Tryptophan photooxidation promoted by new hybrid materials prepared by condensation of naphthalene imides with silicate by the sol-gel process

Three novel hybrid organic/inorganic materials were synthesized from 4-substituted (NO(2), Br, H) 1,8-naphthalene imide-N-propyltriethoxysilane by the sol-gel process. These materials were obtained as a xerogel and partially characterized. The ability to photosensitize the oxidation and degradation of tryptophan indole ring by these materials was studied through photophysical and photochemical techniques. Although the derivatives containing Br and NO(2) as substituent do not cause efficient tryptophan photodamage, the hybrid material obtained from 1,8-naphthalic anhydride is very efficient to promote tryptophan photooxidation. By using laser flash photolysis it was possible to verify the presence of naphthalene imide transient radical species. The presence of oxygen causes an increase of the yield of radical formation. These results suggest that the mechanism of photodegradation of tryptophan occurs by type I, i.e. the transient radical (TrpH(center dot+)) formed by the direct reaction of the triplet state of the naphthalene imide moiety with tryptophan. Thus a inorganic-organic hybrid material that can be used to promote the oxidation of biomolecules was obtained. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Luminescent nanoparticles of MgAl(2)O(4):Eu, Dy prepared by citrate sol-gel method

MgAl(2)O(4):Eu, Dy nanoparticles were prepared by citrate sol-gel method and thermally treated at 600, 700, 800 and 900 degrees C. The trivalent europium ion is partially reduced to the divalent state at 700 and 800 degrees C. Infrared spectra of the phosphors showed bands around 700 and 520 cm(-1) corresponding to the AlO(6) groups. X-ray diffraction patterns present sharp reflections of samples heated from 700 to 900 degrees C indicating the MgAl(2)O(4) spinel phase. Grain size in the range 20-30 nm were observed by measurement of transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The emission spectra of the phosphors show a broadened band at 480 nm assigned to the 4f(G)5d -> 4f(7) ((8)S(7/2)) transition of Eu(2+) ion overlapped to the (4)F(9/2) -> (6)H(15/2) transition of the Dy(3+) ion. Besides, the (4)F(9/2) -> (6)H(13/2) transition (579 nm) of Dy(3+) ion is overlapped with the (5)D(0) -> (7)F(0) (578 nm) and (5)D(0) -> (7)F(1) (595 nm) transitions from the Eu(3+) ion. Excitation spectra of the sample heated at 900 degrees C monitoring the excitation at 615 nm of (5)D(0) -> (7)F(2) transition of Eu(3+) ion exhibit a broad band assigned to the O -> Eu(3+) ligand-to-metal charge-transfer states (LMCT) around 280 nm. The samples present green persistent luminescence after exposure to UV radiation. The chromaticity coordinates were obtained from the luminescence emission spectrum. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Influence of neodymium ions on photocatalytic activity of TiO(2) synthesized by sol-gel and precipitation methods

Titanium dioxide with and without the addition of neodymium ions was prepared using sol-gel and precipitation methods. The resulting catalysts were characterized by thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction and BET specific surface area. Neodymium addition exerted a remarkable influence on the phase transition temperature and the surface properties of the TiO(2) matrix. TiO(2) samples synthesized by precipitation exhibit an exothermic event related from the amorphous to anatase phase transition at 510 degrees C, whereas in Nd-doped TiO(2) this transition occurred at 527 degrees C. A similar effect was observed in samples obtained using sol-gel method. The photocatalytic reactivity of the catalysts was evaluated by photodegradation of Remazol Black B (RB) under ultraviolet irradiation. Nd-doped TiO(2) showed enhanced photodegradation ability compared to undoped TiO(2) samples, independent of the method of synthesis. In samples obtained by sol-gel, RB decoloration was enhanced by 16% for TiO(2) doped with 0.5% neodymium ions. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

External polyacrylate-coating as alternative material for preparation of photopolymerized sol-gel monolithic column

