Autobiographie d'une inconnue / par Mme Emmeline Raymond

Collection : Bibliothèque des mères de famille

Postgraduate Symposium: Positive influence of nutritional alkalinity on bone health.

There is growing evidence that consumption of a Western diet is a risk factor for osteoporosis through excess acid supply, while fruits and vegetables balance the excess acidity, mostly by providing K-rich bicarbonate-rich foods. Western diets consumed by adults generate approximately 50-100 mEq acid/d; therefore, healthy adults consuming such a diet are at risk of chronic low-grade metabolic acidosis, which worsens with age as a result of declining kidney function. Bone buffers the excess acid by delivering cations and it is considered that with time an overstimulation of this process will lead to the dissolution of the bone mineral content and hence to reduced bone mass. Intakes of K, Mg and fruit and vegetables have been associated with a higher alkaline status and a subsequent beneficial effect on bone health. In healthy male volunteers an acid-forming diet increases urinary Ca excretion by 74% and urinary C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (C-telopeptide) excretion by 19% when compared with an alkali (base-forming) diet. Cross-sectional studies have shown that there is a correlation between the nutritional acid load and bone health measured by bone ultrasound or dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Few studies have been undertaken in very elderly women (>75 years), whose osteoporosis risk is very pertinent. The EVAluation of Nutrients Intakes and Bone Ultra Sound Study has developed and validated (n 51) an FFQ for use in a very elderly Swiss population (mean age 80.4 (sd 2.99) years), which has shown intakes of key nutrients (energy, fat, carbohydrate, Ca, Mg, vitamin C, D and E) to be low in 401 subjects. A subsequent study to assess net endogenous acid production (NEAP) and bone ultrasound results in 256 women aged > or = 75 years has shown that lower NEAP (P=0.023) and higher K intake (P=0.033) are correlated with higher bone ultrasound results. High acid load may be an important additional risk factor that may be particularly relevant in very elderly patients with an already-high fracture risk. The latter study adds to knowledge by confirming a positive link between dietary alkalinity and bone health indices in the very elderly. In a further study to complement these findings it has also been shown in a group of thirty young women that in Ca sufficiency an acid Ca-rich water has no effect on bone resorption, while an alkaline bicarbonate-rich water leads to a decrease in both serum parathyroid hormone and serum C-telopeptide. Further investigations need to be undertaken to study whether these positive effects on bone loss are maintained over long-term treatment. Mineral-water consumption could be an easy and inexpensive way of helping to prevent osteoporosis and could be of major interest for long-term prevention of bone loss.

Global radiolarian zonation for the Pliensbachian, Toarcian and Aalenian

Jurassic radiolarians from 220 samples in Queen Charlotte Islands, B.C., Williston Lake, B.C., east-central Oregon, Baja California Sur, southern Spain, Austria, Slovenia, Turkey, Oman, Japan and Argentina were studied in order to construct global zonation for the Pliensbachian, Toarcian and Aalenian stages. Well-preserved faunas from continuous stratigraphic sections in Queen Charlotte Islands provide the most detailed record for this time interval, and all collections are tied to North American ammonite zones or assemblages. Collections from nearly all other areas lack independent dating except for early Toarcian carbon-isotope dating in Slovenia and late Aalenian ammonites in Spain. A database of 197 widely distributed updated taxonomic species was used to construct a Unitary Association (UA) zonation for the interval. A global sequence of 41 UAs was obtained for the top of the Sinemurian to the base of the Bajocian. The first and the last UAs represent the Late Sinemurian and the Early Bajocian respectively. The remaining 39 UAs were merged into nine zones (four Early Pliensbachian, one Late Pliensbachian, one Early Toarcian, one Middle-Late Toarcian, and two Aalenian) according to prominent radiolarian faunal breaks and ammonite data. The new zones are the Canutus tip pen - Katroma clara Zone (latest Sinemurian/earliest Pliensbachian); Zartus mostleri - Pseudoristola megaglobosa, Hsuum mulleri - Trillus elkhornensis and Gigi fustis - Lantus sixi zones (Early Pliensbachian); Eucyrtidiellum nagaiae - Praeparvicingula tlellensis Zone (Late Pliensbachian); Napora relica - Eucyrtidiellum disparile Zone (Early Toarcian); Elodium pessagnoi - Hexasaturnalis hexagonus Zone (Middle and Late Toarcian); Higumastra transversa - Napora nipponica Zone (early Aalenian); and Mirifusus proavus - Transhsuum hisuikyoense Zone (late Aalenian). These zones can be correlated worldwide and link previously established UA zonations for the Hettangian-Sinemurian and the Middle to Upper Jurassic. The new zonation allows high-resolution dating in the studied interval and provides a solid basis for analyzing faunal turnovers and the paleobiogeography of Jurassic radiolarians. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Recent developments in the use of isotope ratio mass spectrometry in sports drug testing.

