NADPH Phagocyte Oxidase Knockout Mice Control Trypanosoma cruzi Proliferation, but Develop Circulatory Collapse and Succumb to Infection

(NO)-N-center dot is considered to be a key macrophage-derived cytotoxic effector during Trypanosoma cruzi infection. On the other hand, the microbicidal properties of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are well recognized, but little importance has been attributed to them during in vivo infection with T. cruzi. In order to investigate the role of ROS in T. cruzi infection, mice deficient in NADPH phagocyte oxidase (gp91(phox-/-) or phox KO) were infected with Y strain of T. cruzi and the course of infection was followed. phox KO mice had similar parasitemia, similar tissue parasitism and similar levels of IFN-gamma and TNF in serum and spleen cell culture supernatants, when compared to wild-type controls. However, all phox KO mice succumbed to infection between day 15 and 21 after inoculation with the parasite, while 60% of wild-type mice were alive 50 days after infection. Further investigation demonstrated increased serum levels of nitrite and nitrate (NOx) at day 15 of infection in phox KO animals, associated with a drop in blood pressure. Treatment with a NOS2 inhibitor corrected the blood pressure, implicating NOS2 in this phenomenon. We postulate that superoxide reacts with (NO)-N-center dot in vivo, preventing blood pressure drops in wild type mice. Hence, whilst superoxide from phagocytes did not play a critical role in parasite control in the phox KO animals, its production would have an important protective effect against blood pressure decline during infection with T. cruzi.

Effect of sample pre-cracking method and notch geometry in plane strain fracture toughness tests as applied to a PMMA resin

The influence of test method factors (notch shape, square or angular, and pre-cracking method, by tapping onto or pressing a razor blade) on the results obtained in plane strain fracture toughness test according to standard ASTM D5045 using SENB specimens made of a commercial PMMA resin were investigated. Results were analyzed quantitatively by comparing the obtained K-IC values and qualitatively by observing their effect on the Moire fringes observed using photoelasticity, showing that, at 95% significance level, the K-IC values are affected by the pre-cracking method, with the most conservative value being obtained when natural pre-cracks were introduced by tapping onto a razor blade (K-IC = 1.15 +/- 0.11 MPa.m(0.5)). This correlates with a perturbation in the stress field close to the pre-crack tip observed in the photoelasticity test sample when it was introduced by pressing the razor blade. Surprisingly, notch geometry only slightly affects the results. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Phosphite as phosphorus source to grain yield of common bean plants grown in soils under low or adequate phosphate availability

The effects of foliar and soil applied phosphite on grain yield in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) grown in a weathered soil under low and adequate phosphate availability were evaluated. In the first experiment, treatments were composed of a 2 x 7 + 2 factorial scheme, with 2 soil P levels supplied as phosphate (40 e 200 mg P dm-3 soil), 7 soil P levels supplied as phosphite (0-100 mg P dm-3 soil), and 2 additional treatments (without P supply in soil, and all P supplied as phosphite). In the second experiment, treatments were composed of a 2 x 3 x 2 factorial scheme, with 2 soil phosphate levels (40 e 200 mg P dm-3 soil), combined with 3 nutrient sources applied via foliar sprays (potassium phosphite, potassium phosphate, and potassium chloride as a control), and 2 foliar application numbers (single and two application). Additional treatments showed that phosphite is not P source for common bean nutrition. Phosphite supply in soil increased the P content in shoot (at full physiological maturity stage) and grains, but at the same time considerably decreased grain yield, regardless of the soil phosphate availability. Foliar sprays of phosphite decreased grain yield in plants grown under low soil phosphate availability, but no effect was observed in plants grown under adequate soil phosphate availability. In general, foliar sprays of phosphate did not satisfactorily improve grain yield of the common bean plants grown under low soil phosphate availability.

Bifurcation effects on the plasma edge of tokamaks with ergodic limiter.

In the present paper, we solve a twist symplectic map for the action of an ergodic magnetic limiter in a large aspect-ratio tokamak. In this model, we study the bifurcation scenarios that occur in the remnants regular islands that co-exist with chaotic magnetic surfaces. The onset of atypical local bifurcations created by secondary shearless tori are identified through numerical profiles of internal rotation number and we observe that their rupture can reduce the usual magnetic field line escape at the tokamak plasma edge.

