The Utilization of Soybean Hulls as Energy Resources on Ration Local Sheep

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of soybean hulls as a ration in twenty seven rams. The animal had a mean of live weight of 12.863 ± 1.934 kg. Levels of soybean hulls were 0, 50, and 100 %  or 0,25, and 50 % in ration dry matter basis and rations were  iso-nitrogenous. The experiment were use Completely Randomized Design, data collected was analyzed using analysis of variance and polynomial orthogonal test.  Inclusion of soybean hulls in 50% ration dry matter had no effect on daily live weight gain (90.65±20.88 g), nitrogen, calcium and phosphor balances positive. However, dry matter consumption tended to increase linearly and as soybean hulls level increase in the ration (P<0.01). The digestible energy and NDF significantly decrease linearly (P<0.01), whereas intake of the energy was similar i.e. 122±0.39, 1.44±0.17, and 1.23±0.19 Mcal/day but NDF tended to increase for ration containing 0, 25, 50% of soybean hulls, respectively. The digestible crude protein is significantly quadratic (P<0.01), due to the release of energy and N are synchronized in 25% of soybean hulls in ration dry matter. It was concluded that soybean hulls can be used as a sources of energy and substitute for corn. (Animal Production 3(1): 5-11 (2001) Key Words: Local ram, soybean hulls, live weight gain, digestibility

The Quality of Hunted Sambar Deer (Cervus unicolor) Venison from East Kalimantan

Sambar deer (Cervus unicolor)  is the heaviest in its body weight and widest in its distribution of tropical deer. A Report by East Kalimantan governor indicated that no less than 5,000 wild sambar deer were slaughtered annually. In 1990 a pilot project of sambar deer farm was established and still under its development. Up to the present there is no data available on the nutritional values of sambar venison. The objective of the study was to determine the nutritional quality of wild sambar venison. Samples were collected from three traditional markets. Whitin 10 hours after being hunted, meat was sampled in three sites, front leg, back leg and saddle. The result showed that pH values of hunted sambar venison ranged from 6.18-6.46, but there were no differences in cutting sites. The moisture content was over 74%. Crude Protein, ash, fat and cholesterol (%DM) were 88.84-90.24, 3.86-4.14, 2.9-3.8, 0.24-0.27, respectively. Amino acids, fatty acids and minerals values were within the average of domesticated animals meat values, thought some values in sambar show a better performance. (Animal Production 5(1): 35-41 (2003) Key words: Sambar , Deer, Cervus unicolor, Venison, Meat

The Effects of Branched Chain Volatile Fatty Acids on Reduced Sugar and Branched Chain Amino Acid Concentration of Substrates that Fermented by Aspergillus oryzae

A study was conducted to know the reduced sugar and branched chain amino acids concentration in substrate that fermented by Aspergillus oryzae. Branched chain amino acids represent amino acids that are very important for microorganism development, including yeast and ruminal microorganism as well as for the growth of the ruminant animal. The study was conducted using Completely Randomized Design (CRD). There were five kinds of supplements that were added into the media. So, that this experiment were A: control, B: A + 0.5% urea, C: B + 1% extract of cassava leaves, D: C + 1% isobutyrate, and E: D + 1.3% 2-methilbutyrate. There were five replicates in each treatment. The measured variables in these study were, colonies cell biomass of A. oryzae, reduced sugar, Crude Protein, and branched chain amino acid concentration. The results showed that the highest number of colonies, concentration of reduce sugar, and concentration of branched chain amino acids was obtain from the substrate of treatments D. (Animal Production 4(2): 83-88 (2002) Key words : Branched Chain Amino Acids, Branched Chain Volatile Fatty Acids, Aspergillus oryzae

Production and Nutritive Value of Indigofera zollingeriana and Leucaena leucocephala in Peatland

