Tratamento conservativo e cirúrgico em 22 ruminantes com fraturas em membros

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi relatar os principais locais de fraturas em membros de 22 ruminantes e determinar a eficiência dos tratamentos utilizados. Foram incluídos no estudo oito caprinos, oito ovinos e seis bovinos Em casos de fraturas distais, o tratamento conservativo com imobilização foi o método de eleição. Em casos de fraturas proximais e fraturas expostas de metatarso ou metacarpo, os ruminantes foram tratados cirurgicamente. Observou-se maior frequência de fraturas envolvendo o metacarpo ou metatarso (54,5%), seguido por fraturas de tíbia (22,7%), fêmur (9%) e casos isolados de fraturas de falange medial, úmero, rádio e ulna (4,5% cada). O índice de recuperação total alcançou 95,4%. A imobilização com gesso associada à tala de Thomas, ou apenas com talas de madeira em animais jovens, foi eficiente na redução de fraturas de metacarpo, metatarso, tíbia, úmero e rádio nos ruminantes tratados. Enquanto no caso de fratura de falange medial, a imobilização com uso apenas de gesso foi suficiente para proporcionar reparação óssea adequada. A fixação esquelética externa ou interna deve ser considerada uma opção no tratamento de fraturas metacárpicas, metatársicas, tibiais e femorais em ruminantes, principalmente quando o animal for de baixo peso corporal.

Poikkimaantien parantaminen välillä Terminaalitie - valtatie 22 : Kehittämissuunnitelma

Kehittämissuunnitelman tavoitetilanteena on vuosi 2030, johon esitetään edettäväksi kahdessa vaiheessa. Suunnitelman laatimisen lähtökohtana ovat olleet suunnittelualueen nykyinen väyläverkko ja maankäyttö, aikaisemmin laaditut ja käynnissä olevat väyläsuunnitelmat sekä Oulun yleiskaava ja alueen asemakaavat. Suunnittelun lähtötietoina ovat olleet suunnittelujakson liikennemäärät, hankekohtainen liikenne-ennuste v. 2030 sekä liikenneonnettomuustiedot. Ensimmäisessä vaiheessa Poikkimaantielle esitetään rakennettavaksi toinen ajokaista idän suuntaan Äimärautiolta valtatien 4 eritasoliittymään. Äimäraution siltojen kohdalla uuden ajokaistan vaatima lisätila saadaan kaventamalla nykyistä 5 metrin levyistä kevyen liikenteen väylää. Poikkimaantien liittymiä parannetaan lisäkaistoja rakentamalla. Lisäksi tehdään kevyen liikenteen järjestelyjä ja täydennetään melusuojauksia. Ensimmäisessä vaiheeseen liittyen suunnitelmassa on huomioitu myös Terminaalitien liittymän parantaminen, valtatien 4 Lintulan eritasoliittymän lisäramppi pysäkkijärjestelyineen sekä valtatien 22 liikennevalo-ohjatun tasoliittymän parantamistoimenpiteet. Nämä toteutetaan erillishankkeina eivätkä ne ole mukana kustannusarviossa. Ensimmäisen vaiheen parantamistoimenpiteiden kustannukset ovat noin 3,0 milj. euroa. Kustannukset sisältävät siltojen parantamisen, mutta ei meluesteitä. Poikkimaantien varren meluesteiden kustannusennuste on noin 0,5 -1,0 milj. euroa estetyypistä riippuen. Esitettyjen liikenneratkaisujen arvioidaan palvelevan liikenteen sujuvuuden ja liittymien toimivuuden osalta vuoteen 2025 saakka. Ratkaisuilla parannetaan Poikkimaantien pääsuunnan, liittymien ja kevyen liikenteen sujuvuutta ja turvallisuutta. Melusuojauksen täydentämisellä vähennetään asutukseen kohdistuvia meluhaittoja. Vuoden 2030 tavoitetilanteen kehittämisratkaisuksi esitetään nelikaistatietä välille Äimätie – valtatien 4 Lintulan eritasoliittymän itäpuolinen ramppi. Ratkaisu edellyttää, että Limingantien ylittävää siltaa, rautatien ylittävää siltaa ja alikulkukäytäväsiltoja levennetään 7 metrillä. Poikkimaantien liittymien sivusuunnille rakennetaan lisäkaistoja ja pääsuunnan kääntymiskaistajärjestelyjä parannetaan. Meluesteet ovat vaiheen 1 ratkaisun mukaiset. Tavoitetilanteeseen liittyy Limingantulli - Äimärautio katuyhteys ja radan alikulku sekä valtatien 22 perusverkon eritasoliittymä. Vaiheittain edeten hankkeen kokonaiskustannukset ovat noin 9,5 milj. euroa, josta siltojen osuus noin 4 milj. euroa. Ratkaisulla turvataan Poikkimaantien ja sen liittymien toimivuus sekä turvallisuus pitkälle tulevaisuuteen. Ensimmäisen ratkaisun toteuttaminen vuonna 2020 on jo 10 vuoden tarkastelujaksolla liikennetaloudellisesti erittäin kannattava (hyöty-kustannus suhde 3,2). Kokonaisuutena tarkasteltuna hanke on liikennetaloudellisesti kannattava (hyöty-kustannussuhde 1,9).

