Growth, survival, gene expression, microbiota and tryptic activity during feeding of Scophthalmus maximus first feeding larvae with beta-glucan (MacroGard)

Reflecting the natural biology of mass spawning fish aquaculture production of fish larvae is often hampered by high and unpredictable mortality rates. The present study aimed to enhance larval performance and immunity via the oral administration of an immunomodulator, beta-glucan (MacroGard®) in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). Rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis) were incubated with or without yeast beta-1,3/1,6-glucan in form of MacroGard® at a concentration of 0.5 g/L. Rotifers were fed to first feeding turbot larvae once a day. From day 13 dph onwards all tanks were additionally fed untreated Artemia sp. nauplii (1 nauplius ml/L). Daily mortality was monitored and larvae were sampled at 11 and 24 dph for expression of 30 genes, trypsin activity and size measurements. Along with the feeding of beta-glucan daily mortality was significantly reduced by ca. 15% and an alteration of the larval microbiota was observed. At 11 dph gene expression of trypsin and chymotrypsin was elevated in the MacroGard® fed fish, which resulted in heightened tryptic enzyme activity. No effect on genes encoding antioxidative proteins was observed, whilst the immune response was clearly modulated by beta-glucan. At 11 dph complement component c3 was elevated whilst cytokines, antimicrobial peptides, toll like receptor 3 and heat shock protein 70 were not affected. At the later time point (24 dph) an anti-inflammatory effect in form of a down-regulation of hsp 70, tnf-alpha and il-1beta was observed. We conclude that the administration of beta-glucan induced an immunomodulatory response and could be used as an effective measure to increase survival in rearing of turbot.

Gut content of holothurians from the NE Atlantic

This paper describes inter-specific differences in the distribution of sediment in the gut compartments and in the enzyme and bacterial profiles along the gut of abyssal holothurian species - Oneirophanta mutabilis, Psychropotes longicauda and Pseudostichopus villosus sampled from a eutrophic site in the NE Atlantic at different times of the year. Proportions of sediments, relative to total gut contents, in the pharynx, oesophagus, anterior and posterior intestine differed significantly in all the inter-species comparisons, but not between inter-seasonal comparisons. Significant differences were also found between the relative proportions of sediments in both the rectum and cloaca of Psychropotes longicauda and Oneirophanta mutabilis. Nineteen enzymes were identified in either gut-tissue or gut-content samples of the holothurians studied. Concentrations of the enzymes in gut tissues and their contents were highly correlated. Greater concentrations of the enzymes were found in the gut tissues suggesting that they are the main source of the enzymes. The suites of enzymes recorded were broadly similar in each of the species sampled collected regardless of the time of the year, and they were similar to those described previously for shallow-water holothurians. Significant inter-specific differences in the gut tissue concentrations of some of the glycosidases suggest dietary differences. For example, Psychropotes longicauda and Pseudostichopus villosus contain higher levels of chitobiase than Oneirophanta mutabilis. There were no seasonal changes in bacterial activity profiles along the guts of O. mutabilis and Pseudostichopus villosus. In both these species bacterial activity and abundance declined between the pharynx/oesophagus and anterior intestine, but then increased along the gut and became greatest in the rectum/cloaca. Although the data sets were more limited for Psychropotes longicauda, bacterial activity increased from the anterior to the posterior intestine but then declined slightly to the rectum/cloaca. These changes in bacterial activity and densities probably reflect changes in the microbial environment along the guts of abyssal holothurians. Such changes suggest that there is potential for microbial breakdown of a broader range of substrates than could be otherwise be achieved by the holothurian itself. However, the present study found no evidence for sedimentary (microbial) sources of hydrolytic enzymes.

Einiges über des Aristoteles begriff vom höchsten gut.

Pr.

Koheleth's des weisen königs Seelenkampf : oder philosophische Betrachtungen über das höchste Gut aus dem hebräischen übersetzt und als ein ganzes dargestellt, ein versuch /

Includes bibliographical references (p. 93-95).

Über das höchste gut und das höchste übel in fünf büchern.

Mode of access: Internet.

Versuch über das schachspiel, worin einige regeln, um es gut zu spielen, und den vortheil durch feine und schlaue züge, welche man die geheimnisse des spiels nennen kann, davon zu tragen, enthalten sind; durch einen gebornen Alepper aus Syrien.

Mode of access: Internet.

Die kunst, auf der jagd gut zu schiessen. Als anhang: die stets mit dem besten erfolge angewandte kunst, hasen und anderes wildpret an jeden beliebigen ort, aus weiter ferne zahlreich herbei zu locken, so wie ein kurzgefasstes wörterbuch der jägersprache. Für jäger und liebhaber der jagd.

Mode of access: Internet.

Veit Dornenstrauch; ein komischer Roman fast so gut als aus den Papieren des braunen Mannes.

Mode of access: Internet.

Ueber den Begriff des Gut- oder positiv- und des Nichtgut- oder negativ-gewordnen endlichen Geistes /

Mode of access: Internet.

Gut und Böse.

Mode of access: Internet.

Shirley Gut, Massachusetts: channel between Point Shirley and Deer Island; survey.

Cover title.

Gut, Geld und Kapital : ein Beirag zur Böhm-Bawerk'schen Theorie /

Includes bibliographical references.

Elektrische Doppelbrechung in gut und schlecht isolirenden Flussigkeiten.

Thesis (doctoral)--Georg-August-Universitat zu Gottingen.