1.° Ludovici Lasserei, regii Navarrae collegii Provisoris, oratio de laudibus philosophiae. — 2.° Ejusdem oratio de immortalitate animae. — 3.° Ejusdem oratio de laudibus Theologorum Parisiensium. — 4.° Ejusdem orationes sex de laudibus juris canonici.

Mentellianus

Predicting future distributions of mountain plants under climate change: does dispersal capacity matter?

Many studies have investigated the impacts that climate change could potentially have on the distribution of plant species, but few have attempted to constrain projections through plant dispersal limitations. Instead, most studies published so far have been using the simplification of considering dispersal as either unlimited or null. However, depending on a species' dispersal capacity, landscape fragmentation, and the rate of climatic change, these assumptions can lead to serious over- or underestimation of a species' future distribution. To quantify the discrepancies between unlimited, realistic, and no dispersal scenarios, we carried out projections of future distribution over the 21st century for 287 mountain plant species in a study area of the Western Swiss Alps. For each species, simulations were run for four dispersal scenarios (unlimited dispersal, no dispersal, realistic dispersal and realistic dispersal with long-distance dispersal events) and under four climate change scenarios. Although simulations accounting for realistic dispersal limitations did significantly differ from those considering dispersal as unlimited or null in terms of projected future distribution, using the unlimited dispersal simplification nevertheless provided good approximations for species extinctions under more moderate climate change scenarios. Overall, simulations accounting for dispersal limitations produced, for our mountainous study area, results that were significantly closer to unlimited dispersal than to no dispersal. Finally, analyzing the temporal pattern of species extinctions over the entire 21st century showed that, due to the possibility of a large number of species shifting their distribution to higher elevation, important species extinctions for our study area might not occur before the 2080-2100 time periods.

Raban Maur, sur Ézéchiel.

Acquis le 20 septembre 1833 de M. de Bure pour le prix de 66 francs 15 centimes; cf. B.n.F., département des Manuscrits, registre des acquisitions 1833-1848, n° 1600; — note "les 16 premiers ff. de ce ms. forment aujourd'hui le n° 1875 du fonds latin des nouvelles acquisitions (f. de garde)

« Genealogie de Bourbon », et histoire des accroissements territoriaux de cette famille, par ETIENNE LEBLANC.

Au fol. 5, miniature dans laquelle l'auteur est représenté offrant son ouvrage à Louise de Savoie. Ce volume, pour l'ornementation comme pour l'écriture, semble être de la même main que celui qui porte le n° 5715. Elle a été composée sur la demande de Louise de Savoie, ainsi que l'auteur le déclare dans sa dédicace (fol. 5). Elle commence (fol. 1) avant cette dédicace par : « Pour plus facillement entendre le contenu en ce present livre, au commencement d'iceluy ay mys ceste presente genealogie de la maison de Bourbon. Monsieur sainct Loys, roy de France... » et finit (fol. 30) par : «... esquelz escriptz toute foy doit estre adjoustée ». La seconde partie de l'ouvrage (fol. 23-30) est consacrée à saint Louis : « Probation que monseigneur sainct Loys ne destruisit point le royaume pour le sainct voyaige qu'il feist oultre mer ». L'auteur pour justifier saint Louis d'avoir ruiné le royaume pour le payement de sa rançon, lors de sa première croisade, énumère (fol. 23-24) les reliques acquises par ce roi, donne, en passant (fol. 24-25), les noms des « roys de France qui ont été en Terre saincte », indique (fol. 25-26) à combien monta la rançon de saint Louis, et montre qu'elle ne fut pas disproportionnée eu égard au temps et à la qualité du prisonnier du Soudan ; passe ensuite en revue (fol. 26-27) les églises et hôpitaux fondés après le payement de cette rançon par le saint roi, sans avoir recours à aucune taille, aide ni subside ; montre (fol. 27-28) que saint Louis ne fit jamais de monnaie de cuir et que c'est longtemps après son décès que les gabelles (fol. 28-29) furent établies. En dernier lieu, il parle (fol. 29-30) de la canonisation de saint Louis, proclamée en 1297 par les soins et aux frais de Philippe le Bel son petit-fils. Miniature, encadrement, lettres ornées.