Abstract. This study was aimed to determine and compare the dry matter yield and nutrient content of Indigofera and Leucaena grown in peatland. This experiment was conducted in peatland type soil (type sapric) in Pekanbaru city, DM yield and nutrient contents data were analyzed by 2x3 factorial design with 3 replication. Two treatments compared were Indigofera zollingeriana (Indigofera) and Leucaena leucocephala (Leucaena). Indigofera was proven significantly higher than Leucaena in all harvest regarding dry matter (DM) of leaf and stem of 29.9% and 25%, respectively, crude protein (CP) of 23.1% and 17.6%, respectively. While neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) content of Indigofera leaf (35.9% and 25.1%, respectively) was significantly lower than those of Leucaena leaf (40.9% and 29.3%, respectively). It was concluded that the production and nutritive value of Indigofera zollingeriana was superior to Leucaena leucocephala in peatland (type sapric). Key words: Legume tree, Sapric, nutrient content, In vitro digestibiliy              Abstrak.  Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan dan membandingkan bahan kering dan kandungan nutrisi Indigofera dan Leucaena yang tumbuh di lahan gambut. Percobaan ini dilakukan di lahan gambut di Pekanbaru menggunakan pola faktorial 2x3 dengan ulangan 3 kali. Dua perlakuan yang dibandingkan adalah Indigofera zollingeriana (Indigofera) dan Leucaena leucocephala (Leucaena). Indigofera terbukti secara nyata lebih tinggi daripada Leucana di semua periode panen, berkaitan dengan kandungan BK (bahan kering) daun dan batang berturut-turut 29,9% dan 25%, dan protein kasar (PK) 23,1% dan 17,6%. sedangkan neutral detergent fibre (NDF) dan acid detergent fibre (ADF) daun indigofera berturut-turut 35,9% dan 25,1%, lebih rendah secara nyata daripada daun Leucaena, yaitu 40,9% dan 29,3%. Disimpulkan bahwa produksi dan nilai nutrisi Indigofera zollingeriana lebih tinggi dari Leucaena leucocephala di lahan gambut (jenis saprik) Kata kunci: Pohon legume, Saprik, Kandungan Nutrisi, Kecernaan in vitro

The Quality of Rice Straw by Fermented with Manure As a Feed Ruminant

An experiment was conducted the quality of rice straw by fermented with manure as feed for ruminant. Materials used in this experiment were rice straw , manure and molasses. Four treatments rice straw + 3% molasses, B= rice straw + 3% molasses +30% manure. Parameters observed were  organoleptic character , pH, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber ( NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF). The result of this experiment suggested that rice straw treated with manure 20% and 30% increased is crude protein and descreased its NDF and ADF. (Animal Production 3(2): 62-66 (2001)Key word: Rice straw, manure, fermentation, ruminant.

The Effect of Utilization Bentonite and Zeolite in the Broiler Diets on Performance and Fecal Characteristics

Ninety six commercial strain were conducted from 14 to 42 days of age to evaluate the affect of utilization zeolite and on performance of broiler and fecal characteristics. Birds were divided into four  treatment diets (4 replicates of 7 birds each): K (control), KB (K+ 1% bentonite),  KZ (K+ 1% zeolite), KBZ (K+ 1% Z+ 1% B). The birds were fed initially for two weeks a commercial starter ration and followed by treatment  diets 15 to 42 days of age. All the diets were formulated to have 20% crude protein and 3000 kcal. ME and 0.91% Ca and 0.69% P for control and 0.34% treatments. Body weights and feed intakes were measured on a weekly basis. The manure from each group was sampled on weekly basis and the  moisture content, pH and ammonia production was determined. The results showed the utilization zeolite and bentonite or both significant differences (P<0.05) on pH and (P<0.01) fecal ammonia content, but not on feces water content, final body weight, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, and carcass. (Animal Production 3(1): 1-4 (2001)

Carcass Evaluation of Crossbred Betweeen Cockerel Kampung Chicken and Layer Hen

The research was conducted to the characteristics of carcass evaluate crossbred between cockerel of kampung chicken and Lohman layer hen. Sixteen crossbred chickens and 16 kampung chickens were reared under a similar management from 2 - 12 weeks old. The chickens were given a commercial feed which contains 21% crude protein at 2 - 4 week old, and 14% crude protein and metabolizable energy 2800 kcal/kg at 4 - 12 weeks old. The data of carcass weight, rear back weight, fore back weight, breast weight, and thigh weight were collected. Meat and bone on breast and thigh were separated. The results showed that with under similar management and feeding, the carcass values of crossbred chicken were not significantly different with kampung chicken. The crossbred chickens have meat production rate of 2.83 times as compared to kampung chicken. Higher crude protein than 14% with a balance metabolizable energy will increase the quantity and quality of crossbred chicken carcass. (Animal Production 4(2): 71-76 (2002) Key Words : Carcass, Crossbred Kampung Chicken

Digestibily of Some Kind of Alternative Diets on Lesser Mouse Deer (Tragulus javanicus)

Four female lesser mouse deer (Tragulus javanicus) were used in this study to observe their feed consumption and digestibility given alternative diets in captive.  The results showed that 125g/head/day sweet potatoes supplementation in ration increased the consumption and digestibility of dry matter intake, ash, ether extract, and N-free extract. Supplementation of commercial concentrate in lesser mouse deer’s diet decreased the digestion of dry matter, ash, crude protein, and crude fiber. Animal Production 6(1): 17-22 (2004) Key Words: Digestibility, Consumption, Alternative Diets, Tragulus javanicus

Ratio of Native Grass and Concentrate in the Ration to the Quality of Milk Production of Holstein Cow