Shape design optimization of road acoustic barriers featuring top-edge devices by using Genetic Algotithms and Boundary Elements

[EN] This paper presents a Boundary Elements (BE) approach for the efficiency improvement of road acoustic barriers, mora specifically, for the shape design optimization of top-edge devices in the search for the best designs in terms of screening performance, usually represented by the insertion loss (IL).

TCAD approaches to multidimensional simulation of advanced semiconductor devices

Technology scaling increasingly emphasizes complexity and non-ideality of the electrical behavior of semiconductor devices and boosts interest on alternatives to the conventional planar MOSFET architecture. TCAD simulation tools are fundamental to the analysis and development of new technology generations. However, the increasing device complexity is reflected in an augmented dimensionality of the problems to be solved. The trade-off between accuracy and computational cost of the simulation is especially influenced by domain discretization: mesh generation is therefore one of the most critical steps and automatic approaches are sought. Moreover, the problem size is further increased by process variations, calling for a statistical representation of the single device through an ensemble of microscopically different instances. The aim of this thesis is to present multi-disciplinary approaches to handle this increasing problem dimensionality in a numerical simulation perspective. The topic of mesh generation is tackled by presenting a new Wavelet-based Adaptive Method (WAM) for the automatic refinement of 2D and 3D domain discretizations. Multiresolution techniques and efficient signal processing algorithms are exploited to increase grid resolution in the domain regions where relevant physical phenomena take place. Moreover, the grid is dynamically adapted to follow solution changes produced by bias variations and quality criteria are imposed on the produced meshes. The further dimensionality increase due to variability in extremely scaled devices is considered with reference to two increasingly critical phenomena, namely line-edge roughness (LER) and random dopant fluctuations (RD). The impact of such phenomena on FinFET devices, which represent a promising alternative to planar CMOS technology, is estimated through 2D and 3D TCAD simulations and statistical tools, taking into account matching performance of single devices as well as basic circuit blocks such as SRAMs. Several process options are compared, including resist- and spacer-defined fin patterning as well as different doping profile definitions. Combining statistical simulations with experimental data, potentialities and shortcomings of the FinFET architecture are analyzed and useful design guidelines are provided, which boost feasibility of this technology for mainstream applications in sub-45 nm generation integrated circuits.

Advanced applications of X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy to the study of protein metal sites.

We present a study of the metal sites of different proteins through X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (XAFS) spectroscopy. First of all, the capabilities of XAFS analysis have been improved by ab initio simulation of the near-edge region of the spectra, and an original analysis method has been proposed. The method subsequently served ad a tool to treat diverse biophysical problems, like the inhibition of proton-translocating proteins by metal ions and the matrix effect exerted on photosynthetic proteins (the bacterial Reaction Center, RC) by strongly dehydrate sugar matrices. A time-resolved study of Fe site of RC with μs resolution has been as well attempted. Finally, a further step aimed to improve the reliability of XAFS analysis has been performed by calculating the dynamical parameters of the metal binding cluster by means of DFT methods, and the theoretical result obtained for MbCO has been successfully compared with experimental data.

Spektromikroskopische Analyse von Nukleationsdomänen in epitaktischen Diamantschichten auf Ir,SrTiO 3 und von präsolaren SiC-Meteoritenkörnern

Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden zwei verschiedene Systeme untersucht, deren verbindende Gemeinsamkeit in den verwendeten ortsauflösenden, spektroskopischen Messmethoden der Oberflächenanalytik, wie z.B. abbildendes XPS, Röntgennahkanten-Photoemissionsmikroskopie (XANES-PEEM) und Augerspektroskopie (AES) liegt. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit wurden Diamant-Nukleationsdomänen auf Ir/SrTiO3 untersucht und mit vorherrschenden Modellen aus der Literatur verglichen. Die Nukleationsdomänen, wie sie im Mikrowellen-induzierten CVD Prozess unter Verwendung der BEN Prozedur (bias-enhanced nucleation) entstehen, bilden die „Startschicht“ für ein heteroepitaktisches Wachstum einer hoch orientierten Diamantschicht. Sie entwickeln sich aber unter Bedingungen, unter denen 3D-Diamant abgetragen und weggeätzt wird. Mittels XANES-PEEM Messungen konnte erstmals die lokale Bindungsumgebung des Kohlenstoffs in den Nukleationsdomänen ortsaufgelöst aufgezeigt werden und aus AES Messungen ließ sich die Schichtdicke der Nukleationsdomänen abschätzen. Es zeigte sich, dass die Nukleationsdomänen Bereiche mit etwa 1 nm Dicke darstellen, in denen der Übergang von eine sp2-koordinierte amorphen Kohlenstoff- zu einer Diamantschicht mit hohem sp3 Anteil abläuft. Zur Erklärung des Nukleationsprozesses wurde auf das „Clustermodell“ von Lifshitz et al. zurückgegriffen, welches um einen wesentlichen Aspekt erweitert wurde. Die Stabilität der Nukleationsdomänen gegen die Ätzwirkung des Nukleationsprozesses auf Volumendiamant wird durch eine starke Wechselwirkung zwischen dem Diamant und dem Iridiumsubstrat erklärt, wobei die Dicke von etwa 1 nm als Maß für die Ausdehnung dieses Wechselwirkungsbereichs angesehen wird. Der zweite Teil der Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Charakterisierung präsolarer SiC-Körner und darin eingeschlossener Spurenelemente. Neben den Hauptelementen Si und C wurden auch Spinelle wie Chromit (FeCr2O4), Korund (Al2O3) und auch verschiedene Spurenelemente (z. B. Al, Ba und Y) nachgewiesen. Ferner wurden XPS-Linien bei Energien nachgewiesen, welche sich den Seltenen Erden Erbium, Thulium und Dysprosium zuordnen lassen. Aufgrund von Abweichungen zur Literatur bzgl. der ausgeprägten Intensität der XPS-Linien, wurde als alternative Erklärungsmöglichkeit für verschiedene Signale der Nachweis von stark schwefelhaltigen Körnern (z.B. so genannte „Fremdlinge“) mit Aufladungen von mehreren Volt diskutiert. Es zeigt sich, dass abbildendes XPS und XANES-PEEM Methoden zur leistungsfähigen chemischen Charakterisierung von SiC-Körnern und anderer solarer und präsolarer Materie im Größenbereich bis herab zu 100 – 200 nm Durchmesser (z.B. als Grundlage für eine spätere massenspektrometrische Isotopenanalyse)darstellen.

Valutazione del comportamento di materiali compositi sottoposti ad impatti "near-edge"

I materiali compositi sono largamente utilizzati nel moderno campo ingegneristico e garantiscono una notevole riduzione di peso rispetto ai materiali classici, a parità di caratteristiche meccaniche. Le conoscenze su di essi tuttavia presentano ancora delle lacune: in particolare un aspetto critico di tali materiali è rappresentato dal loro comportamento successivo ad un impatto. Obiettivo della presente tesi è indagare tale problematica mediante la realizzazione di una campagna sperimentale innovativa. Verrà presentata una introduzione generale sui materiali compositi e sulla problematica dei danni da impatto e verrà descritta l'attrezzatura utilizzata per la realizzazione degli impatti, analizzando le problematiche riscontrate e le soluzioni trovate. Dopo un accenno ai Controlli Non Distruttivi effettuabili sui materiali compositi, verrà mostrata l'attrezzatura per la realizzazione di prove a compressione, analizzando le problematiche riscontrate e le soluzioni trovate. Saranno elencati i dati acquisiti durante le prove di impatto e di compressione e, infine, saranno illustrate le conclusioni del lavoro e i possibili sviluppi futuri.

