Type of grinding of the main cereal of the diet affects production of brown egg-laying hens

The influence of method of grinding of the cereal of the diet on production and egg quality was studied in 420 Hy-line brown egg-laying hens. The design was completely randomized with six treatments arranged as a 3 × 2 factorial with three cereals (barley, dented maize and soft wheat) and two grinding procedures (hammer mill vs. roller mill). Each treatment was replicated seven times and the experimental unit was an enriched cage with ten hens. Production was recorded every four weeks from 24 to 59 weeks of age and egg quality was measured at 40 and 56 weeks of age. For the entire experiment, feed intake was higher in hens fed wheat or maize than in hens fed barley (110.8 and 110.7 vs. 109.7 g/d; P = 0.014) but most of the differences were observed when the cereal was roller milled (P = 0.009 for the interaction). Also, egg production was similar for the three diets when the cereal was hammer milled but tended to be lower for the barley than for the wheat or maize diets when the cereal was roller milled (P = 0.09 for the interaction). None of the other productive or egg quality traits was affected by dietary treatment. We conclude that roller mills are useful to grind low fiber cereals, such as maize or wheat. However, the use of the roller mill might not be adequate when barley is the main cereal in diets for egg-laying hens.

On the stability limits of long nonaxisymmetric cylindrical liquid bridges

There is a self-similar solution for the stability limits of long, almost cylindrical liquid bridges between equal disks subjected to both axial and lateral accelerations. The stability limits depend on only two variables; the so-called reduced axial, and lateral Bond numbers. A novel experimental setup that involved rotating a horizontal cylindrical liquid bridge about a vertical axis of rotation was designed to test the stability limits predicted by the self-similar solution. Analytical predictions compared well with both numerical and experimental results.

Estudio teórico-experimental sobre el deterioro en tableros de puentes de hormigón producido por la acción del hielo-deshielo con sales de fundentes