Photopolymerized sol-gel monolithic columns for use in capillary electrochromatography were prepared in 125 mu m i.d. polyacrylate-coated fused-silica capillaries. The polyacrylate-coating, unlike the polyimide one, is transparent to the radiation used (approximate to 370 nm), and thus, no coating removal is necessary. This is a very important particularity since intrinsic capillary column characteristics, such as flexibility and mechanical resistance, are unchanged. A mixture containing metacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTMS) as the polymeric precursor, hydrochloric acid as the catalyst, toluene as the porogen and bis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)-phenylphosphine oxide (Irgacure 819) as the photoinitiator was irradiated at 370 nm for 20 min inside the capillaries to prepare the columns through sol-gel approach. The versatility and viability of the use of polyacrilate as a new capillary external coating were shown through preparation of two columns under different conditions, which were tested in electrochromatography for separation of standard mixture containing thiourea (marker compound), propylbenzene, phenanthrene and pyrene. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The effects of hydrogen sulfide on the polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell anode catalyst: H(2)S-Pt/C interaction products

The performance of a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) operating on a simulated hydrocarbon reformate is described. The anode feed stream consisted of 80% H(2),similar to 20% N(2), and 8 ppm hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S). Cell performance losses are calculated by evaluating cell potential reduction due to H(2)S contamination through lifetime tests. It is found that potential, or power, loss under this condition is a result of platinum surface contamination with elemental sulfur. Electrochemical mass spectroscopy (EMS) and electrochemical techniques are employed, in order to show that elemental sulfur is adsorbed onto platinum, and that sulfur dioxide is one of the oxidation products. Moreover, it is demonstrated that a possible approach for mitigating H(2)S poisoning on the PEMFC anode catalyst is to inject low levels of air into the H(2)S-contaminated anode feeding stream. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Agar-based films for application as polymer electrolytes

New types of polymer electrolytes based on agar have been prepared and characterized by impedance spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction measurements, UV-vis spectroscopy and scanning electronic microscopy (SEMI). The best ionic conductivity has been obtained for the samples containing a concentration of 50 wt.% of acetic acid. As a function of the temperature the ionic conductivity exhibits an Arrhenius behavior increasing from 1.1 x 10(-4) S/cm at room temperature to 9.6 x 10(-4) S/cm at 80 degrees C. All the samples showed more than 70% of transparency in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum, a very homogeneous surface and a predominantly amorphous structure. All these characteristics imply that these polymer electrolytes can be applied in electrochromic devices. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Anticorrosive cerium-based coatings prepared by the sol-gel method

The development of efficient anti-corrosion and environmentally friendly coating systems are needed for the replacement of the highly toxic Cr-based conversion coatings for corrosion protection of aluminum alloys. In this study, we demonstrate that the direct application of ceramic cerium-based sol-gel coatings to AA7075-T6 substrates produces high-performance anti-corrosion layers. Electrochemical experiments and analyses of the microstructure demonstrate that the protective layers are very efficient for the passivation of the alloy surfaces operating as both passive and active barrier for corrosion protection.

Methanol and ethanol electro-oxidation on Pt-SnO(2) and Pt-Ta(2)O(5) sol-gel-modified boron-doped diamond surfaces

The search for more efficient anode catalyst than platinum to be used in direct alcohol fuel cell systems is an important challenge. In this study, boron-doped diamond film surfaces were modified with Pt, Pt-SnO(2) and Pt-Ta(2)O(5) nano-crystalline deposits by the sol-gel method to study the methanol and ethanol electro-oxidation reactions in acidic medium. Electrochemical experiments carried out in steady-state conditions demonstrate that the addition of SnO(2) to Pt produces a very reactive electrocatalyst that possibly adsorbs and/or dissociate ethanol more efficiently than pure Pt changing the onset potential of the reaction by 190 mV toward less positive potentials. Furthermore, the addition of Ta(2)O(5) to Pt enhances the catalytic activity toward the methanol oxidation resulting in a negative shift of the onset potential of 170 mV. These synergic effects indicate that the addition of these co-catalysts inhibits the poisoning effect caused by strongly adsorbed intermediary species. Since the SnO(2) catalyst was more efficient for ethanol oxidation, it could probably facilitate the cleavage of the C-C bond of the adsorbed intermediate fragments of the reaction. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Carbon supported electrocatalysts prepared by the sol-gel method and their utilization for the oxidation of methanol in acid media