According to the annual report of the World Anti-Doping Agency, steroids are the most frequently detected class of doping agents. Detecting the misuse of endogenously occurring steroids, i.e. steroids such as testosterone that are produced naturally by humans, is one of the most challenging issues in doping control analysis. The established thresholds for urinary concentrations or concentration ratios such as the testosterone/epitestosterone quotient are sometimes inconclusive owing to the large biological variation in these parameters.For more than 15 years, doping control laboratories focused on the carbon isotope ratios of endogenous steroids to distinguish between naturally elevated steroid profile parameters and illicit administration of steroids. A variety of different methods has been developed throughout the last decade and the number of different steroids under investigation by isotope ratio mass spectrometry has recently grown considerably. Besides norandrosterone, boldenone was found to occur endogenously in rare cases and the misuse of corticosteroids or epitestosterone can now be detected with the aid of carbon isotope ratios as well. In addition, steroids excreted as sulfoconjugates were investigated, and the first results regarding hydrogen isotope ratios recently became available.All of these will be presented in detail within this review together with some considerations on validation issues and on identification of parameters influencing steroidal isotope ratios in urine.

Bulles de papes. Titres des maisons de LA JUGIE (1313-1623). — MELANGES (1222-1623).

Contient : Titres de la Jugie ; N° 623 (1) Contrat de mariage de Jacques de la Jugie et de Guillemette de la Borgayrie (23 juillet 1313) ; copie du 18 mars 1314 a. st ; N° 624 (2) Contrat de mariage de Pierre de la Jugie et de Jeanne Pebeyre (août1316) ; restes de sceau sur simple queue ; N° 625 (3) Testament de Geraud de Rajaut, de Tulle, damoiseau (9 août 1329) ; N° 626 (4) Contrat de mariage de Gui Aimoin de Puydeval et d'Hélie de la Jugie (14 décembre 1339) ; N° 627 (5) Donation de biens faite par Guillemette de la Limosnie à Gui de Puydeval, son oncle (30 janvier 1351) ; copie du XVIIe siècle ; N° 628 (6) Accord entre Archambaud, vicomte de Comborn, et Gui de Puydeval (24 mai 1351) ; copie contemporaine ; N° 629 (7) Contrat de mariage de Raimond de Bossac et de Marie de Puydeval (2 août 1352) ; N° 630 (8) Testament de Gui de Puydeval (26 janvier 1371 a. st.) ; copie du XVIIe siècle ; N° 631 (9) Testament de Nicolas de la Jugie, seigneur de Levinerie (26 mars 1374 a. st.) ; vidimus du 18 mai 1402 ; N° 632 (10) Testament de Guillaume de la Jugie, alias de Puydeval (20 août 1397) ; N° 633 (11) Testament d'Aelis de la Jugie (19 juillet 1409) ; N° 634 (12) Décisions prises par divers seigneurs du Limousin, relativement à l'expédition contre les Anglais, pour la levée du siège d'Auberoche (4 septembre 1419) ; N° 635 (13) Contrat de mariage d'Aimar de Puydeval et de Marguerite de Gimel (12 juillet 1426) ; N° 636 (14) Testament d'Hélène de Puydeval, veuve de Jean « de Sadone » (2 juin 1436) ; N° 637 (15) Testament de Jean de la Jugie, alias de Puydeval (7 décembre 1461) ; N° 638 (16) Contrat de mariage de Jean de Sourries, seigneur de Vaur, et d'Anne de Puydeval (29 janvier 1492 a. st.) ; copie, papier ; N° 639 (17) Testament d'Antoine de Puydeval (9 octobre 1495) ; copie du 28 mars 1502, a. st ; N° 640 (18) Contrat de mariage de Pons de Gourdon, seigneur de La Roque, et de Françoise de Puydeval (20 