Populações de aranhas errantes do gênero Ctenus em fragmentos florestais na Amazônia Central

Ctenus é um gênero de aranhas errantes abundante em florestas tropicais da América do Sul e da África e está se tornando um organismo modelo para compreensão da biologia de predadores na fauna de serapilheira. Avaliamos os efeitos da fragmentação florestal sobre quatro espécies de aranhas errantes do gênero Ctenus (C. amphora, C. crulsi, C. manauara e C. villasboasi), baseado nas variações das densidades e nos tamanhos de adultos em fragmentos de tamanhos diferentes, nas bordas destes e nas florestas secundárias próximas. Este estudo foi realizado de fevereiro a julho de 1999, em floresta tropical úmida de terra firme ao norte de Manaus - AM. As áreas incluíram três locais de mata secundária, quatro fragmentos de 1 ha, três de 10 ha, dois de 100 ha e quatro reservas em floresta contínua (maior que 10.000 ha). As aranhas foram capturadas manualmente, mensuradas e contadas em transectos de 250x5 m ou 500x5 m em áreas de platô, no interior e nas bordas dos fragmentos. Houve predomínio significativo de fêmeas em duas espécies (C. amphora- 74% e C. crulsi- 65%); dimorfismo sexual de tamanho em três espécies (C. amphora, C. crulsi e C. manauara) e variação temporal da abundância significativa para as quatro espécies. Estes resultados corroboraram e complementaram tendências de estudos anteriores e permitem uma interpretação mais completa sobre a ecologia destas espécies. Não observamos diferenças de abundância das aranhas entre centro e bordas e entre reservas de diferentes tamanhos. O efeito de borda ou do tamanho do fragmento sobre o tamanho de aranhas Ctenus neste estudo foi bem menor que as variações anteriormente observadas entre habitats diferentes no interior da floresta. Comparações com um estudo posterior a este, mostram que efeito da fragmentação nesta escala sobre estas aranhas diminui com a regeneração da floresta ao redor dos fragmentos, indicando uma rápida resposta do grupo para estas modificações ambientais.

Structure of Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae) population in areas with different degrees of human settlement: Cantá - Roraima - Brazil

Malaria has still been one of the most important endemic diseases in the Amazonian region. This study presents the impact of human settlements on the structure of Anopheles population. Diversity, abundance, richness and distribution of the genus Anopheles were observed in two areas with different levels of human settlement in the Cantá city, Roraima State, Northern Brazil. The influence of the dry and rainy seasons on mosquito populations was also observed. Mosquito captures were performed between 6:00 and 10:00 pm during the dry (February and November) and rainy (May and August) seasons at four different sites of each area. Among the 11 species of Anopheles identified through the adults' characteristics, An. albitarsis s.l. (45.5%) and An. darlingi (19.2%) were the most abundant in the more intensively anthropized area while An. triannulatus (19.2%) was more common in the less modified area. Other species found were An. nuneztovari (10.9%), An. oswaldoi (2.0%), An. evansae (1.7%), An. brasiliensis (0.6%), An. intermedius (0.3%), An. mediopunctatus (0.5%), An. periassui (0.08%) and An. argyritarsis (0.04%). The highest mosquitoes' population density was observed in May and the lowest one was observed in February and November. These results demonstrate the existence of a high diversity of anophelines in the study areas, showing that anthropic changes in the environment and climate variability affect both the population density and relative abundance of these vectors.