Streichserenade E-dur op. 22

Soitinnus: jousiorkesteri.

Präludium No. 22

Soitinnus: trumpetti, orkesteri.

Lieder ohne Worte No. 22

Soitinnus: trumpetti, piano.

Opportunities, constraints and constrained opportunities – A study on mothers’ working time patterns in 22 European countries

The aim of this study was to analyse mothers’ working time patterns across 22 European countries. The focus was on three questions: how much mothers prefer to work, how much they actually work, and to what degree their preferred and actual working times are (in)consistent with each other. The focus was on cross-national differences in mothers’ working time patterns, comparison of mothers’ working times to that of childless women and fathers, as well as on individual- and country-level factors that explain the variation between them. In the theoretical background, the departure point was an integrative theoretical approach where the assumption is that there are various kinds of explanations for the differences in mothers’ working time patterns – namely structural, cultural and institutional – , and that these factors are laid in two levels: individual- and country-levels. Data were extracted from the European Social Survey (ESS) 2010 / 2011. The results showed that mothers’ working time patterns, both preferred and actual working times, varied across European countries. Four clusters were formed to illustrate the differences. In the full-time pattern, full-time work was the most important form of work, leaving all other working time forms marginal. The full-time pattern was perceived in terms of preferred working times in Bulgaria and Portugal. In polarised pattern countries, fulltime work was also important, but it was accompanied by a large share of mothers not working at all. In the case of preferred working times, many Eastern and Southern European countries followed it whereas in terms of actual working times it included all Eastern and Southern European countries as well as Finland. The combination pattern was characterised by the importance of long part-time hours and full-time work. It was the preferred working time pattern in the Nordic countries, France, Slovenia, and Spain, but Belgium, Denmark, France, Norway, and Sweden followed it in terms of actual working times. The fourth cluster that described mothers’ working times was called the part-time pattern, and it was illustrated by the prevalence of short and long part-time work. In the case of preferred working times, it was followed in Belgium, Germany, Ireland, the Netherlands and Switzerland. Besides Belgium, the part-time pattern was followed in the same countries in terms of actual working times. The consistency between preferred and actual working times was rather strong in a majority of countries. However, six countries fell under different working time patterns when preferred and actual working times were compared. Comparison of working mothers’, childless women’s, and fathers’ working times showed that differences between these groups were surprisingly small. It was only in part-time pattern countries that working mothers worked significantly shorter hours than working childless women and fathers. Results therefore revealed that when mothers’ working times are under study, an important question regarding the population examined is whether it consists of all mothers or only working mothers. Results moreover supported the use of the integrative theoretical approach when studying mothers’ working time patterns. Results indicate that mothers’ working time patterns in all countries are shaped by various opportunities and constraints, which are comprised of structural, cultural, institutional, and individual-level factors.