janvier 1497 a. st.) ; copie du 23 août 1579 ; N° 641 (19) Quittance générale donnée par Blanche de Malesec, veuve d'Antoine de Puydeval, à Gilles de Malesec, son frère (23 juin 1512) ; N° 642 (20) Testament de Gabrielle de Puydeval, dame de Miremont (20 mars 1516-1517) ; copie du XVIe siècle ; N° 643 (21) Testament de Denis de Puydeval (18 août 1523) ; copie du XVIe siècle ; N° 644 (22) Quittance générale donnée à Géraud de Puydeval par Pierre de Rajaut et Anne de Puydeval sa femme, 2 août 1534 ; N° 645 (23) Contrat de mariage de Rigaut de Saint-Martial, baron de Conros, et de Françoise de Puydeval (18 juin 1559) ; copie du 22 juillet 1583 ; N° 646 (24) Testament de Géraud de Puydeval (20 mai 1563) ; N° 647 (25) Procès-verbal de visite de bois faite par les arbitres choisis par les seigneurs de Puydeval et de Vaur (5 janvier 1564) ; N° 648 (26) Accord entre Géraud de Puydeval et Bonaventure de Sourries, seigneur de Vaur, au sujet du lieu de La Reynie (21 novembre 1560) ; N° 649 (27) Accord entre Anne de Puydeval, veuve de Jean de Sourries, seigneur de Vaur, et Bonaventure de Sourries (27 septembre 1559) ; N° 650 (28) Testament d'Anne de Puydeval, veuve de Jean [de Sourries, seigneur de] Vaur (8 septembre 1555) ; N° 651 (29) Testament de Jean de Puydeval, doyen de l'église de Tulle ; N° 652 (30) Testament de Françoise de Puydeval, veuve de Rigaut de Saint-Marsal, baron de Conros (16 juin 1601) ; N° 653 (31) Autre testament de ladite dame (22 août 1604) ; N° 654 Copie du précédent testament ; N° 655 (32) Accord entre Josias de Cosnac, seigneur d'Assy, et sa soeur, Marie de Cosnac, femme de Henry de Puydeval, baron de Conros (31 mars 1623 ; N° 656 (33) Contrat de mariage de Pierre de Soudeilles et d'Anne de Puydeval (s. d.) ; N° 657 (33 bis) Copie de la pièce précédente ; Mélanges ; N° 658 (1) Accord entre Guillaume, évêque de Paris, et son chapitre, d'une part, et Philippe-Auguste, de l'autre, au sujet des droits de l'église de Paris (décembre 1222) ; N° 659 (2) Accord entre Philippe le Bel et l'église de Paris pour l'affectation de certaines redevances à la réparation des ponts de la Seine (mars 1296-1297) ; N° 660 (3) Décret de l'Université de Paris établissant des règlements pour le collège de Narbonne, à Paris (4 octobre 1377) ; N° 661 (4) Sentence rendue par Jean, abbé de Saint-Taurin d'Evreux, sur le procès entre Jacques Sacquespée, docteur en médecine, et Jean Daigny, chanoine de la Sainte-Chapelle de Paris (15 mai 1428) ; N° 662 (15) Articles de la Ligue (s. d. [1586 (?)]) ; N° 663 (6) Privilèges accordés par Louis, comte de Flandre, aux marchands castillans trafiquant en Flandre (15 avril 1366) ; copie du XVe siècle ; N° 664 (7) Serment prêté au duc d'Alençon par le chapitre de Cambrai (20 août 1580) ; N° 665 (8) Serment prêté au même personnage par les échevins de la ville de Cambrai (même date) ; N° 666 (9) Aveu rendu à Henri, comte de Rodez, par Pierre de Panat, pour divers fiefs, (juillet 1280) ; N° 667 (10) Aveu rendu par Bernard, comte d'Armagnac et de Rodez, à Guillaume, évêque de Mende, pour les fiefs tenus par ledit comte dans ce diocèse (2 mai 1309) ; N° 668 (11) Autorisation donnée par l'archevêque Michel et le chapitre d'Arles à Jean [de Matha], fondateur de l'Ordre de la Trinité, d'établir une église et un cimetière dans la ville d'Arles (novembre 1203) ; N° 669 (12) Charte de G[uillaume], comte de Forcalquier, abandonnant divers droits à l'église de Ganagobie (10 juin 1206) ; à la suite est transcrite une lettre de A., prieur du dit lieu, à