Social wasps of two wetland ecosystems in brazilian Amazonia (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Polistinae)

In Brazilian Amazonia, 20 genera and more than 200 species of polistine wasps are recorded. Local faunas with 70 to 80 species are usually found in non floodable forest environments. However, a variety of wetlands exist in the region, the most expressive in surface area being varzea systems. In this paper, information is presented on polistines from two areas of wetlands in the Brazilian states of Amazonas and Amapá. These are reciprocally compared and also with nearby terra firme locations. Collecting methods consisted of active search for nests, handnetting and automatic trapping of individuals. Forty-six species of 15 genera were collected in Mamirauá, AM, most being widespread common wasps. However, five species deserve special mention in virtue of rarity and/or restricted distribution: Metapolybia rufata, Chartergellus nigerrimus, Chartergellus punctatior, Clypearia duckei, and Clypearia weyrauchi. In Região dos Lagos, AP, 31 species of 9 genera were collected, nearly all being common species with the exception of some Polistes, like P. goeldi and P. occipitalis. Even though less rich than vespid faunas from terra firme habitats, the Mamirauá fauna proved to be quite expressive considering limitations imposed by the hydrological regime. In Região dos Lagos, however, the very low diversity found was below the worst expectations. The virtual absence of otherwise common species in environments like tidal varzea forests along Araguari River is truly remarkable. The causes of low diversity are probably related to isolation and relative immaturity of the region, allied to strong degradation of forested habitats.

Systematics, functional morphology and distribution of a bivalve (Apachecorbula muriatica gen. et sp. nov.) from the rim of the ‘Valdivia Deep’ brine pool in the Red Sea

The deep brine pools of the Red Sea comprise extreme, inhospitable habitats yet house microbial communities that potentially may fuel adjacent fauna. We here describe a novel bivalve from a deep-sea (1525 m) brine pool in the Red Sea, where conditions of high salinity, lowered pH, partial anoxia and high temperatures are prevalent. Remotely operated vehicle (ROV) footage showed that the bivalves were present in a narrow (20 cm) band along the rim of the brine pool, suggesting that it is not only tolerant of such extreme conditions but is also limited to them. The bivalve is a member of the Corbulidae and named Apachecorbula muriatica gen. et sp. nov. The shell is atypical of the family in being modioliform and thin. The semi-infaunal habit is seen in ROV images and reflected in the anatomy by the lack of siphons. The ctenidia are large and typical of a suspension feeding bivalve, but the absence of guard cilia and the greatly reduced labial palps suggest that it is non-selective as a response to low food availability. It is proposed that the low body mass observed is a consequence of the extreme habitat and low food availability. It is postulated that the observed morphology of Apachecorbula is a result of paedomorphosis driven by the effects of the extreme environment on growth but is in part mitigated by the absence of high predation pressures.

Omnivory and resource - sharing in nutrient - deficient Rio Negro waters: stabilization of biodiversity?

Amazonian biodiversity is notorious, this is also valid for the fauna of the mineral-deficient waters of the Rio Negro System. Some 25 years of research on the benthic fauna of Central Amazonian streams resulted in species-rich foodwebs with a high degree of omnivory within dense animal communities. To exemplify the taxonomic range of omnivorous consumers, the detailed resource spectra of 18 consumer species, including Protozoa (2 species), Platyhelminthes (1 species), insects (2 species), fish (6 species) and shrimps (Decapoda, 7 species), associated primarily with the benthic habitats of Rio Negro tributaries, are presented. Special features of omnivory are characterized, and the importance of litter-decomposing fungi as essential energy input into the foodwebs is documented. It is shown that general omnivory -diverse omnivore consumers sharing most of the resource types- is a prevalent feature. The relevance of this general omnivory for the maintenance of biodiversity is discussed.

Diversidade, taxonomia e distribuição por estados brasileiros das famílias Bartramiaceae, Brachytheciaceae, Bryaceae, Calymperaceae, Fissidentaceae, Hypnaceae e Leucobryaceae (Bryophyta) da Estação Científica Ferreira Penna, Caxiuanã, Pará, Brasil