Edge states and zero modes in quadratic fermionic models on a 1-D lattice

In una formulazione rigorosa della teoria quantistica, la definizione della varietà Riemanniana spaziale su cui il sistema è vincolato gioca un ruolo fondamentale. La presenza di un bordo sottolinea l'aspetto quantistico del sistema: l'imposizione di condizioni al contorno determina la discretizzazione degli autovalori del Laplaciano, come accade con condizioni note quali quelle periodiche, di Neumann o di Dirichlet. Tuttavia, non sono le uniche possibili. Qualsiasi condizione al bordo che garantisca l'autoaggiunzione dell' operatore Hamiltoniano è ammissibile. Tutte le possibili boundary conditions possono essere catalogate a partire dalla richiesta di conservazione del flusso al bordo della varietà. Alcune possibili condizioni al contorno, permettono l'esistenza di stati legati al bordo, cioè autostati dell' Hamiltoniana con autovalori negativi, detti edge states. Lo scopo di questa tesi è quello di investigare gli effetti di bordo in sistemi unidimensionali implementati su un reticolo discreto, nella prospettiva di capire come simulare proprietà di edge in un reticolo ottico. Il primo caso considerato è un sistema di elettroni liberi. La presenza di edge states è completamente determinata dai parametri di bordo del Laplaciano discreto. Al massimo due edge states emergono, e possono essere legati all' estremità destra o sinistra della catena a seconda delle condizioni al contorno. Anche il modo in cui decadono dal bordo al bulk e completamente determinato dalla scelta delle condizioni. Ammettendo un' interazione quadratica tra siti primi vicini, un secondo tipo di stati emerge in relazione sia alle condizioni al contorno che ai parametri del bulk. Questi stati sono chiamati zero modes, in quanto esiste la possibilità che siano degeneri con lo stato fondamentale. Per implementare le più generali condizioni al contorno, specialmente nel caso interagente, è necessario utilizzare un metodo generale per la diagonalizzazione, che estende la tecnica di Lieb-Shultz-Mattis per Hamiltoniane quadratiche a matrici complesse.

Valutazione numerica del comportamento di materiali compositi sottoposti ad impatti "near edge"

Simulazione numerica con software Abaqus di impatti a bassa energia su laminati di fibra di carbonio con matrice epossidica per la previsione della formazione di delaminazioni interne. Confronto tra impatti centrali al provino e in prossimità del bordo.

Cellular responses after exposure of lung cell cultures to secondary organic aerosol particles

The scope of this work was to examine in vitro responses of lung cells to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) particles, under realistic ambient air and physiological conditions occurring when particles are inhaled by mammals, using a novel particle deposition chamber. The cell cultures included cell types that are representative for the inner surface of airways and alveoli and are the target cells for inhaled particles. The results demonstrate that an exposure to SOA at ambient-air concentrations of about 10(4) particles/cm(3) for 2 h leads to only moderate cellular responses. There is evidence for (i) cell type specific effects and for (ii) different effects of SOA originating from anthropogenic and biogenic precursors, i.e. 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene (TMB) and alpha-pinene, respectively. There was no indication for cytotoxic effects but for subtle changes in cellular functions that are essential for lung homeostasis. Decreased phagocytic activity was found in human macrophages exposed to SOA from alpha-pinene. Alveolar epithelial wound repair was affected by TMB-SOA exposure, mainly because of altered cell spreading and migration at the edge of the wound. In addition, cellular responses were found to correlate with particle number concentration, as interleukin-8 production was increased in pig explants exposed to TMB-SOA with high particle numbers.

Relevance of in vitro tests of adhesive and composite dental materials, a review in 3 parts. Part 1: Approval requirements and standardized testing of composite materials according to ISO specifications

The first part of this three-part review on the relevance of laboratory testing of composites and adhesives deals with approval requirements for composite materials. We compare the in vivo and in vitro literature data and discuss the relevance of in vitro analyses. The standardized ISO protocols are presented, with a focus on the evaluation of physical parameters. These tests all have a standardized protocol that describes the entire test set-up. The tests analyse flexural strength, depth of cure, susceptibility to ambient light, color stability, water sorption and solubility, and radiopacity. Some tests have a clinical correlation. A high flexural strength, for instance, decreases the risk of fractures of the marginal ridge in posterior restorations and incisal edge build-ups of restored anterior teeth. Other tests do not have a clinical correlation or the threshold values are too low, which results in an approval of materials that show inferior clinical properties (e.g., radiopacity). It is advantageous to know the test set-ups and the ideal threshold values to correctly interpret the material data. Overall, however, laboratory assessment alone cannot ensure the clinical success of a product.