Colecta y establecimiento de banco de germoplasma en coleccion viva e In vitro del genero Xanthosoma en Nicaragua

Con el objetivo de conservar in vitro y en colección viva la variabilidad del género Xanthosoma se realizaron colectas en 27 sitios de tres regiones de Nicaragua entre julio y 2006 Oc tubre 2007. El banco de germoplasma in vitro se estableció mediante el cultivo de meristemos y colección viva utilizando la técnica de reproducción acelerada de semilla. Se elaboró un herbario de las accesiones. Catorce descriptores de colecta se utilizaro n para el análisis de agrupamiento (AA) preliminar del parentesco y dispersión entre las accesiones. Se colectaron 63 accesiones de 6 especies, 18 X. violaceum , 8 X. sagittifolium (ambas comestibles), 1 X. robustum , 6 X . wendlandii , 6 X. mexicanum , 2 X. at rovirens monstrosum (ornamental) y 22 X . spp (sin identificar). 74.6 % provienen de la Región Central, 19.0 % del Pacifico y 6.3 % del Caribe, la menos explorada. 76.2 % de las accesiones tienen hoja lisa sagitada, 1.6 % entera ondulada, 9.5% pubescente sa gitada, 3.2 % con ápice en forma de cono y 9.5 % lobulada lisa. 96.8 % de las hojas son verde y 3.2 % variegada ( X. atrovirens monstrosum ) . El 27 % de las accesiones producen estolones y 73 % cormelos. 61.5 % presentan seudotallo color verde, 28.6 % púrp ura y 9.5 % jaspeado. E n e l AA preliminar las accesiones formaron 2 grupos ( silvestres y cultivados ). 63 % de la variación total lo provocan un componente de 4 variables, y dos de 2 variables. El banco de germoplasma in vitro , la colección viva y el herbar io evidencian la variabilidad de Xanthosoma en Nicaragua.

Dinámica poblacional de arvenses en el cultivo de maiz (Zea mays L.) variedad NB-6 bajo los sistemas orgánico y convencional en la finca El Plantel, Tipitapa, Masaya, 2009

Las arvenses, tanto anuales como perennes, son un problema mundial en el cultivo del maíz. El crecimiento descontrolado de las malezas puede provocar grandes pérdidas de rendimiento de este cultivo. El estudio se realizó en finca experimental El Plantel de la Universidad Nacional Agraria, ubicada en el kilómetro 43 ½ carretera Tipitapa – Masaya, municipio de Masaya, de marzo a agosto 2009. Se evaluó el comportamiento de las arvenses en el cultivo de maíz, variedad NB-6, manejado bajo dos sistemas de producción: orgánico y convencional, se consideraron como dos tratamientos, establecidos en cuatro pseudorrepeticiones. El área experimental fue de 672 m2. La distancia entre pseudorrepeticiones 1 m. Las variables evaluadas fueron: diversidad, abundancia, biomasa y cobertura de arvenses y en el cultivo rendimiento en kg/ha. El predominio de las arvenses en el cultivo bajo los dos tratamientos fue similar. Se identificaron 11familias representadas por 21 especies. De éstas, 19 en el sistema orgánico y 17 en el sistema convencional. De las 21 especies, 15 pertenecen a la clase dicotiledóneas, éstas predominaron en el sistema orgánico: Cleome viscosa L. (Frijolillo de playa), Sida acuta Burn. F (Escoba lisa) y Portulaca oleracea L. (Verdolaga) de las familias Cappari daceae, Malvaceae y Portulacaceae. Las monocotiledóneas fueron Poaceae y Cyperaceae, predominando la especie: Ixophorus unicetus Presl. ( Zacate dulce). En el sistema convencional las familia Cyperaceae y Capparidaceae, en ellas predominaron las especies Cyperus rotundus L. (Coyolillo) y Cleome viscosa (L) respectivamente. La cobertura decreció en ambos sistemas a medida que el cultivo cerraba su ciclo, mostrando comportamiento similar en ambos tratamientos. La biomasa fue mayor el sistema orgánico (6,368 g/m2) con respecto a la biomasa en el sistema convencional (5,011.1 g/m2). La familia Poaceae obtuvo mayor biomasa (3205.5 g/m2) en el sistema orgánico, a diferencia del sistema convencional. (1765.4 g/m2). En el rendimiento no hubo diferencias estadísticas significativas en ambos sistemas de manejo donde (P=0.97).