Residual ß-cell function and microvascular complications in type 1 diabetic patients

To determine the influence of residual ß-cell function on retinopathy and microalbuminuria we measured basal C-peptide in 50 type 1 diabetic outpatients aged 24.96 ± 7.14 years, with a duration of diabetes of 9.1 ± 6.2 years. Forty-three patients (86%) with low C-peptide (<0.74 ng/ml) had longer duration of diabetes than 7 patients (14%) with high C-peptide (³0.74 ng/ml) (9 (2-34) vs 3 (1-10) years, P = 0.01) and a tendency to high glycated hemoglobin (HBA1) (8.8 (6-17.9) vs 7.7 (6.9-8.7)%, P = 0.08). Nine patients (18%) had microalbuminuria (two out of three overnight urine samples with an albumin excretion rate (AER) ³20 and <200 µg/min) and 13 (26%) had background retinopathy. No association was found between low C-peptide, microalbuminuria and retinopathy and no difference in basal C-peptide was observed between microalbuminuric and normoalbuminuric patients (0.4 ± 0.5 vs 0.19 ± 0.22 ng/ml, P = 0.61) and between patients with or without retinopathy (0.4 ± 0.6 vs 0.2 ± 0.3 ng/ml, P = 0.43). Multiple regression analysis showed that duration of diabetes (r = 0.30, r2 = 0.09, P = 0.031) followed by HBA1 (r = 0.41, r2 = 0.17, P = 0.01) influenced basal C-peptide, and this duration of diabetes was the only variable affecting AER (r = 0.40, r2 = 0.16, P = 0.004). In our sample of type 1 diabetic patients residual ß-cell function was not associated with microalbuminuria or retinopathy.

Thr(118)Met amino acid substitution in the peripheral myelin protein 22 does not influence the clinical phenotype of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A due to the 17p11.2-p12 duplication

The Thr(118)Met substitution in the peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22) gene has been detected in a number of families with demyelinating Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT1) neuropathy or with the hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsy, but in none of them has it consistently segregated with the peripheral neuropathy. We describe here a CMT1 family (a 63-year-old man, his brother and his niece) in which two mutations on different chromosomes were found in the PMP22 gene, the 17p duplication, detected by fluorescent semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of microsatellite markers localized within the duplicated region on chromosome 17p11.2-p12, and the Thr(118)Met substitution, detected by direct sequencing the four coding exons of the PMP22 gene. A genotype/phenotype correlation study showed that the neuropathy segregates with the duplication and that the amino acid substitution does not seem to modify the clinical characteristics or the severity of the peripheral neuropathy. We did not find any evidence to characterize this substitution as a polymorphism in the population studied and we propose that the high frequency reported for this point mutation in the literature suggests that the Thr(118)Met substitution may be a hotspot for mutations in the PMP22 gene.

Prolactin induces adrenal hypertrophy

Although adrenocorticotropic hormone is generally considered to play a major role in the regulation of adrenal glucocorticoid secretion, several reports have suggested that other pituitary hormones (e.g., prolactin) also play a significant role in the regulation of adrenal function. The aim of the present study was to measure the adrenocortical cell area and to determine the effects of the transition from the prepubertal to the postpubertal period on the hyperprolactinemic state induced by domperidone (4.0 mg kg-1 day-1, sc). In hyperprolactinemic adult and young rats, the adrenals were heavier, as determined at necropsy, than in the respective controls: adults (30 days: 0.16 ± 0.008 and 0.11 ± 0.007; 46 days: 0.17 ± 0.006 and 0.12 ± 0.008, and 61 days: 0.17 ± 0.008 and 0.10 ± 0.004 mg for treated and control animals, respectively; P < 0.05), and young rats (30 days: 0.19 ± 0.003 and 0.16 ± 0.007, and 60 days: 0.16 ± 0.006 and 0.13 ± 0.009 mg; P < 0.05). We selected randomly a circular area in which we counted the nuclei of adrenocortical cells. The area of zona fasciculata cells was increased in hyperprolactinemic adult and young rats compared to controls: adults: (61 days: 524.90 ± 47.85 and 244.84 ± 9.03 µm² for treated and control animals, respectively; P < 0.05), and young rats: (15 days: 462.30 ± 16.24 and 414.28 ± 18.19; 60 days: 640.51 ± 12.91 and 480.24 ± 22.79 µm²; P < 0.05). Based on these data we conclude that the increase in adrenal weight observed in the hyperprolactinemic animals may be due to prolactin-induced adrenocortical cell hypertrophy.