One of the key objectives in fuel-cell technology is to improve the performance of the anode catalyst for the alcohol oxidation and reduce Pt loading. Here, we show the use of six different electrocatalysts synthesized by the sol -gel method on carbon powder to promote the oxidation of methanol in acid media. The catalysts Pt-PbO(x) and Pt-(RuO(2)-PbO(x)) with 10% of catalyst load exhibited significantly enhanced catalytic activity toward the methanol oxidation reaction as compared to Pt-(RuO(2))/C and Pt/C electrodes. Cyclic voltammetry studies showed that the electrocatalysts Pt-PbO(x)/C and Pt-(RuO(2)-PbO(x))/C started the oxidation process at extremely low potentials and that they represent a good novelty to oxidize methanol. Furthermore, quasi-stationary polarization experiments and cronoamperometry studies showed the good performance of the Pt-PbO(x), Pt-(RuO(2)-PbO(x))/C and Pt-(RuO(2)-IrO(2))/C catalysts during the oxidation process. Thus, the addition of metallic Pt and PbO(x) onto high-area carbon powder, by the sol -gel route, constitutes an interesting way to prepare anodes with high catalytic activity for further applications in direct methanol fuel cell systems.

Self-reported symptoms and motor tests via telemetry in a 36-month levodopa-carbidopa intestinal gel infusion trial

Objective To investigate if a home environment test battery can be used to measure effects of Parkinson’s disease (PD) treatment intervention and disease progression. Background Seventy-seven patients diagnosed with advanced PD were recruited in an open longitudinal 36-month study at 10 clinics in Sweden and Norway; 40 of them were treated with levodopa-carbidopa intestinal gel (LCIG) and 37 patients were candidates for switching from oral PD treatment to LCIG. They utilized a mobile device test battery, consisting of self-assessments of symptoms and objective measures of motor function through a set of fine motor tests (tapping and spiral drawings), in their homes. Both the LCIG-naïve and LCIG-non-naïve patients used the test battery four times per day during week-long test periods. Methods Assessments The LCIG-naïve patients used the test battery at baseline (before LCIG), month 0 (first visit; at least 3 months after intraduodenal LCIG), and thereafter quarterly for the first year and biannually for the second and third years. The LCIG-non-naïve patients used the test battery from the first visit, i.e. month 0. Out of the 77 patients, only 65 utilized the test battery; 35 were LCIG-non-naïve and 30 LCIG-naïve. In 20 of the LCIG-naïve patients, assessments with the test battery were available during oral treatment and at least one test period after having started infusion treatment. Three LCIG-naïve patients did not use the test battery at baseline but had at least one test period of assessments thereafter. Hence, n=23 in the LCIG-naïve group. In total, symptom assessments in the full sample (including both patient groups) were collected during 379 test periods and 10079 test occasions. For 369 of these test periods, clinical assessments including UPDRS and PDQ-39 were performed in afternoons at the start of the test periods. The repeated measurements of the test battery were processed and summarized into scores representing patients’ symptom severities over a test period, using statistical methods. Six conceptual dimensions were defined; four subjectively-reported: ‘walking’, ‘satisfied’, ‘dyskinesia’, and ‘off’ and two objectively-measured: ‘tapping’ and ‘spiral’. In addition, an ‘overall test score’ (OTS) was defined to represent the global health condition of the patient during a test period. Statistical methods Change in the test battery scores over time, that is at baseline and follow-up test periods, was assessed with linear mixed-effects models with patient ID as a random effect and test period as a fixed effect of interest. The within-patient variability of OTS was assessed using intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), for the two patient groups. Correlations between clinical rating scores and test battery scores were assessed using Spearman’s rank correlations (rho). Results In LCIG-naïve patients, mean OTS compared to baseline was significantly improved from the first test period on LCIG treatment until month 24. However, there were no significant changes in mean OTS scores of LCIG-non-naïve patients, except for worse mean OTS at month 36 (p<0.01, n=16). The mean scores of all subjectively-reported dimensions improved significantly throughout the course of the study, except ‘walking’ at month 36 (p=0.41, n=4). However, there were no significant differences in mean scores of objectively-measured dimensions between baseline and other test periods, except improved ‘tapping’ at month 6 and month 36, and ‘spiral’ at month 3 (p<0.05). The LCIG-naïve patients had a higher within-subject variability in their OTS scores (ICC=0.67) compared to LCIG-non-naïve patients (ICC=0.71). The OTS correlated adequately with total UPDRS (rho=0.59) and total PDQ-39 (rho=0.59). Conclusions In this 3-year follow-up study of advanced PD patients treated with LCIG we found that it is possible to monitor PD progression over time using a home environment test battery. The significant improvements in the mean OTS scores indicate that the test battery is able to measure functional improvement with LCIG sustained over at least 24 months.