Importancia de la cobertura vegetal y control de malezas en el manejo de pastos. Estudio de caso en pasto estrella (Cynodon nemfluencis), Cofradía, Managua

Las malezas, así como el grado de cobertura vegetal (real y efectiva), son factores que afectan el buen desarrollo de las pasturas. La poca información de dichos factores y su efecto en la producción y persistencia de las pasturas hace que sean poco valorados por los productores. Con el objetivo de contribuir al mejor manejo de los sistemas pastoriles en el país, se realizó el estudio en la finca Los Tercios, comarca Cofradía, km 16 ½ carretera Managua – Tipitapa, donde se seleccionaron dos condiciones ambientales, pastos con y sin árboles. Se determinó la composición botánica, utilizando para ello el método de rango de peso seco o comparativo (Jones y Hrgreaves, 1979), simultáneamente se colectó material vegetativo, que fue identificado en el herbario de la UNA, el Nacional y a través de consultas con expertos en la materia. Se realizó una valoración técnica, para considerar el estado de dichas pasturas y las implicaciones económicas que estas podrían tener. Se determinaron cuatro escenarios, 1) con árboles en el cerco; 2) con árboles en un 50%; 3) con árboles en un 75% y 4), con árboles en un 90%, registrándose coberturas vegetales que fluctuaron de 60 a 95%, y forrajeras de 30 a 70%. Se identificaron 16 familias, 25 géneros y 25 especies, dentro de los cuales destacaron por su mayor presencia las especies escoba lisa ( Sida cuta ), bledo espinoso ( Amaranthus espinosus ) y chilillo de gato ( Achyranthes aspera ), así como algunas especies leguminosas herbáceas forrajeras como Centrocema plumieri , centro ( Centrocema pubescens ), pega pega ( Desmodium unicatum ), calopo ( Calopogodium mucunoides y C. galactoides ), observándose mayor diversidad de especies, cuando existían árboles en el área de pasturas. A través del análisis técnico – económico se determinó que los factores cobertura vegetal y porcentaje de malezas son inversamente proporcionales a la productividad y persistencia de las pasturas.

Productividad de dos cultivares de pasto Brachiaria brizantha (La Libertad y Mulato), Hacienda Las Mercedes, UNA, Managua, Nicaragua

Con el objeto de contribuir a un mejor uso y manejo de dos cultivares del pasto Brachiaria brizantha (La Libertad y Mulato), durante el periodo lluvioso del año 2005, se llevo a cabo un estudio en la finca las Mercedes propiedad de la UNA. La finca las Mercedes, se ubica en las coordenadas 12°09’28’’ latitud norte y 86°10’16’’ longitud oeste. Para el estudio se utilizaron áreas de pasto de Brachiaria, 2.8 ha con el cultivar la libertad y 2.1 ha con el cultivar Mulato. Se realizaron cortes cada 15 días, en un área de 0.35 ha para cada cultivar, en la cual se determinó la producción de biomasa total fresca y seca, así como la producción de la fracción de la planta (hoja y tallo), y la relación entre estos. Se realizó además análisis de calidad (nitrógeno proteico). En la toma de datos de campo, se empleo el método de doble muestreo. Para la determinación de la composición botánica se utilizó el método de rango de peso seco o comparativo. Finalmente se realizó un análisis sobre el uso de la pastura Brachiaria y la proyección de su uso futuro, encontrándose que el cv Mulato presentó mejor producción de biomasa seca (635 kg / ms /ha / corte) y producción de hojas (5156 kg/ ms /ha /corte), relación hoja tallo de 1.2, así como contenido de nitrógeno proteico (4.2). Según el estudio de composición botánica, la mayor (P<0.05) cobertura correspondió al pasto brachiaria con rangos mayores al 95%. Le siguen algunas algunas especies leguminosas como Mimosa púdica (dormilona) y arvenses como Sida spp (escoba lisa). El análisis de uso permitió determinar que las pasto Brachiaria brizantha cvs La Libertad y Mulato han sido subutilizado, manteniéndose cargas que pueden ser duplicadas. Además de que la producción de estos cultivares podrían mejorar si se les proporciona una mejor fertilización.