El deterioro del hormigón por ciclos de hielo-deshielo en presencia de sales fundentes es causa frecuente de problemas en los puentes e infraestructuras existentes en los países europeos. Los daños producidos por los ciclos de hielo-deshielo en el hormigón pueden ser internos, fundamentalmente la fisuración y/o externos como el descascarillamiento (desgaste superficial). La España peninsular presenta unas características geográficas y climáticas particulares. El 18% de la superficie tiene una altura superior a 1000mts y, además, la altura media geográfica con respecto al nivel del mar es de 660mts (siendo el segundo país más montañoso de toda Europa).Esto hace que la Red de Carreteras del Estado se vea afectada, durante determinados periodos, por fenómenos meteorológicos adversos, en particular por nevadas y heladas, que pueden comprometer las condiciones de vialidad para la circulación de vehículos. Por este motivo la Dirección General de Carreteras realiza trabajos anualmente (campañas de vialidad invernal, de 6 meses de duración) para el mantenimiento de la vialidad de las carreteras cuando éstas se ven afectadas por estos fenómenos. Existen protocolos y planes operativos que permiten sistematizar estos trabajos de mantenimiento que, además, se han intensificado en los últimos 10 años, y que se fundamentan en el empleo de sales fundentes, principalmente NaCl, con la misión de que no haya placas de hielo, ni nieve, en las carreteras. En zonas de fuerte oscilación térmica, que con frecuencia en España se localizan en la zona central del Pirineo, parte de la cornisa Cantábrica y Sistema Central, se producen importantes deterioros en las estructuras y paramentos de hormigón producidos por los ciclos de hielo- deshielo. Pero además el uso de fundentes de vialidad invernal acelera en gran medida la evolución de estos daños. Los tableros de hormigón de puentes de carretera de unos 40-50 años de antigüedad carecen, en general, de un sistema de impermeabilización, y están formados frecuentemente por un firme de mezcla asfáltica, una emulsión adherente y el hormigón de la losa. En la presente tesis se realiza una investigación que pretende reproducir en laboratorio los procesos que tienen lugar en el hormigón de tableros de puentes existentes de carreteras, de unos 40-50 años de antigüedad, que están expuestos durante largos periodos a sales fundentes, con objeto de facilitar la vialidad invernal, y a cambios drásticos de temperatura (hielo y deshielo). Por ello se realizaron cuatro campañas de investigación, teniendo en cuenta que, si bien nos basamos en la norma europea UNE-CEN/TS 12390-9 “Ensayos de hormigón endurecido. Resistencia al hielo-deshielo. Pérdida de masa”, se fabricaron probetas no estandarizadas para este ensayo, pensado en realidad para determinar la afección de los ciclos únicamente a la pérdida de masa. Las dimensiones de las probetas en nuestro caso fueron 150x300 mm, 75 x 150mm (cilíndricas normalizadas para roturas a compresión según la norma UNE-EN 12390-3) y 286x76x76 (prismáticas normalizadas para estudiar cambio de volumen según la norma ASTM C157), lo cual nos permitió realizar sobre las mismas probetas más ensayos, según se presentan en la tesis y, sobre todo, poder comparar los resultados con probetas extraídas de dimensiones similares en puentes existentes. En la primera campaña, por aplicación de la citada norma, se realizaron ciclos de H/D, con y sin contacto con sales de deshielo (NaCl en disolución del 3% según establece dicha norma). El hormigón fabricado en laboratorio, tratando de simular el de losas de tableros de puentes antiguos, presentó una fc de 22,6 MPa y relación agua/cemento de 0,65. Las probetas de hormigón fabricadas se sometieron a ciclos agresivos de hielo/deshielo (H/D), empleando una temperatura máxima de +20ºC y una temperatura mínima de -20ºC al objeto de poder determinar la sensibilidad de este ensayo tanto al tipo de hormigón elaborado como al tipo de probeta fabricado (cilíndrica y prismática). Esta campaña tuvo una segunda fase para profundizar más en el comportamiento de las probetas sometidas a ciclos H/D en presencia de sales. En la segunda campaña, realizada sobre probetas de hormigón fabricadas en laboratorio iguales a las anteriores, la temperaturas mínima del ensayo se subió a -14ºC, lo que nos permitió analizar el proceso de deterioro con más detalle. (Realizando una serie de ensayos de caracterización no destructivos y otros destructivos, y validando su aplicación a la detección de los deterioros causados tras los ensayos acelerados de hielodeshielo. También mediante aplicación de técnicas de microscopía electrónica.) La tercera campaña, se realizó sobre probetas de hormigón de laboratorio similares a las anteriores, fc de 29,3Mpa y relación a/c de 0,65, en las que se aplicó en una cara un revestimiento asfáltico de 2-4cms, según fueran prismáticas y cilíndricas respectivamente, compuesto por una mezcla asfáltica real (AC16), sobre una imprimación bituminosa. (Para simular el nivel de impermeabilización que produce un firme sobre el tablero de un puente) La cuarta campaña, se desarrolló tras una cuidadosa selección de dos puentes de hormigón de 40-50 años de antigüedad, expuestos y sensibles a deterioros de hielodeshielo, y en carreteras con aportación de fundentes. Una vez esto se extrajeron testigos de hormigón de zonas sanas (nervios del tablero), para realizar en laboratorio los mismos ensayos acelerados de hielo-deshielo y de caracterización, de la segunda campaña, basados en la misma norma. De los resultados