From the farm to the fork: fungal occupational exposure in the swine meat supply chain

Feed production, swine and slaughterhouses were already reported as occupational environments with high fungal contamination. This condition can ultimately lead to the development of several health conditions. This study aimed to characterize the occupational exposure to fungal burden in three different settings: swine feed unit, swine units and slaughterhouse.

New approach to study the real exposure to fungi in cork industry: nasal swabs mycobiota investigation coupled with screening on fungal resistance to azoles

The permanent contact with cork may lead to constant exposure to fungi, raising awareness as a potential occupational hazard in the cork industry.The presence of fungi belonging to the Penicillium glabrum complex has been associated with the development of respiratory diseases such as suberosis, one of the most prevalent diseases among workers from cork industries, besides occupational asthma. Azoles are used as pesticides but also the first line therapy in the treatment of Aspergillus infections; azole-resistance as been described as to have also an environmental source and is considered an emerging public health problem.The aim of this work was to characterize fungal distribution and to evaluate the presence of azole-resistant Aspergillus isolates in nose swab samples from the cork industry workers.

Fungal contamination in one hotel room: Does carpet coating in the floor enhance fungal contamination?

Study developed in order to know the carpet influence when used in the floor of a hotel room. Twelve air samples of 250L (six in a room with carpet and six more in a room with wood floor) were collected through an impaction method with a flow rate of 140 L/min onto malt extract agar (MEA) supplemented with chloramphenicol (0.05%), using the Millipore air Tester (Millipore), during cleaning activities. Outdoor sample was also performed to be used as a reference. Surface samples from floor and desks, taken at the same time, were collected by the swabbing method. to 7 days. Besides fungal contamination, we also assessed particulate matter contamination in both rooms during the same cleaning tasks. In the analyzed sur- faces, isolates belonging to Aspergillus fumigatus complex were the only fungi found in the carpeted room, whereas in the other room we found Penicllium sp. (63.6%) and Aspergillus sp. (13.6%) as the most frequent genera. In the case of particles the room with carpet obtained significant higher values for both metrics (PMC and PNC), showing that carpet may has influence on particles’ contamination of the room.

Feijões: características químicas e ocorrência de aflatoxinas

As leguminosas, como o feijão, são consideradas importantes fontes de nutrientes para humanos e a contaminação por fungos e consequente produção de micotoxinas pode estar diretamente influenciada pela sua composição química. Alguns compostos estão associados aos mecanismos de defesa das leguminosas atuando como inibidores de enzimas digestivas ou barreiras físicas à patógenos. É o caso dos compostos fenólicos (CF) e algumas estruturas de caráter proteico. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a susceptibilidade de feijões à contaminação por aflatoxinas (AFLAs), através da avaliação da presença de compostos inibidores de enzimas fúngicas. Foi realizada a validação de um método para determinação de AFLAs em feijão. Os CF livres (solúveis em metanol), conjugados (solúveis em etanol) e ligados, bem como as diferentes frações proteicas (albumina, globulina, glutelina e prolamina) foram determinadas em 10 amostras de feijão pertencentes às espécies Phaseolus vulgaris, Vigna unguiculata e Vigna angularis. O seu potencial como inibidor de α-amilase foi testado nos extratos fenólicos e protéicos. Os feijões vermelho e carioca apresentaram os maiores teores de CF totais (1766 µg.g -1 e 1190 µg.g -1 , respectivamente) e os feijões fradinho e branco os menores teores (183 µg.g -1 e 192 µg.g -1 ). Os extratos de CF conjugados apresentaram os teores mais elevados de AF, onde os feijões amendoim se destacou pela maior concentração (68 µg.g -1 ) e o feijão azuki pelo menor (28 µg.g -1 ). Nos extratos de CF livres e conjugados, o ácido clorogênico foi o majoritário em 60% dos feijões analisados e nos extratos de CF ligados, o ácido ferúlico foi o majoritário em 90% dos feijões analisados. Com relação às frações proteicas solúveis, o feijão carioca apresentou o maior teor de albumina (559 mg.g -1 ), globulina (164 mg.g -1 ) e glutelina (325 mg.g -1 ). Com relação à fração prolamina, o feijão preto (brasileiro e chinês) apresentou o maior teor (64 e 65 mg.g -1 , respectivamente), seguido pelo feijão carioca (54 mg.g -1 ). Os limites de detecção (LDm) obtidos para o método de determinação de AFLAs foram de 2,4 µg.kg-1 ; 0,036 µg.kg-1 e 0,06 µg.kg-1 para as AFLAs B1, B2 e G2 e os limites de quantificação (LQm) foram de 4,8 µg.kg-1 (AFLAB1); 0,12 µg.kg- 1 (AFLA B2 e G2). Não foram detectadas AFLAs B1, B2, G1 e G2 nos feijões analisados. Os CF dos extratos etanólicos dos feijões amendoim e azuki e os extratos contendo as proteínas solúveis em etanol dos feijões carioca e fradinho foram testados quanto ao seu potencial para inibição da α-amilase de Aspergillus oryzae (atividade de 4,8 mg amido hidrolisado.mg proteína-1 .mL-1 ). O extrato proteico do feijão fradinho se destacou, pois atingiu um percentual de inibição específica de aproximadamente 56%. Os CF apresentaram uma tendência à inibição incompetitiva e os extratos proteicos não apresentaram um comportamento de inibição que permitisse definir o mecanismo de inibição. Os extratos protéicos e fenólicos dos feijões mostraram ser capazes de inibir a amilase fúngica sugerindo que este fato pode estar associado a ausência da presença de AFLAs nas amostras analisadas.