空间的物理学

近些年来,在微重力环境中进行基础物理研究涉及到许多重大的基础物理课题,引起了国际理论物理界的关注,并被称为空间的基础物理学;进而,各国的空间局逐渐将微重力科学称之为空间的物理学,但空间的物理学并没有改变微重力科学的基本内容.随着国际空间站逐渐组装完成,空间站成员国正抓紧安排计划中的微重力科学实验项目,预计会在2016年以前取得一批重大成果.另一方面,需要在专门卫星上进行的引力理论和广义相对论验证实验,也在安排之中.在美国进行GP-B卫星计划后,探测引力波的LISA计划受到广泛的关注.空间的物理学将在促进重大学术成果和开拓新的技术发展两方面不断取得进展.

Building an Ocean of Information Drop by Drop : realities of a multi-institutional large scale digitization project

An overview of the workflow process the MBLWHOI Library has created through their digitization efforts with the Internet Archive as the part of two consortial projects. This includes some lessons learned as well as future plans to facilitate access. (21 powerpoint slides)

Ongoing monitoring of Tortugas Ecological Reserve: Assessing the consequences of reserve designation

Over the past five years, a biogeographic characterization of Tortugas Ecological Reserve(TER) has been carried out to measure the post-implementation effects of TER as a refuge for exploited species. Our results demonstrate that there is substantial microalgal biomass at depths between 10 and 30 m in the soft sediments at the coral reef interface, and that this community may play an important role in the food web supporting reef organisms. In addition, preliminary stable isotope data, in conjunction with prior results from the west Florida shelf, suggest that the shallow water benthic habitats surrounding the coral reefs of TER will prove to be an important source of the primary production ultimately fueling fish production throughout TER. The majority of the fish analyzed so far have exhibited a C isotope signature consistent with a food web which relies heavily on benthic primary production. Fish counts indicate a marked increase in the abundance of large fish (>20 cm) within the Reserve relative to the Out and Park strata, across years. Faunal collections from open and protected soft bottom habitat near the northern boundary of Tortugas North strongly suggest that relaxation of trawling pressure has increased benthic biomass and diversity in this area of TER. These data, employing an integrated Before - After Control Impact (BACI) design at multiple spatial scales, will allow us to continue to document and quantify the post-implementation effects of TER. (PDF contains 58 pages)

Stock assessment of loggerhead and leatherback sea turtles and An assessment of the impact of the pelagic longline fishery on the loggerhead and leatherback sea turtles of the Western North Atlantic