« Genealogie de Bourbon », et histoire des accroissements territoriaux de cette famille, par ETIENNE LEBLANC.

Au fol. 5, miniature dans laquelle l'auteur est représenté offrant son ouvrage à Louise de Savoie. Ce volume, pour l'ornementation comme pour l'écriture, semble être de la même main que celui qui porte le n° 5715. Elle a été composée sur la demande de Louise de Savoie, ainsi que l'auteur le déclare dans sa dédicace (fol. 5). Elle commence (fol. 1) avant cette dédicace par : « Pour plus facillement entendre le contenu en ce present livre, au commencement d'iceluy ay mys ceste presente genealogie de la maison de Bourbon. Monsieur sainct Loys, roy de France... » et finit (fol. 30) par : «... esquelz escriptz toute foy doit estre adjoustée ». La seconde partie de l'ouvrage (fol. 23-30) est consacrée à saint Louis : « Probation que monseigneur sainct Loys ne destruisit point le royaume pour le sainct voyaige qu'il feist oultre mer ». L'auteur pour justifier saint Louis d'avoir ruiné le royaume pour le payement de sa rançon, lors de sa première croisade, énumère (fol. 23-24) les reliques acquises par ce roi, donne, en passant (fol. 24-25), les noms des « roys de France qui ont été en Terre saincte », indique (fol. 25-26) à combien monta la rançon de saint Louis, et montre qu'elle ne fut pas disproportionnée eu égard au temps et à la qualité du prisonnier du Soudan ; passe ensuite en revue (fol. 26-27) les églises et hôpitaux fondés après le payement de cette rançon par le saint roi, sans avoir recours à aucune taille, aide ni subside ; montre (fol. 27-28) que saint Louis ne fit jamais de monnaie de cuir et que c'est longtemps après son décès que les gabelles (fol. 28-29) furent établies. En dernier lieu, il parle (fol. 29-30) de la canonisation de saint Louis, proclamée en 1297 par les soins et aux frais de Philippe le Bel son petit-fils. Miniature, encadrement, lettres ornées.

Missouri Work Zone Capacity: Results of Field Data Analysis, TPF-5(081), 2011

This report presents the results of work zone field data analyzed on interstate highways in Missouri to determine the mean breakdown and queue-discharge flow rates as measures of capacity. Several days of traffic data collected at a work zone near Pacific, Missouri with a speed limit of 50 mph were analyzed in both the eastbound and westbound directions. As a result, a total of eleven breakdown events were identified using average speed profiles. The traffic flows prior to and after the onset of congestion were studied. Breakdown flow rates ranged between 1194 to 1404 vphpl, with an average of 1295 vphpl, and a mean queue discharge rate of 1072 vphpl was determined. Mean queue discharge, as used by the Highway Capacity Manual 2000 (HCM), in terms of pcphpl was found to be 1199, well below the HCM’s average capacity of 1600 pcphpl. This reduced capacity found at the site is attributable mainly to narrower lane width and higher percentage of heavy vehicles, around 25%, in the traffic stream. The difference found between mean breakdown flow (1295 vphpl) and queue-discharge flow (1072 vphpl) has been observed widely, and is due to reduced traffic flow once traffic breaks down and queues start to form. The Missouri DOT currently uses a spreadsheet for work zone planning applications that assumes the same values of breakdown and mean queue discharge flow rates. This study proposes that breakdown flow rates should be used to forecast the onset of congestion, whereas mean queue discharge flow rates should be used to estimate delays under congested conditions. Hence, it is recommended that the spreadsheet be refined accordingly.