G[uillaume], abbé de Cluny, relative à la donation précédente ; N° 670 (13) Lettres de Charles II, roi de Sicile, comte de Provence, chargeant Hugues de Voisines, senéchal de Provence, de faire sortir du royaume de France la somme de 50.000 livres autorisée par le Roi (24 mars 1297) ; N° 671 (14) Lettres de l'empereur Henri VII, autorisant Gaillard, archevêque d'Arles, à poursuivre la révocation des aliénations de biens ecclésiastiques consenties par ses prédécesseurs (9 juillet 1312) ; N° 672 (15) Lettres de Jean de Clermont, cardinal-évêque de Tusculum, légat du pape dans les provinces de Vienne, Aix, etc., chargeant Jean Ferrier, archevêque d'Arles, de l'assister dans ses fonctions (9 juillet 1533) ; N° 673 (16) Lettres de Raoul de Sendelay, trésorier d'Angleterre, portant donation de terres près de Rouen à Michel de Paris, son ancien serviteur (3 janvier 1445-1446) ; N° 674 (17) Lettre de l'empereur Ferdinand au pape Urbain VIII (28 avril 1635) ; N° 675 (18) Aveu rendu à Bernard, abbé de Charroux, par Jean de Rochefort, pour le château de Saint-Angel (18 mai 1393) ; copie du 17 juillet 1407 ; N° 676 (19) Lettres de l'Université d'Avignon conférant à Pierre Charpin le titre de docteur en droit canon (16 septembre 1405) ; N° 677 (20) Contrat de mariage de Charles d'Apchon, vicomte de Mirmont, et de Lucrèce de Gadaigne (3 août 1579) ; N° 678 (21) Procuration donnée par Philippe de Commynes à Baude Talboein, son secrétaire (9 mars 1474) ; signature autographe ; N° 679 (22) Ratification par Galéas-Marie Sforza du traité conclu en son nom à Amboise entre Tristan Sforza et Louis XI (21 avril 1468) ; N° 680 (23) Lettres d'Etat accordées par le roi Charles VI à Lermite, seigneur de La Faye, son chambellan, envoyé en Angleterre (28 octobre 1407) ; copie du 4 novembre 1407 ; papier ; N° 681 (24) « Plaintes sur le trépas du sage et vertueux chevalier... Jean de La Roche-Aymon ; » pièce de vers (s. d. [1522]) ; miniature en tête ; N° 682 (25) Lettres de Raimond « de Poioliis », archidiacre de Périgueux, recteur du duché de Spolète, pour le paiement de la compagnie de Guillaume de Primat ; N° 683 (26) Lettres de l'Université d'Orléans accordant à Hugues Berthelot le titre de bachelier en droit canon (28 juillet 1409) ; N° 684 (27) Lettres de l'Université d'Orléans au prieur de Marcigny, pour faire pourvoir d'un bénéfice Raoul « Druci », prêtre, licencié en décret (2 septembre 1460 ; N° 685 (28) Lettres de l'Université de Paris à l'abbé de Cluny, pour faire pourvoir d'un bénéfice Jean de Mont, maître ès arts et bachelier en théologie (3 mars 1478-1479) ; N° 686 (29) Lettres de l'Université de Paris à l'abbé de Cluny pour faire pourvoir d'un bénéfice Jean Paulain, maître ès arts (21 février 1538-1539) ; N° 687 (30) Testament de Jacques de Plaigne, seigneur dudit lieu (5 mars 1551-1552) ; copie contemporaine ; N° 688 (31) Contrat de mariage de Pierre de Guasquet et de Marguerite d'Henry (31 mars 1581) ; copie contemporaine ; N° 689 (32) Testament d'Antoine de Guasquet, seigneur de Paramelle (30 août 1585) ; copie contemporaine ; N° 690 (33) Testament de Jean Chantois, sieur de Laumosnerie (30 septembre 1617) ; copie contemporaine ; N° 691 (34) Testament de Claude des Rozières, seigneur de Cherouac (octobre 1623) ; copie contemporaine ; N° 692 (35) Délibération de l'assemblée du clergé de la ville de Reims au sujet de la répartition des deniers à lever sur ledit clergé (30 mars 1585) ; N° 693 (36) Lettre de J[ean de] C[andida] à [Denis Briçonnet], évêque de Saint-Malo (16 novembre, s. d.)