Foi realizado o inventário das espécies de musgos (Bryophyta) da Estação Científica Ferreira Penna, município de Melgaço, estado do Pará. Esta estação possui 85% de sua área ocupada por mata de terra firme, bem conservada. Sua vegetação de fanerógamas já está relativamente estudada. Porém o estudo dos musgos está avançando agora com este trabalho. Além de inventariar as espécies de musgos ocorrentes na área, outros objetivos são ampliar a distribuição geográfica das espécies ainda não referidas para a região, registrar o tipo de substrato e ecossistema onde elas ocorrem. Foram identificadas 84 espécies, 37 gêneros e 19 famílias. Esse trabalho é parte dos estudos realizados com os musgos da ECFPn, tratando apenas das 47 espécies pertencentes às famílias Bartramiaceae, Brachytheciaceae, Bryaceae, Calymperaceae, Fissidentaceae, Hypnaceae e Leucobryaceae. Para cada táxon foram citados, herbário, referências de descrições, comentários com as características diagnósticas, habitats, distribuição geográfica brasileira e material examinado. São novas referências para Amazônia Brasileira, Fissidens pauperculus M. Howe e Octoblepharum costatum H. A.Crum e para o estado do Pará, Syrrhopodon incompletus Schwägr. var. berteroanus (Brid.) W. D. Reese e Leucobryum crispum Müll. Hal.

Diversidade de Calliphoridae (Insecta: Diptera) na base de extração petrolífera da Bacia do Rio Urucu, na Amazônia brasileira

A diversidade e abundância de dípteros califorídeos de três ambientes (clareira artificial, clareira natural e mata) de Porto Urucu/AM foram avaliadas em coletas anuais realizadas em 2004, 2005 e 2006. Ao longo destes três anos foram coletados 2.121 exemplares pertencentes a 14 espécies. As espécies mais abundantes foram Chloroprocta idioidea (Robineau- Desvoidy), Eumesembrinella randa (Walker) e Hemilucilia semidiaphana (Rondani). Os habitats de matas e clareiras naturais apresentaram maior abundância de califorídeos quando comparados às clareiras artificiais, com índices de diversidade e equitabilidade também maiores do que em clareiras artificiais, onde a dominância foi mais elevada.

Ocorrência e controle de lesmas do gênero Omalonyx (Gastropoda, Succineidae), pragas de capim-elefante Pennisetum purpureum (Poaceae) em Rio Preto da Eva, Amazonas

Lesmas do gênero Omalonyx d'Orbigny, 1837 são hermafroditas, herbívoras, de distribuição neotropical e vivem em plantas aquáticas, nas demais vegetações adjacentes e em solo úmido próximo a ambientes de água doce. No presente trabalho reporta-se a ocorrência atípica de O. pattersonae Tillier, 1981 e de Omalonyx sp. em área de terra firme, distante de ambiente aquático. Estas espécies aqui reportadas são simpátricas e devido à alta densidade populacional e prejuízos causados às folhas do capim-elefante Pennisetum purpureum Schumach, são caracterizadas como pragas agrícolas. No período da noite as lesmas se alimentavam das folhas do capim elefante e durante o dia permaneciam escondidas na base do caule, próximo a superfície úmida do solo. A aplicação de cal hidratada sobre agregados de indivíduos de Omalonyx spp foi um método efetivo para o controle das populações. As alterações ambientais dos ecossistemas amazônicos para uso agrícola e/ou urbanização tem promovido o aumento populacional de espécies que se adaptam a novos habitats e geralmente se tornam pragas de difícil controle.

Use of the flooded forest by fish assemblages in lakes of the National Park of Anavilhanas (Amazonas, Brazil)

We evaluated diversity and distribution of fish species in two habitats: flooded forest and open water of lakes of Rio Negro. Each of four lakes within the Anavilhanas Archipelago was sampled three times from 2009-2010. Species diversity generally was higher in flooded forests and at night, according to correspondence analysis. Predators were most active at night, but showed no preference between the flooded forest and open water habitats. Omnivores, filter feeders, and detritivores were most active during the day.