What drives invasibility? A multi-model inference test and spatial modelling of alien plant species richness patterns in northern Portugal

Understanding and anticipating biological invasions can focus either on traits that favour species invasiveness or on features of the receiving communities, habitats or landscapes that promote their invasibility. Here, we address invasibility at the regional scale, testing whether some habitats and landscapes are more invasible than others by fitting models that relate alien plant species richness to various environmental predictors. We use a multi-model information-theoretic approach to assess invasibility by modelling spatial and ecological patterns of alien invasion in landscape mosaics and testing competing hypotheses of environmental factors that may control invasibility. Because invasibility may be mediated by particular characteristics of invasiveness, we classified alien species according to their C-S-R plant strategies. We illustrate this approach with a set of 86 alien species in Northern Portugal. We first focus on predictors influencing species richness and expressing invasibility and then evaluate whether distinct plant strategies respond to the same or different groups of environmental predictors. We confirmed climate as a primary determinant of alien invasions and as a primary environmental gradient determining landscape invasibility. The effects of secondary gradients were detected only when the area was sub-sampled according to predictions based on the primary gradient. Then, multiple predictor types influenced patterns of alien species richness, with some types (landscape composition, topography and fire regime) prevailing over others. Alien species richness responded most strongly to extreme land management regimes, suggesting that intermediate disturbance induces biotic resistance by favouring native species richness. Land-use intensification facilitated alien invasion, whereas conservation areas hosted few invaders, highlighting the importance of ecosystem stability in preventing invasions. Plants with different strategies exhibited different responses to environmental gradients, particularly when the variations of the primary gradient were narrowed by sub-sampling. Such differential responses of plant strategies suggest using distinct control and eradication approaches for different areas and alien plant groups.

Changes in lung function during an extreme mountain ultramarathon.

This study aimed to assess the effects of an extreme mountain ultramarathon (MUM, 330 km, 24,000 D+) on lung function. Twenty-nine experienced male ultramarathon runners performed longitudinally [before (pre), during (mid), and immediately after (post) a MUM] a battery of pulmonary function tests. The tests included measurements of forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in 1 s, peak flow, inspiratory capacity, and maximum voluntary ventilation in 12 s (MVV12). A significant reduction in the running speed was observed (-43.0% between pre-mid and mid-post; P < 0.001). Expiratory function declined significantly at mid (P < 0.05) and at post (P < 0.05). A similar trend was observed for inspiratory function (P < 0.05). MVV12 declined at mid (P < 0.05) and further decreased at post (P < 0.05). Furthermore, there are significant negative correlations between performance time and MVV12 pre-race (R = -0.54, P = 0.02) as well as changes in MVV12 between pre- and post-race (R = -0.53, P = 0.009). It is concluded that during an extreme MUM, a continuous decline in pulmonary function was observed, likely attributable to the high levels of ventilation required during this MUM in a harsh mountainous environment.

Microbial influences on epithelial integrity and immune function as a basis for inflammatory diseases.

Certain autoimmune diseases as well as asthma have increased in recent decades, particularly in developed countries. The hygiene hypothesis has been the prevailing model to account for this increase; however, epidemiology studies also support the contribution of diet and obesity to inflammatory diseases. Diet affects the composition of the gut microbiota, and recent studies have identified various molecules and mechanisms that connect diet, the gut microbiota, and immune responses. Herein, we discuss the effects of microbial metabolites, such as short chain fatty acids, on epithelial integrity as well as immune cell function. We propose that dysbiosis contributes to compromised epithelial integrity and disrupted immune tolerance. In addition, dietary molecules affect the function of immune cells directly, particularly through lipid G-protein coupled receptors such as GPR43.

Low-dose valganciclovir is efficacious and safe for prophylaxis of cytomegalovirus infection in kidney transplantation

