a partir de Parámetros de Calidad de Red/Servicio (QoS) en Servicios Convergentes Multimedia (Triple-Play)

Esta Tesis constituye una contribución a los Modelos y Metodologías para la Estimación de la Calidad Percibida por los Usuarios, o Calidad de Experiencia (QoE), a partir de Parámetros de Calidad y/o Rendimiento de Red y/o Servicio (QoS) en Servicios Multimedia, y específicamente en servicios Triple-Play (3P): servicios de Televisión (TV), Telefonía y Datos ofrecidos por un mismo operador como un paquete único. En particular, se centra en los servicios Triple-Play convergentes (desplegados sobre una Red de Transporte común basada en IP, gestionada por un único operador como un Sistema Autónomo (SA)), y la relación entre la Calidad Percibida por los usuarios de dichos servicios y los parámetros de rendimiento de la Red de Transporte IP subyacente. Específicamente, contribuye a la estimación ‘en línea’ (es decir, durante la prestación del servicio, en tiempo real o casi-real) de dicha calidad. La calidad de experiencia de los usuarios es un factor determinante para el éxito o fracaso de estos servicios, y su adecuada gestión resulta por tanto un elemento crucial para el despliegue exitoso de los mismos. La calidad de experiencia resulta fácil de entender, pero compleja de implementar en sistemas reales, debido principalmente a la dificultad de su modelado, evaluación, y traducción en términos de parámetros de calidad de servicio. Mientras que la calidad de servicio puede medirse, monitorizarse y controlarse fácilmente, la calidad de experiencia es todavía muy difícil de gestionar. Una metodología completa de gestión de la calidad de experiencia debe incluir al menos: monitorización de la experiencia de los usuarios durante el consumo del servicio; adaptación de la provisión de contenidos a las condiciones variables del contexto; predicción del nivel de degradación potencial de la calidad de experiencia; y recuperación de la degradación debida a cambios en el sistema. Para conseguir un control completo de la experiencia de los usuarios finales, todas estas tareas deben ser realizadas durante la prestación del servicio y de forma coordinada. Por lo tanto, la capacidad de medir, estimar y monitorizar la calidad percibida en tiempo casi-real, y relacionarla con las condiciones de servicio de la red, resulta crítica para los proveedores de este tipo de servicios, especialmente en el caso de los más exigentes, tales como la difusión de Televisión sobre IP (IPTV). Para ello se ha seleccionado un modelo ya existente, de tipo matricial, para la estimación de la Calidad Global en servicios complejos a partir de los parámetros de funcionamiento interno de los agentes que proporcionan los servicios. Este modelo, definido en términos de servicios y sus componentes, percepciones de los usuarios, capacidades de los agentes, indicadores de rendimiento y funciones de evaluación, permite estimar la calidad global de un conjunto de servicios convergentes, tal como la perciben uno o más grupos de usuarios. Esto se consigue combinando los resultados de múltiples modelos parciales, tales que cada uno de ellos proporciona la valoración de la calidad percibida para uno de los servicios componentes, obtenida a partir de un conjunto de parámetros de rendimiento y/o Calidad de Servicio de la red de transporte IP convergente. El modelo se basa en la evaluación de las percepciones de los usuarios a partir de Factores de Valoración, calculados a partir de Indicadores de Rendimiento, que se derivan a su vez de Parámetros de Funcionamiento Interno correspondientes a las capacidades de los distintos agentes que intervienen en la prestación de los servicios. El trabajo original incluye la aplicación del modelo a un servicio 3P (datos+voz+vídeo). En este trabajo, sin embargo, el servicio de vídeo (Vídeo bajo Demanda, VoD) se considera poco importante y es finalmente ignorado. En el caso de los usuarios residenciales, el servicio de voz (Voz sobre IP, VoIP) se considera asimismo poco importante y es también ignorado, por lo que el servicio global se reduce finalmente a los servicios de datos (Acceso a Internet y juegos interactivos). Esta simplificación era razonable en su momento, pero la evolución del mercado de servicios convergentes ha hecho que en la actualidad las razones que la justificaban no sean ya aplicables. En esta Tesis, por lo tanto, hemos considerado un servicio ‘Triple-Play’ completo, incluyendo servicios de datos, voz y vídeo. Partiendo de dicho modelo, se ha procedido a actualizar los servicios considerados, eliminando los no relevantes e incluyendo otros no considerados, así como a incluir nuevos elementos (percepciones) para la estimación de la calidad de los servicios; actualizar, extender y/o mejorar los modelos de estimación de los servicios ya incluidos; incluir modelos de estimación para los nuevos servicios y elementos añadidos; desarrollar nuevos modelos de estimación para aquellos servicios o elementos para los que no existen modelos adecuados; y por último, extender, actualizar y/o mejorar los modelos para la estimación de la calidad global. Con todo ello se avanza apreciablemente en la modelización y estimación de la Calidad de Experiencia (QoE) en Servicios Multimedia a partir de Parámetros de Calidad de Servicio (QoS) y/o Rendimiento de la Red, y específicamente en la estimación ‘en línea’, en tiempo casi-real, de dicha calidad en servicios Triple-Play convergentes. La presente Tesis Doctoral se enmarca en la línea de investigación sobre Calidad de Servicio del grupo de Redes y Servicios de Telecomunicación e Internet, dentro del Departamento de Ingeniería de Sistemas Telemáticos (DIT) de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM).

Dynamic effect of high speed railway traffic loads on the ballast track settlement

The traditional ballast track structures are still being used in high speed railways lines with success, however technical problems or performance features have led to non-ballast track solution in some cases. A considerable maintenance work is needed for ballasted tracks due to the track deterioration. Therefore it is very important to understand the mechanism of track deterioration and to predict the track settlement or track irregularity growth rate in order to reduce track maintenance costs and enable new track structures to be designed. The objective of this work is to develop the most adequate and efficient models for calculation of dynamic traffic load effects on railways track infrastructure, and then evaluate the dynamic effect on the ballast track settlement, using a ballast track settlement prediction model, which consists of the vehicle/track dynamic model previously selected and a track settlement law. The calculations are based on dynamic finite element models with direct time integration, contact between wheel and rail and interaction with railway cars. A initial irregularity profile is used in the prediction model. The track settlement law is considered to be a function of number of loading cycles and the magnitude of the loading, which represents the long-term behavior of ballast settlement. The results obtained include the track irregularity growth and the contact force in the final interaction of numerical simulation