Comparação da eficiência relativa de dois apetrechos de coleta de peixes em praias no baixo rio Purus, Amazonas, Brasil

Apesar das praias serem consideradas um dos sete mais importantes habitats aquáticos da Amazônia, poucos trabalhos foram realizados quanto ao levantamento de sua ictiofauna, principalmente quando utilizados diferentes apetrechos de coleta. Este trabalho teve como objetivo comparar a eficiência relativa de dois apetrechos, rede de cerco e malhadeira, ambos utilizados de forma ativa (arrasto), em três praias localizadas no baixo rio Purus. A rede de cerco apresentou maior número de espécies e indivíduos capturados, no entanto, a malhadeira apresentou maiores valores de biomassa total, representada principalmente por Siluriformes. A baixa similaridade da fauna de peixes capturada (38%) foi devido à exclusividade de espécies coletadas com cada apetrecho, 41 com rede de cerco e 32 com malhadeira. O presente trabalho mostra a importância de se utilizar diferentes apetrechos de coleta como forma de diminuir a seletividade inerente de cada um desses aparelhos, melhorando a efetividade de amostragens em ambientes pouco estudados.

Cryptic species in Pagamea coriacea sensu lato (Rubiaceae): evidence from morphology, ecology and reproductive behavior in a sympatric context

In this study we explore morphological and ecological variation in sympatric populations of Pagamea coriacea s.l. - a species complex from white-sand vegetation in the Amazon. A total of 147 trees were sampled and monitored at three nearby sites in Central Amazon, Brazil. Multivariate analyses of morphology indicated two distinct groups (A and B), which also differed in bark type, each containing subgroups associated with sexual dimorphism. However, a single hermaphroditic individual was observed within group B. As expected, all pistillate plants produced fruits, but 23% of the staminate plants of group B, and 5% of group A also produced fruits. This variation suggests that the sexual systems of both groups are between dioecy and gynodioecy. There was an overlap in flowering phases between the two groups, but the pattern of floral maturation differed. Ecologically, plants of group B were found in more shaded habitats and over sandstone bedrocks, while group A was prevalent in deeper sandy soils as canopy plants. The significances of morphological and environmental differences were tested by a multivariate analysis of variance, and a canonical discriminant analysis assessed the importance of variables. The coexistence in sympatry of two discrete morphological groups in the P. coriacea s.l., with different habitat preferences and reproductive behaviors, indicates they represent distinct species.

Fatores edáficos determinando a ocorrência de leguminosas herbáceas em savanas amazônicas

Fatores edáficos vem sendo indicados como determinantes para a distribuição de comunidades de plantas na Amazônia. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar quais fatores edáficos determinam a ocorrência de leguminosas herbáceas em savanas amazônicas. Para tanto, foi realizado um inventário da flora herbácea da família Leguminosae em 34 parcelas permanentes estabelecidas em duas áreas de savana de Roraima, norte da Amazônia brasileira. As espécies Chamaecrista desvauxii (24,9%), Aeschynomene histrix (15,7%) e Galactia jussiaeana (10,8%) foram as de maior índice de valor de importância. Todas com grande abundância e ampla distribuição. Os resultados indicaram baixa densidade ou ausência de indivíduos e espécies em parcelas estabelecidas em solos mal drenados (hidromórficos). Diversidade e riqueza de espécies tendeu a ser maior em habitats formados por solos bem drenados, mais férteis e com menor concentração de alumínio trocável. É sugerido que solos pobres e sazonalmente alagados reduzam as chances de ocorrência e afetem negativamente a riqueza/diversidade de leguminosas herbáceas nas áreas de savana de Roraima.