obtenidos se concluye que cuando se emplean sales fundentes se acelera de forma significativa el deterioro, aumentando tanto el contenido de agua en los poros como el gradiente generado (mecanismo de deterioro físico). Las sales de deshielo aceleran claramente la aparición del daño, que se incrementa incluso en un factor de 5 según se constata en esta investigación para los hormigones ensayados. Pero además se produce un gradiente de cloruros que se ha detectado tanto en los hormigones diseñados en laboratorio como en los extraídos de puentes existentes. En casi todos los casos han aparecido cambios en la microestructura de la pasta de cemento (mecanismo de deterioro químico), confirmándose la formación de un compuesto en el gel CSH de la pasta de cemento, del tipo Ca2SiO3Cl2, que posiblemente está contribuyendo a la alteración de la pasta y a la aceleración de los daños en presencia de sales fundentes. Existe un periodo entre la aparición de fisuración y la pérdida de masa. Las fisuras progresan rápidamente desde la interfase de los áridos más pequeños y angulosos, facilitando así el deterioro del hormigón. Se puede deducir así que el tipo de árido afecta al deterioro. En el caso de los testigos con recubrimiento asfáltico, parece haberse demostrado que la precipitación de sales genera tensiones en las zonas de hormigón cercanas al recubrimiento, que terminan por fisurar el material. Y se constata que el mecanimo de deterioro químico, probablemente tenga más repercusión que el físico, por cuanto el recubrimiento asfáltico es capaz de retener suficiente agua, como para que el gradiente de contenido de agua en el hormigón sea mucho menor que sin el recubrimiento. Se constató, sin embargo, la importancia del gradiente de cloruros en el hormigon. Por lo que se deduce que si bien el recubrimiento asfáltico es ciertamente protector frente a los ciclos H/D, su protección disminuye en presencia de sales; es decir, los cloruros acabarán afectando al hormigón del tablero del puente. Finalmente, entre los hormigones recientes y los antiguos extraídos de puentes reales, se observa que existen diferencias significativas en cuanto a la resistencia a los ciclos H/D entre ellos. Los hormigones más recientes resultan, a igualdad de propiedades, más resistentes tanto a ciclos de H/D en agua como en sales. Posiblemente el hecho de que los hormigones de los puentes hayan estado expuestos a condiciones de temperaturas extremas durante largos periodos de tiempo les ha sensibilizado. La tesis realizada, junto con nuevos contrastes que se realicen en el futuro, nos permitirá implementar una metodología basada en la extracción de testigos de tableros de puente reales para someterlos a ensayos de hielo-deshielo, basados en la norma europea UNECEN/ TS 12390-9 aunque con probetas no normalizadas para el mismo, y, a su vez, realizar sobre estas probetas otros ensayos de caracterización destructivos, que posibilitarán evaluar los daños ocasionados por este fenómeno y su evolución temporal, para actuar consecuentemente priorizando intervenciones de impermeabilización y reparación en el parque de puentes de la RCE. Incluso será posible la elaboración de mapas de riesgo, en función de las zonas de climatología más desfavorable y de los tratamientos de vialidad invernal que se lleven a cabo. Concrete damage by freeze-thaw cycles in the presence of melting salts frequently causes problems on bridges and infrastructures in European countries. Damage caused by freeze-thaw cycles in the concrete can be internal, essentially cracking and / or external as flaking (surface weathering due to environmental action). The peninsular Spain presents specific climatic and geographical characteristics. 18% of the surface has a height greater than 1,000 m and the geographical average height from the sea level is 660 m (being the second most mountainous country in Europe). This makes the National Road Network affected during certain periods due to adverse weather, particularly snow and ice, which can compromise road conditions for vehicular traffic. For this reason the National Road Authority performs works annually (Winter Road Campaign, along 6 months) to maintain the viability of the roads when they are affected by these phenomena. There are protocols and operational plans that allow systematize these maintenance jobs, that also have intensified in the last 10 years, and which are based on the use of deicing salts, mainly NaCl, with the mission that no ice sheets, or snow appear on the roads. In areas of strong thermal cycling, which in Spain are located in the central area of the Pyrenees, part of the Cantabrian coast and Central System, significant deterioration take place in the structures and wall surfaces of concrete due to freeze-thaw. But also the use of deicing salts for winter maintenance greatly accelerated the development of such damages. The concrete decks for road bridges about 40-50 years old, lack generally a waterproofing system, and are often formed by a pavement of asphalt, an adhesive emulsion and concrete slab. In this thesis the research going on aims to reproduce in the laboratory the processes taking place in the concrete of an existing deck at road bridges, about 40-50 years old, they are exposed for long periods to icing salt, to be performed in order to facilitate winter maintenance, and drastic temperature changes (freezing and thawing). Therefore four campaigns of research were conducted, considering that while we rely on the European standard UNE-CEN/TS 12390-9 "Testing hardened