Estudo da transição de fase sol-gel em reticulados de polibutadieno

A transição de fase sol-gel em reticulados de poli-(butadieno) sintetizados com 1,6-hexano-bis-1,2,4-triazolina-3,5-diona (HMTD) foi caracterizada através de um estudo cinético e de um estudo viscosimétrico. Verificou-se que a reação de reticulação segue um esquema cinético de pseudo-primeira ordem, o qual a baixas conversões é equivalente a um de primeira ordem, sendo a reação neste estágio controlada por processo de ativação. A conversões mais altas ocorre um desvio do comportamento inicial, tornando-se a reção acentuadamente mais lenta. Através de medidas de viscosidade intrínseca de sistemas ramificados (estado de sol), determinou-se o ponto de gelificação em função da concentração inicial HMTD. Verificou-se ser necessário observar-se um aumento acentuado da viscosidade intrínseca com a concentração de HMTD, para que o ponto de gelificação obtido seja coerente aos dados experimentais. Relacionando-se a cinética da reação à viscosimetria, calculou-se o tempo de gelificação, i.e. o ponto de gelificação em função do tempo. Através da constante de velocidade da reação, do ponto de gelificação em função da concentração de HMTD, da conversão crítica e do tempo de gelificação, caracterizou-se a transição de fase sol-gel do sistema estudado.

Híbridos à base de anilina/sílica obtidos através do processo sol-gel: síntese, caracterização e propriedades

Neste trabalho inicialmente foi sintetizado o precursor organoalcoxisilano 3- anilinapropiltrimetoxisilano, APTMS, a partir da reação entre a anilina e o 3- cloropropiltrimetoxisilano, CPTMS, usando hidreto de sódio, NaH, como ativador de base. O precursor inorgânico tetraetilortosilicato, TEOS, foi polimerizado na presença do precursor orgânico, e catalisador. Durante a etapa de polimerização dos precursores alcóxidos, foram investigadas as influências da temperatura, do tipo e concentração do catalisador e da concentração de precursor orgânico adicionado nas propriedades finais dos híbridos anilinapropilsilica resultantes. Os materiais híbridos foram caracterizados através das técnicas: espectroscopia no infravermelho (FT-IR), técnica de espalhamento de Raios-x a baixos ângulos (SAXS), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (SEM), isotermas de adsorção e dessorção de nitrogênio, análise elementar, espectroscopia de aniquilação de pósitrons (PALS), análise termogravimétrica (TGA), espectroscopia de elétrons dispersos (EDS). A potencialidade de aplicação dos híbridos obtidos como materiais adsorventes na extração dos cátions Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II) e Co(II), em solução, foi investigada usando-se isotermas de adsorção pelo método batelada. Através das técnicas de caracterização foi possível observar que as propriedades morfológicas dos materiais como área superficial, distribuição do tamanho de poros, forma e tamanho das partículas, além da estabilidade e grau de incorporação orgânica podem ser controladas em maior ou menor grau, dependendo da variável usada durante a polimerização dos precursores alcóxidos. O material apresentou propriedades promissoras como adsorvente seletivo para o cobre.

Obtenção e controle da morfologia de aluminas sintetizadas por sol-gel

Este trabalho apresenta o estudo da obtenção de alumina (óxido de alumínio – Al2O3) pelo método sol-gel coloidal e a caracterização da morfologia dos produtos obtidos, associando-a a parâmetros processuais como pH, tipo de solvente empregado e condições de secagem. Utilizou-se como precursor cloreto de alumínio hexahidratado que, após reações de pectização, levou à formação de um gel viscoso com características amorfas. Este gel, após calcinação, deu origem a diferentes fases de alumina e, apresentou diferentes morfologias: pós, fibras ou corpos cerâmicos porosos, que variaram de acordo com os parâmetros processuais adotados. A fim de se avaliar o comportamento do gel frente às diferentes condições de pH, variou-se o pH do sistema utilizando-se ácido acético glacial para ajustes de pH na faixa ácida e, para o ajuste de pH na faixa básica, uma solução aquosa 30% de amônio. Ambos foram escolhidos para o ajuste de pH por não interferirem no processo de síntese da alumina e, por serem facilmente eliminados com tratamentos térmicos. Na etapa de pectização do gel, foram adicionados diferentes solventes, água, álcool ou uma mistura 1:1 de ambos, a fim de se avaliar a sua influência sob o tempo de secagem e distribuição de tamanho de partículas. O gel foi então seco de acordo com as seguintes metodologias de secagem: secagem do gel em estufa a 110°C por 12 horas, secagem do gel em ambiente aberto, com temperatura variando entre 25 e 30°C, pré-evaporação do solvente sob aquecimento (70 a 80°C) e agitação. Os produtos obtidos seguindo esta metodologia foram caracterizados quanto à distribuição granulométrica, análises térmicas (TGA e DTA), difração de raios X, área superficial, densidade real e morfologia (usando microscopia ótica e de varredura).