The research attempted to find out ratio of native grass and concentrate in the ration to the quality of milk production of Holstein cow. Latin Square Design was used with five treatments of ratio of native grass and concentrate ( 70 : 30%, 60 : 40%, 50 : 50%, 40 : 60%, 30 : 70%), applied using five Holstein cows at the third lactation periode and the third mounth of lactation. The variable measured were in the quality milk production consist of actual milk yield, the milk fat content, crude protein, solid non fat, efficiency of  energy bruto and energy netto, and income over feed cost. The best ratio of native grass and concentrate in the ration for the efficiency of energy bruto, energy netto and income was 50 : 50%. The milk fat content and actual milk yield have relationship form with the milk energy value. The best ratio of native grass and concentrate in the ration to increasing the milk fat content, crude protein and crude of solid non fat was 70 : 30%. (Animal Production 7(1): 14-20 (2005) Key Words : Native grass, concentrate, energy bruto, energy netto

The crude skin secretion of the pepper frog leptodactylus labyrinthicus is rich in metallo and serine peptidases

Peptidases are ubiquitous enzymes involved in diverse biological processes. Fragments from bioactive peptides have been found in skin secretions from frogs, and their presence suggests processing by peptidases. Thus, the aim of this work was to characterize the peptidase activity present in the skin secretion of Leptodactylus labyrinthicus. Zymography revealed the presence of three bands of gelatinase activity of approximately 60 kDa, 66 kDa, and 80 kDa, which the first two were calcium-dependent. These three bands were inhibited either by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and phenathroline; thus, they were characterized as metallopeptidases. Furthermore, the proteolytic enzymes identified were active only at pH 6.0–10.0, and their activity increased in the presence of CHAPS or NaCl. Experiments with fluorogenic substrates incubated with skin secretions identified aminopeptidase activity, with cleavage after leucine, proline, and alanine residues. This activity was directly proportional to the protein concentration, and it was inhibited in the presence of metallo and serine peptidase inhibitors. Besides, the optimal pH for substrate cleavage was determined to be 7.0–8.0. The results of the in gel activity assay showed that all substrates were hydrolyzed by a 45 kDa peptidase. Gly-Pro-AMC was also cleaved by a peptidase greater than 97 kDa. The data suggest the presence of dipeptidyl peptidases (DPPs) and metallopeptidases; however, further research is necessary. In conclusion, our work will help to elucidate the implication of these enzymatic activities in the processing of the bioactive peptides present in frog venom, expanding the knowledge of amphibian biology.

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae RNA-binding protein Rbp29 functions in cytoplasmic mRNA metabolism

Here we report that the Saccharomyces cerevisiae RBP29 (SGN1, YIR001C) gene encodes a 29-kDa cytoplasmic protein that binds to mRNA in vivo. Rbp29p can be co-immunoprecipitated with the poly(A) tail-binding protein Pab1p from crude yeast extracts in a dosageand RNA-dependent manner. In addition, recombinant Rbp29p binds preferentially to poly(A) with nanomolar binding affinity in vitro. Although RBP29 is not essential for cell viability, its deletion exacerbates the slow growth phenotype of yeast strains harboring mutations in the eIF4G genes TIF4631 and TIF4632. Furthermore, overexpression of RBP29 suppresses the temperaturesensitive growth phenotype of specific tif4631, tif4632, and pab1 alleles. These data suggest that Rbp29p is an mRNA-binding protein that plays a role in modulating the expression of cytoplasmic mRNA.

Affinity purification of plasmid DNA directly from crude bacterial cell lysates

We have shown previously that a sequence-specific DNA-binding protein based on the Lac repressor protein can isolate pre-purified DNA efficiently from simple buffer solution but our attempts to purify plasmids directly from crude starting materials were disappointing with unpractically low DNA yields. We have optimized tbe procedure and present a simple affinity methodology whereby plasmid DNA is purified directly by mixing two crude cell lysates, one cell lysate containing the plasmid and the other the protein affinity ligand, without the need for treatment by RNaseA. After IMAC chromatography, high purity supercoiled DNA is recovered in good yields of 100-150 μg plasmid per 200 mL shake flask culture. Moreover, the resulting DNA is free from linear or open-circular plasmid DNA, genomic DNA, RNA, and protein, to the limits of our detection. Furthermore, we show that lyophilized affinity ligand can be stored at room temperature and re-hydrated for use when required.