What influences fungal communities in cotton soils

Soilborne diseases such as Fusarium wilt, Black root rot and Verticillium wilt have significant impact on cotton production. Fungi are an important component of soil biota with capacity to affect pathogen inoculum levels and their disease causing potential. Very little is known about the soil fungal community structure and management effects in Australian cotton soils. We analysed surface soils from ongoing field experiments monitoring cotton performance and disease incidence in three cotton growing regions, collected prior to 2013 planting, for the genetic diversity and abundance as influenced by soil type, environment and management practices and link it with disease incidence and suppression. Results from the 28S LSU rRNA sequencing based analysis indicated a total of 370 fungal genera in all the cotton soils and the top 25 genera in abundance accounted for the major portion of total fungal community. There were significant differences in the composition and genetic diversity of soil fungi between the different field sites from the three cotton growing regions. Results for diversity indices showed significantly greater diversity in the long-term crop rotation experiment at Narrabri (F6E) and experiments at Cowan and Goondiwindi compared to the Biofumigation and D1 field experiments at ACRI, Narrabri. Diversity was lowest in the soils under brassica crop rotation in Biofumigation experiment. Overall, the diversity and abundance of soil fungal community varied significantly in the three cotton growing regions indicating soil type and environmental effects. These results suggest that changes in soil fungal community may play a notable role in soilborne disease incidence in cotton.

The importance of cotton disease surveys in Queensland for monitoring endemic diseases and detecting new pathogens and pests

The cotton industry in Australia funds biannual disease surveys conducted by plant pathologists. The objective of these surveys is to monitor the distribution and importance of key endemic pests and record the presence or absence of new or exotic diseases. Surveys have been conducted in Queensland since 2002/03, with surveillance undertaken by experienced plant pathologists. Monitoring of endemic diseases indicates the impact of farming practices on disease incidence and severity. The information collected gives direction to cotton disease research. Routine diagnostics has provided early detection of new disease problems which include 1) the identification of Nematospora coryli, a pathogenic yeast associated with seed and internal boll rot; and 2) Rotylenchulus reniformis, a plant-parasitic nematode. This finding established the need for an intensive survey of the Theodore district revealing that reniform was prevalent across the district at populations causing up to 30% yield loss. Surveys have identified an exotic defoliating strain (VCG 1A) and non-defoliating strains of Verticillium dahliae, which cause Verticillium wilt. An intensive study of the diversity of V. dahliae and the impact these strains have on cotton are underway. Results demonstrate the necessity of general multi-pest surveillance systems in broad acre agriculture in providing (1) an ongoing evaluation of current integrated disease management practices and (2) early detection for a suite of exotic pests and previously unknown pests.