Caracterização de filmes ópticos compósitos nano-estruturados, inomogêneos ou anisotrópicos, produzidos por troca iônica e pelo método sol-gel

Este trabalho tem como objetivo o desenvolvimento e a aplicação de métodos de caracterização de filmes ópticos, associados à sua estrutura inomogênea ou anisotrópica. Os materiais estudados são guias ópticos planares e filmes compósitos com propriedades ópticas não-lineares. Esses materiais são relevantes para aplicações na área de optoeletrônica e óptica integrada. O trabalho é dividido em duas partes principais. A primeira parte é dedicada à caracterização de guias de onda planares produzidos por troca iônica, vidros dopados com íons de Ag e/ou K, através de um e/ou dois processos de troca. O perfil de índice de refração é estudado através da técnica de Modos Guiados, uma técnica óptica empregada tradicionalmente em guias desse tipo. Em complementação a essa medida óptica, são realizadas medidas do perfil de concentração do íon dopante, empregando as técnicas de RBS e EDS. É dedicado um interesse especial pela região próxima à superfície da amostra, a região crítica na análise por Modos Guiados. Os métodos de Abelès-Hacskaylo e de Brewster-Pfund são estendidos a esses guias inomogêneos, permitindo a medida direta do valor do índice de refração superficial. Essa informação e os dados obtidos por Modos Guiados permitem a determinação de um perfil de índice de refração mais acurado ao longo da profundidade do guia. A segunda parte é dedicada ao estudo de materiais compósitos: filmes finos constituídos por uma matriz (silicato, silicato + PVP, e PMMA) dopada com moléculas orgânicas que apresentam propriedades ópticas não-lineares de segunda ordem (PNA, DR-1 e HBO-BO6). Nessas amostras, é aplicado um campo elétrico de alta voltagem (efeito corona), gerando um alinhamento dos cromóforos dopantes. Essa mudança na simetria estrutural do material, de isotrópica para uniaxial, é observada através da assimetria correspondente no valor do índice de refração (birrefringência). O valor da birrefringência induzida é obtido através da medida da variação da refletância de luz pelo material, auxiliada por medidas prévias das constantes ópticas do material por Elipsometria.

Electrochimie analytique en absence d'electrolyte indiferent : transports de matiere lors de la reduction des acides a une ultramicroelectrode

O transporte de massa por migração relativo à redução do proton em um ultramicroeletrodo de platina foi investigado. O efeito da migração sobre as correntes limite foi primeiramente estudado para uma só espécie eletroativa em solução através da comparação dos voltampérogramas obtidos na ausência de eletrólito suporte assim como na presença de um grande excesso do mesmo (efeito do eletrólito). O comportamento do proton na água e dos ácidos do tipo BH+ e HA- em acetonitrila foi estudado e uma expressão para quantificar o efeito do eletrólito é proposta. Ela considera as condutâncias equivalentes e as cargas das espécies iônicas em solução, o número de elétrons envolvido na reação eletroquímica e o tipo de eletrodo utilisado. Os fenômenos de exaltação da corrente de migração que podem se manifestar quando a redução de uma espécie eletroativa é precedida pela redução de uma segunda espécie presente simultâneamente na solução foram igualmente estudados. Observa-se que a exaltação da corrente de migração de uma espécie iônica ocorre mesmo quando sua transformação eletroquímica precede aquela da espécie molecular. Nêste caso, se as mobilidades iônicas são próximas, a altura da onda da espécie molecular é duas vezes maior que na ausência da espécie iônica.