Updated checklist of aquatic macrophytes from Northern Brazil

Field collection and herbaria data did not allow to quantify the diversity of aquatic plants from Northern Brazil, so we could not detect biogeographic patterns. Therefore, our objectives were to identify and quantify the aquatic macrophytes of North Brazilian states, analyzing herbaria data plataforms (SpeciesLink and Flora do Brasil). The checklist was produced by bibliographic search (articles published between 1980 and 2000), herbaria collections of the platforms SpeciesLink and Flora do Brasil and field expeditions, where we utilized asystematic sampling. We also analyzed the floristic similarity of aquatic macrophytes among Northern Brazil, wetlands of distinct Brazilian regions and the Neotropics. We recorded 539 species, of which 48 are endemic to Brazil. The states with highest number of species were Amazonas and Pará, independently on platform. The most represented families were Poaceae (89 species), Podostemaceae (55), Cyperaceae (50) and Fabaceae (47). We highlight the unprecedent richness of Podostemaceae, due to our own field collection efforts on favorable habitats, 25 species being endemic. Emergent and/or amphibious plants (515) were dominant in total species richness and were best represented in lotic habitats. We found significant differences in richness and floristics among states, obtained from the platforms. There is floristic similarity among Northern states and other Brazilian wetlands. In conclusion, we observed a rich aquatic flora in Northern Brazil, in spite of scarcity of records for Acre, Rondonia and Tocantins; we highlight the unprecedent number of endemic species of Podostemaceae (25) and contrasting richness between SpeciesLink and Flora do Brasil.

Polychromatism of populations of Corallus hortulanus (Squamata: Boidae) from the southern Amazon Basin, Brazil

The Amazon tree boa Corallus hortulanus is known for featuring a wide variation in color pattern and design markings. Although there are studies on its polychromatism, none of them addresses the geographic variation in the color pattern of this species. The aim of this study was to describe the chromatic variation found in the populations of C. hortulanus from the southern Amazon Basin and its relationship with geographic distribution of the species. Analysis of both design markings and color patterns on 112 C. hortulanus specimens from the southern Amazon Basin interfluves resulted in the identification of six distinct morphotypes. Grayish-brown coloration and elongated diamond-shaped patterns were the most frequent patterns. Two morphotypes showed a tendency of correlation with the geographical distribution of those species found in Madeira and Juruá Rivers. The small sample size does not allow for a robust conclusion on the possible cause of geographic variation. The distribution of morphological patterns of C. hortullanus in the Amazon Basin suggest that there is gene flow between populations, regardless of geographical distance and natural barriers. The variation in color pattern and markings may represent a phenotypic response to the characteristics of different habitats occupied by the species.

Comparative genomics reveals adaptations of a halotolerant thaumarchaeon in the interfaces of brine pools in the Red Sea

The bottom of the Red Sea harbors over 25 deep hypersaline anoxic basins that are geochemically distinct and characterized by vertical gradients of extreme physicochemical conditions. Because of strong changes in density, particulate and microbial debris get entrapped in the brine-seawater interface (BSI), resulting in increased dissolved organic carbon, reduced dissolved oxygen toward the brines and enhanced microbial activities in the BSI. These features coupled with the deep-sea prevalence of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) in the global ocean make the BSI a suitable environment for studying the osmotic adaptations and ecology of these important players in the marine nitrogen cycle. Using phylogenomic-based approaches, we show that the local archaeal community of five different BSI habitats (with up to 18.2% salinity) is composed mostly of a single, highly abundant Nitrosopumilus-like phylotype that is phylogenetically distinct from the bathypelagic thaumarchaea; ammonia-oxidizing bacteria were absent. The composite genome of this novel Nitrosopumilus-like subpopulation (RSA3) co-assembled from multiple single-cell amplified genomes (SAGs) from one such BSI habitat further revealed that it shares [sim]54% of its predicted genomic inventory with sequenced Nitrosopumilus species. RSA3 also carries several, albeit variable gene sets that further illuminate the phylogenetic diversity and metabolic plasticity of this genus. Specifically, it encodes for a putative proline-glutamate 'switch' with a potential role in osmotolerance and indirect impact on carbon and energy flows. Metagenomic fragment recruitment analyses against the composite RSA3 genome, Nitrosopumilus maritimus, and SAGs of mesopelagic thaumarchaea also reiterate the divergence of the BSI genotypes from other AOA.