concrete. Freezethaw resistance. Mass loss", nonstandard specimens were fabricated for this test, actually conceived to determine the affection of the cycles only to the mass loss. Dimensions of the samples were in our case 150x300 mm, 75 x 150mm (standard cylindrical specimens for compression fractures UNE-EN 12390-3) and 286x76x76 (standard prismatic specimens to study volume change ASTM C157), which allowed us to carry on same samples more trials, as presented in the thesis, and especially to compare the results with similar sized samples taken from real bridges. In the first campaign, by application of that European standard, freeze-thaw cycles, with and without contact with deicing salt (NaCl 3% solution in compliance with such standard) were performed. Concrete made in the laboratory, trying to simulate the old bridges, provided a compressive strength of 22.6 MPa and water/cement ratio of 0.65. In this activity, the concrete specimens produced were subjected to aggressive freeze/thaw using a maximum temperature of +20ºC and a minimum temperature of - 20°C in order to be able to determine the sensitivity of this test to the concrete and specimens fabricated. This campaign had a second phase to go deeper into the behavior of the specimens subjected to cycled freeze/thaw in the presence of salts. In the second campaign, conducted on similar concrete specimens manufactured in laboratory, temperatures of +20ºC and -14ºC were used in the tests, which allowed us to analyze the deterioration process in more detail (performing a series of non-destructive testing and other destructive characterization, validating its application to the detection of the damage caused after the accelerated freeze-thaw tests, and also by applying electron microscopy techniques). The third campaign was conducted on concrete specimens similar to the above manufactured in laboratory, both cylindrical and prismatic, which was applied on one side a 4 cm asphalt coating, consisting of a real asphalt mixture, on a bituminous primer (for simulate the level of waterproofing that produces a pavement on the bridge deck). The fourth campaign was developed after careful selection of two concrete bridges 40- 50 years old, exposed and sensitive to freeze-thaw damage, in roads with input of melting salts. Concrete cores were extracted from healthy areas, for the same accelerated laboratory freeze-thaw testing and characterization made for the second campaign, based on the same standard. From the results obtained it is concluded that when melting salts are employed deterioration accelerates significantly, thus increasing the water content in the pores, as the gradient. Besides, chloride gradient was detected both in the concrete designed in the laboratory and in the extracted in existing bridges. In all cases there have been changes in the microstructure of the cement paste, confirming the formation of a compound gel CSH of the cement paste, Ca2SiO3Cl2 type, which is possibly contributing to impair the cement paste and accelerating the damage in the presence of melting salts. The detailed study has demonstrated that the formation of new compounds can cause porosity at certain times of the cycles may decrease, paradoxically, as the new compound fills the pores, although this phenomenon does not stop the deterioration mechanism and impairments increase with the number of cycles. There is a period between the occurrence of cracking and mass loss. Cracks progress rapidly from the interface of the smallest and angular aggregate, thus facilitating the deterioration of concrete. It can be deduced so the aggregate type affects the deterioration. The presence of melting salts in the system clearly accelerates the onset of damage, which increases even by a factor of 5 as can be seen in this investigation for concrete tested. In the case of specimens with asphalt coating, it seems to have demonstrated that the precipitation of salts generate tensions in the areas close to the concrete coating that end up cracking the material. It follows that while the asphalt coating is certainly a protection against the freeze/thaw cycles, this protection decreases in the presence of salts; so the chlorides will finally affect the concrete bridge deck. Finally, among the recent concrete specimens and the old ones extracted from real bridges, it is observed that the mechanical strengths are very similar to each other, as well as the porosity values and the accumulation capacity after pore water saturation. However, there are significant differences in resistance to freeze/thaw cycles between them. More recent concrete are at equal properties more resistant both cycles freeze/thaw in water with or without salts. Possibly the fact that concrete bridges have been exposed to extreme temperatures for long periods of time has sensitized them. The study, along with new contrasts that occur in the future, allow us to implement a methodology based on the extraction of cores from the deck of real bridges for submission to freeze-thaw tests based on the European standard UNE-CEN/TS 12390-9 even with non-standard specimens for it, and in turn, performed on these samples other destructive characterization tests, which will enable to assess the damage caused by this phenomenon and its evolution, to act rightly prioritizing interventions improving the waterproofing and other repairs in the bridge stock of the National Road Network. It will even be possible to develop risk maps, depending on the worst weather areas and winter road treatments to be carried out.