Nitrogênio, carbono e atividade da biomassa microbiana do solo em plantações de eucalipto

Grande parte das plantações de eucalipto no Brasil situa-se em solos de baixa fertilidade, para os quais a técnica de fertilização e o processo de ciclagem de nutrientes são fundamentais para elevar e manter a produção florestal. Os ganhos de produtividade dessas plantações em resposta à aplicação de N têm sido relativamente baixos, o que indica que o solo tem sido capaz de suprir boa parte da demanda deste nutriente para as plantas. O N da biomassa microbiana é tido como uma fração facilmente disponível, mas pouco se sabe sobre como fatores bióticos e abióticos afetam a sua dinâmica em plantações de eucalipto no Brasil. Desse modo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a variação do N (NBM) e C (CBM) da biomassa microbiana do solo e de outras características com elas relacionadas em plantações de eucalipto com sete anos de idade, cultivadas em várias condições edafoclimáticas do sudeste brasileiro. Amostragens do solo foram realizadas durante quatro épocas, de março a novembro de 1995. O teor de NBM variou de 9,17 a 103,71 µg g-1 solo, sendo significativamente influenciado pela época de amostragem. Essa variação foi explicada pela combinação da precipitação pluviométrica com o teor de C orgânico ou N total. O teor de argila dos solos estudados foi outra característica de grande importância nessa variação. Dentre outras características avaliadas, verificou-se que a forma de N mineral predominante foi N-NH4+ e que os teores de C orgânico e do CBM (carbono da biomassa microbiana) variaram de 2,78 a 12,32 g kg-1 e de 43,39 a 401,06 µg g-1 solo, respectivamente. A RA (respiração acumulada do solo) foi de 14,57 a 79,42 µg g-1 solo e o qCO2 (quociente metabólico) de 862 a 8026 µg g-1 h-1 . O CBM foi também afetado significativamente pela época de amostragem, ao contrário dos teores de C orgânico e N total. As regressões lineares simples do teor de N-NO3-, C orgânico, N total, CBM e NBM com o teor de argila permitiram um modelo preditivo que explicasse a variação destes atributos nos diferentes municípios. A umidade atual do solo explicou 87% da variação dos teores de N-NO3- e de N total; em torno de 71% do C orgânico e de 48 e 55% da variação do CBM e NBM, respectivamente. As regressões simples do N-NO3- com o CBM ou NBM apresentaram baixa capacidade preditiva, porém, quando conjugadas com os teores de C orgânico ou N total, por meio de regressão linear múltipla, aumentaram a capacidade preditiva da mineralização do N.

Sensitivity and specificity of NT-proBNP to detect heart failure at post mortem examination.

NT-proBNP, a marker of cardiac failure, has been shown to be stable in post mortem samples. The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy of NT-proBNP to detect heart failure in the forensic setting. One hundred sixty-eight consecutive autopsies were included in the study. NT-proBNP blood concentrations were measured using a chemiluminescent immunoassay kit. Cardiac failure was assessed by three independent forensic experts using macro- and microscopic findings complemented by information about the circumstances of body discovery and the known medical story. Area under the receiving operator curve was of 65.4% (CI 95%, from 57.1 to 73.7). Using a standard cut-off value of >220 pg/mL for NT-proBNP blood concentration, heart failure was detected with a sensitivity of 50.7% and a specificity of 72.6%. NT-proBNP vitreous humor values were well correlated to the ones measured in blood (r (2) = 0.658). Our results showed that NT-proBNP can corroborate the pathological findings in cases of natural death related to heart failure, thus, keeping its diagnostic properties passing from the ante mortem to the post mortem setting. Therefore, biologically inactive polypeptides like NT-proBNP seem to be stable enough to be used in forensic medicine as markers of cardiac failure, taking into account the sensitivity and specificity of the test.

Plac8 is an inducer of C/EBPβ required for brown fat differentiation, thermoregulation, and control of body weight.