Effects of silicon treatment and inoculation with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum on cellular defences in root tissues of two cotton cultivars

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Silicon has been shown to enhance the resistance of plants to fungal and bacterial pathogens. Here, the effect of potassium silicate was assessed on two cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) cultivars subsequently inoculated with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum (Fov). Sicot 189 is moderately resistant whilst Sicot F-1 is the second most resistant commercial cultivar presently available in Australia. METHODS: Transmission and light microscopy were used to compare cellular modifications in root cells after these different treatments. The accumulation of phenolic compounds and lignin was measured. KEY RESULTS: Cellular alterations including the deposition of electron-dense material, degradation of fungal hyphae and occlusion of endodermal cells were more rapidly induced and more intense in endodermal and vascular regions of Sicot F-1 plants supplied with potassium silicate followed by inoculation with Fov than in similarly treated Sicot 189 plants or in silicate-treated plants of either cultivar not inoculated with Fov. Significantly more phenolic compounds were present at 7 d post-infection (dpi) in root extracts of Sicot F-1 plants treated with potassium silicate followed by inoculation with Fov compared with plants from all other treatments. The lignin concentration at 3 dpi in root material from Sicot F-1 treated with potassium silicate and inoculated with Fov was significantly higher than that from water-treated and inoculated plants. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that silicon treatment can affect cellular defence responses in cotton roots subsequently inoculated with Fov, particularly in Sicot F-1, a cultivar with greater inherent resistance to this pathogen. This suggests that silicon may interact with or initiate defence pathways faster in this cultivar than in the less resistant cultivar.

EVALUATION OF THE ANTI-FUNGAL PROPERTIES OF EXTRACTS OF Daniella oliveri

The in vitro anti-fungal activity of leaf and stem bark of Daniella oliveri Rolfe was investigated against selected yeasts and moulds including dermatophytes. Water and methanol were used to extract the powdered leaf and stem bark using cold infusion. Antimicrobial activity was assessed by agar-well diffusion. Phytochemical analysis was carried out using standard procedures. The plant extracts were active against the test organisms at concentrations ranging from 3.125-100 mg/mL. The methanol extracts were more active than the aqueous extracts with the highest inhibition against the yeasts, Candida albicans and Candida krusei (MIC values of 3.125 mg/mL and 6.25 mg/mL respectively). Epidermophyton floccosum and Trichophyton interdigitale were the least inhibited of all the fungal strains. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of tannins, anthraquinones, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, alkaloids and saponins. The anti-fungal activity of Daniella oliveri as shown in this study indicates that the plant has the potential of utilisation in the development of chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of relevant fungal infections.

Antimicrobial Compounds from Eukaryotic Microalgae against Human Pathogens and Diseases in Aquaculture

The search for novel compounds of marine origin has increased in the last decades for their application in various areas such as pharmaceutical, human or animal nutrition, cosmetics or bioenergy. In this context of blue technology development, microalgae are of particular interest due to their immense biodiversity and their relatively simple growth needs. In this review, we discuss about the promising use of microalgae and microalgal compounds as sources of natural antibiotics against human pathogens but also about their potential to limit microbial infections in aquaculture. An alternative to conventional antibiotics is needed as the microbial resistance to these drugs is increasing in humans and animals. Furthermore, using natural antibiotics for livestock could meet the consumer demand to avoid chemicals in food, would support a sustainable aquaculture and present the advantage of being environmentally friendly. Using natural and renewable microalgal compounds is still in its early days, but considering the important research development and rapid improvement in culture, extraction and purification processes, the valorization of microalgae will surely extend in the future.

Study of Lomentospora prolificans pathogenicity: Host immune response and fungal virulence factors.

188 p.

Trichoderma in Brazil: history, research, commercialization and perspectives.

2009

Control of Fusarium in chrysanthemum with sewage sludge, biofertilizer, hydrolyzed fish, chitosan and Trichoderma.

2009

The identification and differentiation of the Candida parapsilosis complex species by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism of the internal transcribed spacer region of the rDNA

Currently, it is accepted that there are three species that were formerly grouped under Candida parapsilosis : C. parapsilosis sensu stricto, Candida orthopsilosis , and Candida metapsilosis . In fact, the antifungal susceptibility profiles and distinct virulence attributes demonstrate the differences in these nosocomial pathogens. An accurate, fast, and economical identification of fungal species has been the main goal in mycology. In the present study, we searched sequences that were available in the GenBank database in order to identify the complete sequence for the internal transcribed spacer (ITS)1-5.8S-ITS2 region, which is comprised of the forward and reverse primers ITS1 and ITS4. Subsequently, an in silico polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) was performed to differentiate the C. parapsilosis complex species. Ninety-eight clinical isolates from patients with fungaemia were submitted for analysis, where 59 isolates were identified as C. parapsilosis sensu stricto, 37 were identified as C. orthopsilosis, and two were identified as C. metapsilosis. PCR-RFLP quickly and accurately identified C. parapsilosis complex species, making this method an alternative and routine identification system for use in clinical mycology laboratories.

Biological control of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on beans in field by Trichoderma asperellum and Clonostachys rosea.

2009