A procedure to track vibration modes under changing external factors: application to a pedestrian bridge

A low-cost vibration monitoring system has been developed and installed on an urban steel- plated stress-ribbon footbridge. The system continuously measures: the acceleration (using 18 triaxial MEMS accelerometers distributed along the structure), the ambient temperature and the wind velocity and direction. Automated output-only modal parameter estimation based on the Stochastic Subspace Identification (SSI) is carried out in order to extract the modal parameters, i.e., the natural frequencies, damping ratios and modal shapes. Thus, this paper analyzes the time evolution of the modal parameters over a whole-year data monitoring. Firstly, for similar environmental/operational factors, the uncertainties associated to the time window size used are studied and quantified. Secondly, a methodology to track the vibration modes has been established since several of them with closely-spaced natural frequencies are identified. Thirdly, the modal parameters have been correlated against external factors. It has been shown that this stress-ribbon structure is highly sensitive to temperature variation (frequency changes of more than 20%) with strongly seasonal and daily trends

Aerodynamic external pressure loads on a semi-circular bluff body under wind gusts

This brief communication concerns the unsteady aerodynamic external pressure loads acting on a semi-circular bluff body lying on a floor under wind gusts and describes the theoretical model, experimental setup, and experimental results obtained. The experimental setup is based on an open circuit, closed test section, low speed wind tunnel, which includes a sinusoidal gust generating mechanism, designed and built at the Instituto de Microgravedad “Ignacio Da Riva” of the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (IDR/UPM). Based on the potential flow theory, a theoretical model has been proposed to analyse the problem, and experimental tests have been performed to study the unsteady aerodynamic loads on a semi-circular bluff body. By fitting the theoretical model predictions with the experimental results, influencing parameters of the unsteady aerodynamic loads are ascertained. The values of these parameters can help in clarifying the phenomenon of the external pressure loads on semi-circular bluff body under various gust frequencies. The theoretical model proposed allows the pressure variation to be split into two contributions, a quasi-steady term and an unsteady term with a simple physical meaning

Hydrostatic instabilities in floating zone cristal growth process

If only Fluid Mechanics aspects are considered, the configuration appearing in the floating zone technique for crystal growth can be modelled as a mass of liquid spanning between two solid rods. Besides, if now the influence of temperature gradients and heat flow are not considered, the simplest fluid model consists of an isothermal liquid mass of constant properties (density and surface tension) held by capillary forces between two solid disks placed a distance L apart: the so called liquid bridge. As it is well known, if both supporting disks were parallel, coaxial and of the same diameter, 2R, the volume of liquid, V, were equal to that of a cylinder of the same L and R (V=KR~L) and no body forces were acting on the liquid column, the fluid configuration (under these conditions of cylindrical shape) will become unstable when the distance between the disks equals the length of the circumference of the supporting disks (L=2KR, the so-called Rayleigh stability limit). One should be aware that the Rayleigh stability limit can be dramatically modified when the geometry differs from the above described cylinder (due to having non-coaxial disks, different diameter disks, liquid volume different from the cylindrical one, etc) or when other external effects like accelerations either axial or lateral are considered. In this paper the stability limits of liquid bridges considering different types of perturbations are reviewed.