On September 7, 2000 the National Marine Fisheries Service announced that it was reinitiating consultation under Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act on pelagic fisheries for swordfish, sharks, tunas, and billfish. 1 Bycatch of a protected sea turtle species is considered a take under the Endangered Species Act (PL93-205). On June 30, 2000 NMFS completed a Biological Opinion on an amendment to the Highly Migratory Pelagic Fisheries Management Plan that concluded that the continued operation of the pelagic longline fishery was likely to jeopardize the continued existence of loggerhead and leatherback sea turtles.2 Since that Biological Opinion was issued NMFS concluded that further analyses of observer data and additional population modeling of loggerhead sea turtles was needed to determine more precisely the impact of the pelagic longline fishery on turtles. 3,4 Hence, the reinitiation of consultation. The documents that follow constitute the scientific review and synthesis of information pertaining to the narrowly defined reinitiation of consultation: the impact of the pelagic longline fishery on loggerhead and leatherback sea turtles The document is in 3 parts, plus 5 appendices. Part I is a stock assessment of loggerhead sea turtles of the Western North Atlantic. Part II is a stock assessment of leatherback sea turtles of the Western North Atlantic. Part III is an assessment of the impact of the pelagic longline fishery on loggerhead and leatherback sea turtles of the Western North Atlantic. These documents were prepared by the NMFS Southeast Fisheries Science Center staff and academic colleagues at Duke University and Dalhousie University. Personnel involved from the SEFSC include Joanne Braun-McNeill, Lisa Csuzdi, Craig Brown, Jean Cramer, Sheryan Epperly, Steve Turner, Wendy Teas, Nancy Thompson, Wayne Witzell, Cynthia Yeung, and also Jeff Schmid under contract from the University or Miami. Our academic colleagues, Ransom Myers, Keith Bowen, and Leah Gerber from Dalhousie University and Larry Crowder and Melissa Snover from Duke University, also recipients of a Pew Charitable Trust Grant for a Comprehensive Study of the Ecological Impacts of the Worldwide Pelagic Longline Industry, made significant contributions to the quantitative analyses and we are very grateful for their collaboration. We appreciate the reviews of the stock definition sections on loggerheads and leatherbacks by Brian Bowen, University of Florida, and Peter Dutton, National Marine Fisheries Service Southwest Fisheries Science Center, respectively, and the comments of the NMFS Center of Independent Experts reviewers Robert Mohn, Ian Poiner, and YouGan Wang on the entire document. We also wish to acknowledge all the unpublished data used herein which were contributed by many researchers, especially the coordinators and volunteers of the nesting beach surveys and the sea turtle stranding and salvage network and the contributors to the Cooperative Marine Turtle Tagging Program. (PDF contains 349 pages)

HE in FE projects: summary report

This report provides a summary overview of the projects and findings from nine projects that explored the use of technology-enhanced learning delivered in Higher Education (HE) courses delivered by Further Education (FE) colleges.

Identification of the egg, early life history and spawning areas if the anchoveta, Cetengraulis mysticetus (Günther), in the Gulf of Panama

ENGLISH: The egg of the anchoveta, Cetengraulis mysticetus (Günther), was identified in the Gulf of Panama by its size, difference in diurnal period of spawning, seasonal occurrence (October to January) and relative abundance. It is pelagic, translucent and oval with mean dimensions of 1.166 mm. and 0.558 mm. for the long and short axes respectively. The egg membrane is unsculptured, the yolk mass is markedly segmented, and no oil globule or pigmentation is present. It was not found in the plankton from mid-January 1957 until the latter part of the following September; during this period the gonads of the anchoveta were immature. Only one other anchovy egg, spawned during the same diurnal period, is sufficiently similar in dimensions to be confused with that of the anchoveta; however, it is slightly smaller. SPANISH: El huevo de la anchoveta, Cetengraulis mysticetus (Günther), fué identificado en el Golfo de Panamá por su tamaño, diferencias en el período diario de desove, su abundancia en la temporada (de octubre a enero) y por su abundancia relativa. El huevo es pelágico, translúcido, oval y con dimensiones promedio de 1.166 mm. y 0.558 mm. para los ejes largo y corto, respectivamente. La membrana es lisa, el vitelo está francamente segmentado y no posee ningún glóbulo graso o pigmentación. El huevo de la anchoveta no se encontró en el plancton en el período comprendido entre mediados de enero y fines de septiembre de 1957; durante este lapso las gónadas estuvieron inactivas.