Background: Optimal valganciclovir (VGC) dosage and duration for cytomegalovirus (CMV) prophylaxis in kidney transplant recipients remains controversial. This study aimed to determine GCV blood levels and efficacy/safety observed under low-dose oral VGC in kidney transplant recipients. Secondly, to quantify the variability of GCV blood levels, and its potential clinical impact. Methods: In this prospective study, each patient at risk for CMV undergoing kidney transplantation received low-dose VGC (450 mg qd) prophylaxis for 3 months, unless GFR was below 40 mL/min, in which case the dose was adapted to 450 mg every other day. GCV levels, at trough (Ctrough) and at peak (C3h) were measured monthly and CMV viremia was assessed during and after prophylaxis using real time quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction. Adverse effects were recorded on each GCV sampling. Patients were followed up to one year after transplantation. Results: 38 kidney recipients (19 D+/R+, 11 D+/R-, 8 D-/R+) received 3-month VGC prophylaxis. Most patients (mean GFR of 59 mL/min) received 450 mg qd but the dose was reduced to 450 mg every other day in 6 patients with mean GFR of 22 mL/min. Average GCV C3h and Ctrough (regressed at 24h or 48h) were 3.9 mg/L (CV 33%, range: 1.3-8.2) and 0.4 mg/L (CV 111%, range 0.1-3.3). Population pharmacokinetic analysis showed a fair dispersion of the parameters mainly influenced by renal function. Despite this variability, patients remained aviremic during VGC prophylaxis. Neutropenia and thrombocytopenia (grade 2-4) were reported in 4% and 3% of patients respectively. During follow-up, asymptomatic CMV viremia was reported in 25% patients. One year after transplantation, 12% patients (all D+/R-) had developed a CMV disease, which was treated with a therapeutic 6-week course of oral VGC. Conclusion: Average GCV blood levels after oral administration of low-dose VGC in kidney transplant recipients were comparable to those previously reported with oral GCV prophylaxis, efficacious and well tolerated. Thus, a 3-month course of low-dose VGC is appropriate for the renal function of most kidney transplant recipients.

Can we disentangle predator-prey interactions from species distributions at a macro-scale? A case study with a raptor species.

There is a debate on whether an influence of biotic interactions on species distributions can be reflected at macro-scale levels. Whereas the influence of biotic interactions on spatial arrangements is beginning to be studied at local scales, similar studies at macro-scale levels are scarce. There is no example disentangling, from other similarities with related species, the influence of predator-prey interactions on species distributions at macro-scale levels. In this study we aimed to disentangle predator-prey interactions from species distribution data following an experimental approach including a factorial design. As a case of study we selected the short-toed eagle because of its known specialization on certain prey reptiles. We used presence-absence data at a 100 Km2 spatial resolution to extract the explanatory capacity of different environmental predictors (five abiotic and two biotic predictors) on the short-toed eagle species distribution in Peninsular Spain. Abiotic predictors were relevant climatic and topographic variables, and relevant biotic predictors were prey richness and forest density. In addition to the short-toed eagle, we also obtained the predictor's explanatory capacities for i) species of the same family Accipitridae (as a reference), ii) for other birds of different families (as controls) and iii) species with randomly selected presences (as null models). We run 650 models to test for similarities of the short-toed eagle, controls and null models with reference species, assessed by regressions of explanatory capacities. We found higher similarities between the short-toed eagle and other species of the family Accipitridae than for the other two groups. Once corrected by the family effect, our analyses revealed a signal of predator-prey interaction embedded in species distribution data. This result was corroborated with additional analyses testing for differences in the concordance between the distributions of different bird categories and the distributions of either prey or non-prey species of the short-toed eagle. Our analyses were useful to disentangle a signal of predator-prey interactions from species distribution data at a macro-scale. This study highlights the importance of disentangling specific features from the variation shared with a given taxonomic level.

Aportació al coneixement de la brioflora aquàtica de l'alta muntanya pirinenca

Hemos estudiado la brioflora acuática de diversas localidades de los Pirineos Centrales y Orientales, situadas por encima de 1600 m de altitud. En las aguas corrientes abundan Hygrohypnum sp. pl., Schistidium alpicola var. rivulare, Cratoneuron commutatum, Pbilonotis sp. pl., Bryum pseudotriquetrum, Scapania undulata y Marsupella emarginata var. aquatica. En las aguas remansadas y en los lagos abundan Blindia acuta, Jungermanma exsertifolia ssp. cordi/olia, Chiloscyphus polyantbos y, en los márgenes Pbilonotis seriata. Todas estas especies han desarrollado características morfológicas de adaptación al medio y se trata de especies muy diferentes de las que dominan en la montaña media y en el llano. Es destacable la presencia de briófitos en las riberas de los ibones, a muy poca profundidad, donde han de soportar el hielo de 7 a 9 meses.