Effective inhibition of influenza virus production in cultured cells by external guide sequences and ribonuclease P

The polymerase (PB2) and nucleocapsid (NP) genes encoded by the genome of influenza virus are essential for replication of the virus. When synthetic genes that express RNAs for external guide sequences targeted to the mRNAs of the PB2 and NP genes are stably incorporated into mouse cells in tissue culture, infection of these cells with influenza virus is nonproductive. Endogenous RNase P cleaves the targeted influenza virus mRNAs when they are in a complex with the external guide sequences. Targeting two different mRNAs simultaneously inhibits viral particle production more efficiently than does targeting only one mRNA.

Random locomotion and chemotaxis of human blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) in the presence of EDTA: PMN in close quarters require neither leukocyte integrins nor external divalent cations

Divalent cations are thought essential for motile function of leukocytes in general, and for the function of critical adhesion molecules in particular. In the current study, under direct microscopic observation with concomitant time-lapse video recording, we examined the effects of 10 mM EDTA on locomotion of human blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). In very thin slide preparations, EDTA did not impair either random locomotion or chemotaxis; motile behavior appeared to benefit from the close approximation of slide and coverslip (“chimneying”). In preparations twice as thick, PMN in EDTA first exhibited active deformability with little or no displacement, then rounded up and became motionless. However, on creation of a chemotactic gradient, the same cells were able to orient and make their way to the target, often, however, losing momentarily their purchase on the substrate. In either of these preparations without EDTA, specific antibodies to β2 integrins did not prevent random locomotion or chemotaxis, even when we added antibodies to β1 and αvβ3 integrins and to integrin-associated protein, and none of these antibodies added anything to the effects of EDTA. In the more turbulent environment of even more media, effects of anti-β2 integrins became evident: PMN still could locomote but adhered to substrate largely by their uropods and by uropod-associated filaments. We relate these findings to the reported independence from integrins of PMN in certain experimental and disease states. Moreover, we suggest that PMN locomotion in close quarters is not only integrin-independent, but independent of external divalent cations as well.

Perceptual learning reflects external noise filtering and internal noise reduction through channel reweighting

To investigate the nature of plasticity in the adult visual system, perceptual learning was measured in a peripheral orientation discrimination task with systematically varying amounts of external (environmental) noise. The signal contrasts required to achieve threshold were reduced by a factor or two or more after training at all levels of external noise. The strong quantitative regularities revealed by this novel paradigm ruled out changes in multiplicative internal noise, changes in transducer nonlinearites, and simple attentional tradeoffs. Instead, the regularities specify the mechanisms of perceptual learning at the behavioral level as a combination of external noise exclusion and stimulus enhancement via additive internal noise reduction. The findings also constrain the neural architecture of perceptual learning. Plasticity in the weights between basic visual channels and decision is sufficient to account for perceptual learning without requiring the retuning of visual mechanisms.

Unbinding process of adsorbed proteins under external stress studied by atomic force microscopy spectroscopy

We report the study of the dynamics of the unbinding process under a force load f of adsorbed proteins (fibrinogen) on a solid surface (hydrophilic silica) by means of atomic force microscopy spectroscopy. By varying the loading rate rf, defined by f = rf t, t being the time, we find that, as for specific interactions, the mean rupture force increases with rf. This unbinding process is analyzed in the framework of the widely used Bell model. The typical dissociation rate at zero force entering in the model lies between 0.02 and 0.6 s−1. Each measured rupture is characterized by a force f0, which appears to be quantized in integer multiples of 180–200 pN.

Inhibition of Escherichia coli viability by external guide sequences complementary to two essential genes

Narrow spectrum antimicrobial activity has been designed to reduce the expression of two essential genes, one coding for the protein subunit of RNase P (C5 protein) and one for gyrase (gyrase A). In both cases, external guide sequences (EGS) have been designed to complex with either mRNA. Using the EGS technology, the level of microbial viability is reduced to less than 10% of the wild-type strain. The EGSs are additive when used together and depend on the number of nucleotides paired when attacking gyrase A mRNA. In the case of gyrase A, three nucleotides unpaired out of a 15-mer EGS still favor complete inhibition by the EGS but five unpaired nucleotides do not.