Brown adipocytes oxidize fatty acids to produce heat in response to cold or to excessive energy intake; stimulation of brown fat development and function may thus counteract obesity. Brown adipogenesis requires activation of the transcription factor C/EBPβ and recruitment of the zinc finger protein Prdm16, but upstream inducers of these proteins are incompletely defined. Here, we show that genetic inactivation of Plac8, a gene encoding an evolutionarily conserved protein, induces cold intolerance, and late-onset obesity, as well as abnormal morphology and impaired function of brown adipocytes. Using brown preadipocyte lines we show that Plac8 is required for brown fat differentiation, that its overexpression induces C/EBPβ and Prdm16, and that upon induction of differentiation Plac8 associates with C/EBPβ and binds to the C/EBPβ promoter to induce its transcription. Thus, Plac8 is a critical upstream regulator of brown fat differentiation and function that acts, at least in part, by inducing C/EBPβ expression.

Effect of physical activity during pregnancy on mode of delivery.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of structured physical exercise programs during pregnancy on the course of labor and delivery. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a systematic review and metaanalysis using the following data sources: Medline and The Cochrane Library. In our study, we used randomized controlled trials (RCT) that evaluated the effects of exercise programs during pregnancy on labor and delivery. The results are summarized as relative risks. RESULTS: In the 16 RCTs that were included there were 3359 women. Women in exercise groups had a significantly lower risk of cesarean delivery (relative risk, 0.85; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.73-0.99). Birthweight was not significantly reduced in exercise groups. The risk of instrumental delivery was similar among groups (relative risk, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.82-1.22). Data on Apgar score, episiotomy, epidural anesthesia, perineal tear, length of labor, and induction of labor were insufficient to draw conclusions. With the use of data from 11 studies (1668 women), our analysis showed that women in the exercise groups gained significantly less weight than women in control groups (mean difference, -1.13 kg; 95% CI, -1.49 to -0.78). CONCLUSION: Structured physical exercise during pregnancy reduces the risk of cesarean delivery. This is an important finding to convince women to be active during their pregnancy and should lead the physician to recommend physical exercise to pregnant women, when this is not contraindicated.

Changes in protein turnover and resting energy expenditure after treatment of malaria in Gambian children.

To explore the changes in resting energy expenditure (REE) and whole body protein turnover induced by malaria, 23 children aged 6 to 14 y (23.9 +/- 1.0 kg, 1.3 +/- 0.02 m) were studied on three separate days after treatment (d 1, d 2, and 15 d later). REE was assessed by indirect calorimetry (hood), whereas whole body protein turnover was estimated using a single dose of [15N]glycine administered p.o. by measuring the isotopic enrichment of [15N]ammonia in urine over 12 h. Within the first 3.5 h after treatment, the body temperature dropped from 39.8 +/- 0.1 to 37.8 +/- 0.1 degrees C (p < 0.0001), and REE followed the same pattern, decreasing rapidly from 223 +/- 6 to 187 +/- 4 kJ/kg/d (p < 0.0001). Whole body protein synthesis and breakdown were significantly higher during the 1st day (5.65 +/- 0.38 and 6.21 +/- 0.43 g/kg/d, respectively) than at d 15 (2.95 +/- 0.17 and 2.77 +/- 0.2 g/kg/d). It is concluded that Gambian children suffering from an acute episode of malaria have an increased REE averaging 37% of the control value (d 15) and that this was associated with a substantial increase (by a factor of 2) in whole body protein turnover. A rapid normalization of the hypermetabolism and protein hypercatabolism states after treatment was observed.

Energy and nutrient intake of Swiss women aged 75-87 years.

OBJECTIVE: Reliable data about the nutrient intake of elderly noninstitutionalized women in Switzerland is lacking. The aim of this study was to assess the energy and nutrient intake in this specific population. SUBJECTS: The 401 subjects were randomly selected women of mean age of 80.4 years (range 75-87) recruited from the Swiss SEMOF (Swiss Evaluation of the Methods of Measurement of Osteoporotic Fracture Risk) cohort study. A validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was submitted to the 401 subjects to assess dietary intake. RESULTS: The FFQ showed a mean daily energy intake of 1544 kcal (+/-447.7). Protein intake was 65.2 g (+/-19.9), that is 1.03 g kg(-1) body weight per day. The mean daily intake for energy, fat, carbohydrate, calcium, magnesium, vitamin C, D and E were below the RNI. However, protein, phosphorus, potassium, iron and vitamin B6 were above the RNI. CONCLUSION: The mean nutrient intake of these free living Swiss elderly women was low compared with standards. Energy dense foods rich in carbohydrate, magnesium, calcium, vitamin D and E as well as regular sunshine exposure is recommended in order to optimise dietary intake.