Stormwater runoff - modeling impacts of urbanization and climate change

Development pressure throughout the coastal areas of the United States continues to build, particularly in the southeast (Allen and Lu 2003, Crossett et al. 2004). It is well known that development alters watershed hydrology: as land becomes covered with surfaces impervious to rain, water is redirected from groundwater recharge and evapotranspiration to stormwater runoff, and as the area of impervious cover increases, so does the volume and rate of runoff (Schueler 1994, Corbett et al. 1997). Pollutants accumulate on impervious surfaces, and the increased runoff with urbanization is a leading cause of nonpoint source pollution (USEPA 2002). Sediment, chemicals, bacteria, viruses, and other pollutants are carried into receiving water bodies, resulting in degraded water quality (Holland et al. 2004, Sanger et al. 2008). (PDF contains 5 pages)

Panel discussion: U.S. EPA using modeling and ecosystem services to enhance coastal decision making

This panel will discuss the research being conducted, and the models being used in three current coastal EPA studies being conducted on ecosystem services in Tampa Bay, the Chesapeake Bay and the Coastal Carolinas. These studies are intended to provide a broader and more comprehensive approach to policy and decision-making affecting coastal ecosystems as well as provide an account of valued services that have heretofore been largely unrecognized. Interim research products, including updated and integrated spatial data, models and model frameworks, and interactive decision support systems will be demonstrated to engage potential users and to elicit feedback. It is anticipated that the near-term impact of the projects will be to increase the awareness by coastal communities and coastal managers of the implications of their actions and to foster partnerships for ecosystem services research and applications. (PDF contains 4 pages)

Five concepts in planning theory useful to coastal management

In recent years coastal resource management has begun to stand as its own discipline. Its multidisciplinary nature gives it access to theory situated in each of the diverse fields which it may encompass, yet management practices often revert to the primary field of the manager. There is a lack of a common set of “coastal” theory from which managers can draw. Seven resource-related issues with which coastal area managers must contend include: coastal habitat conservation, traditional maritime communities and economies, strong development and use pressures, adaptation to sea level rise and climate change, landscape sustainability and resilience, coastal hazards, and emerging energy technologies. The complexity and range of human and environmental interactions at the coast suggest a strong need for a common body of coastal management theory which managers would do well to understand generally. Planning theory, which itself is a synthesis of concepts from multiple fields, contains ideas generally valuable to coastal management. Planning theory can not only provide an example of how to develop a multi- or transdisciplinary set of theory, but may also provide actual theoretical foundation for a coastal theory. In particular we discuss five concepts in the planning theory discourse and present their utility for coastal resource managers. These include “wicked” problems, ecological planning, the epistemology of knowledge communities, the role of the planner/ manager, and collaborative planning. While these theories are known and familiar to some professionals working at the coast, we argue that there is a need for broader understanding amongst the various specialists working in the increasingly identifiable field of coastal resource management. (PDF contains 4 pages)

The island of Kauai, Hawaii's progressive shoreline setback and coastal protection ordinance

Approximately two-thirds of coastal and Great Lakes states have some type of shoreline construction setback or construction control line requiring development to be a certain distance from the shoreline or other coastal feature (OCRM, 2008). Nineteen of 30 coastal states currently use erosion rates for new construction close to the shoreline. Seven states established setback distances based on expected years from the shoreline: the remainder specify a fixed setback distance (Heinz Report, 2000). Following public hearings by the County of Kauai Planning Commission and Kauai County Council, the ‘Shoreline Setback and Coastal Protection Ordinance’ was signed by the Mayor of Kauai on January 25, 2008. After a year of experience implementing this progressive, balanced shoreline setback ordinance several amendments were recently incorporated into the Ordinance (#887; Bill #2319 Draft 3). The Kauai Planning Department is presently drafting several more amendments to improve the effectiveness of the Ordinance. The intent of shoreline setbacks is to establish a buffer zone to protect shorefront development from loss due to coastal erosion - for a period of time; to provide protection from storm waves; to allow the natural dynamic cycles of erosion and accretion of beaches and dunes to occur; to maintain beach and dune habitat; and, to maintain lateral beach access and open space for the enjoyment of the natural shoreline environment. In addition, a primary goal of the Kauai setback ordinance is to avoid armoring or hardening of the shore which along eroding coasts has been documented to ultimately eliminate the fronting beach. (PDF contains 4 pages)