Probing the pore region of recombinant N-methyl-D-aspartate channels using external and internal magnesium block.

Mg2+ ions block N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) channels by entering the pore from either the extracellular or the cytoplasmic side of the membrane in a voltage-dependent manner. We have used these two different block phenomena to probe the structure of the subunits forming NMDA channels. We have made several amino acid substitutions downstream of the Q/R/N site in the TMII region of both NR1 and NR2A subunits. Mutant NR1 subunits were coexpressed with wild-type NR2A subunits and vice versa in Xenopus oocytes. We found that individually mutating the first two amino acid residues downstream to the Q/R/N site affects mostly the block by external Mg2+. Mutations of residues five to seven positions downstream of the Q/R/N site do not influence the external Mg2+ block, but clearly influence the block by internal Mg2+. These data add support to the hypothesis that there are two separate binding sites for external and internal Mg2+ block. They also indicate that the C-terminal end of TMII contributes to the inner vestibule of the pore of NMDA channels and thus provide additional evidence that TMII forms a loop that reemerges toward the cytoplasmic side of the membrane.

Successful external fertilization in turbulent environments.

Mathematical and experimental simulations predict that external fertilization is unsuccessful in habitats characterized by high water motion. A key assumption of such predictions is that gametes are released in hydrodynamic regimes that quickly dilute gametes. We used fucoid seaweeds to examine whether marine organisms in intertidal and subtidal habitats might achieve high levels of fertilization by restricting their release of gametes to calm intervals. Fucus vesiculosus L. (Baltic Sea) released high numbers of gametes only when maximal water velocities were below ca. 0.2 m/s immediately prior to natural periods of release, which occur in early evening in association with lunar cues. Natural fertilization success measured at two sites was always close to 100%. Laboratory experiments confirmed that (i) high water motion inhibits gamete release by F. vesiculosus and by the intertidal fucoids Fucus distichus L. (Maine) and Pelvetia fastigiata (J. Ag.) DeToni (California), and (ii) showed that photosynthesis is required for high gamete release. These data suggest that chemical changes in the boundary layer surrounding adults during photosynthesis and/or mechanosensitive channels may modulate gamete release in response to changing hydrodynamic conditions. Therefore, sensitivity to environmental factors can lead to successful external fertilization, even for species living in turbulent habitats.

The 12-Item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12): Reliability,external validity and factor structure in the Spanish population

The purpose of this study was to analyze the internal consistency and the external and structure validity of the 12-Item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) in the Spanish general population. A stratified sample of 1001 subjects, ages between 25 and 65 years, taken from the general Spanish population was employed. The GHQ-12 and the Inventory of Situations and Responses of Anxiety-ISRA were administered. A Cronbach’s alpha of .76 (Standardized Alpha: .78) and a 3-factor structure (with oblique rotation and maximum likelihood procedure) were obtained. External validity of Factor I (Successful Coping) with the ISRA is very robust (.82; Factor II, .70; Factor III, .75). The GHQ-12 shows adequate reliability and validity in the Spanish population. Therefore, the GHQ-12 can be used with efficacy to assess people’s overall psychological well-being and to detect non-psychotic psychiatric problems. Additionally, our results confirm that the GHQ-12 can best be thought of as a multidimensional scale that assesses several distinct aspects of distress, rather than just a unitary screening measure.

The SEIQS stochastic epidemic model with external source of infection

This paper deals with a stochastic epidemic model for computer viruses with latent and quarantine periods, and two sources of infection: internal and external. All sojourn times are considered random variables which are assumed to be independent and exponentially distributed. For this model extinction and hazard times are analyzed, giving results for their Laplace transforms and moments. The transient behavior is considered by studying the number of times that computers are susceptible, exposed, infectious and quarantined during a period of time (0, t] and results for their joint and marginal distributions, moments and cross moments are presented. In order to give light this analysis, some numerical examples are showed.