A Novel Invertase from a Thermophilic FungusThermomyces lanuginosus:Its Requirement of Thiol and Protein for Activation

Unlike the invertases from the mesophilic fungi and yeasts, invertase from a thermophilic fungus,Thermomyces lanuginosus,was unusually unstable bothin vivoandin vitro.The following observations suggested that the unstable nature of the enzyme activity in the cell-free extracts was due to the oxidation of the cysteine residue(s) in the enzyme molecule: (a) the addition of dithiothreitol or reduced glutathione stabilized invertase activity during storage of the extracts and also revived enzyme activity in the extracts which had become inactive with time; (b)N-ethylmaleimide, iodoacetamide, oxidized glutathione, cystine, or oxidized coenzyme A-inactivated invertase; (c) invertase activity was low when the ratio reduced/oxidized glutathione was lower and high when this ratio was higher, suggesting regulation of the enzyme by thiol/disulfide exchange reaction. In contrast to the activation of invertase by the thiol compounds and its inactivation by the disulfides in the cell-free extracts, the purified enzyme did not respond to these compounds. Following its inactivation, the purified enzyme required a helper protein in addition to dithiothreitol for maximal activation. A cellular protein was identified that promoted activation of invertase by dithiothreitol and it was called “PRIA” for theprotein which helps inrestoringinvertaseactivity. The revival of enzyme activity was due to the conversion of the inactive invertase molecules into an active form. A model is presented to explain the modulation of invertase activity by the thiol compounds and the disulfides, both in the crude cell-free extracts and in the purified preparations. The requirement of free sulfhydryl group(s) for the enzyme activity and, furthermore, the reciprocal effects of the thiols and the disulfides on invertase activity have not been reported for invertase from any other source. The finding of a novel invertase which shows a distinct mode of regulation demonstrates the diversity in an enzyme that has figured prominently in the development of biochemistry.

DNA-Mediated Charge Transport Devices for Protein Detection

Detection of biologically relevant targets, including small molecules, proteins, DNA, and RNA, is vital for fundamental research as well as clinical diagnostics. Sensors with biological elements provide a natural foundation for such devices because of the inherent recognition capabilities of biomolecules. Electrochemical DNA platforms are simple, sensitive, and do not require complex target labeling or expensive instrumentation. Sensitivity and specificity are added to DNA electrochemical platforms when the physical properties of DNA are harnessed. The inherent structure of DNA, with its stacked core of aromatic bases, enables DNA to act as a wire via DNA-mediated charge transport (DNA CT). DNA CT is not only robust over long molecular distances of at least 34 nm, but is also especially sensitive to anything that perturbs proper base stacking, including DNA mismatches, lesions, or DNA-binding proteins that distort the π-stack. Electrochemical sensors based on DNA CT have previously been used for single-nucleotide polymorphism detection, hybridization assays, and DNA-binding protein detection. Here, improvements to (i) the structure of DNA monolayers and (ii) the signal amplification with DNA CT platforms for improved sensitivity and detection are described.

First, improvements to the control over DNA monolayer formation are reported through the incorporation of copper-free click chemistry into DNA monolayer assembly. As opposed to conventional film formation involving the self-assembly of thiolated DNA, copper-free click chemistry enables DNA to be tethered to a pre-formed mixed alkylthiol monolayer. The total amount of DNA in the final film is directly related to the amount of azide in the underlying alkylthiol monolayer. DNA monolayers formed with this technique are significantly more homogeneous and lower density, with a larger amount of individual helices exposed to the analyte solution. With these improved monolayers, significantly more sensitive detection of the transcription factor TATA binding protein (TBP) is achieved.

Using low-density DNA monolayers, two-electrode DNA arrays were designed and fabricated to enable the placement of multiple DNA sequences onto a single underlying electrode. To pattern DNA onto the primary electrode surface of these arrays, a copper precatalyst for click chemistry was electrochemically activated at the secondary electrode. The location of the secondary electrode relative to the primary electrode enabled the patterning of up to four sequences of DNA onto a single electrode surface. As opposed to conventional electrochemical readout from the primary, DNA-modified electrode, a secondary microelectrode, coupled with electrocatalytic signal amplification, enables more sensitive detection with spatial resolution on the DNA array electrode surface. Using this two-electrode platform, arrays have been formed that facilitate differentiation between well-matched and mismatched sequences, detection of transcription factors, and sequence-selective DNA hybridization, all with the incorporation of internal controls.

For effective clinical detection, the two working electrode platform was multiplexed to contain two complementary arrays, each with fifteen electrodes. This platform, coupled with low density DNA monolayers and electrocatalysis with readout from a secondary electrode, enabled even more sensitive detection from especially small volumes (4 μL per well). This multiplexed platform has enabled the simultaneous detection of two transcription factors, TBP and CopG, with surface dissociation constants comparable to their solution dissociation constants.

With the sensitivity and selectivity obtained from the multiplexed, two working electrode array, an electrochemical signal-on assay for activity of the human methyltransferase DNMT1 was incorporated. DNMT1 is the most abundant human methyltransferase, and its aberrant methylation has been linked to the development of cancer. However, current methods to monitor methyltransferase activity are either ineffective with crude samples or are impractical to develop for clinical applications due to a reliance on radioactivity. Electrochemical detection of methyltransferase activity, in contrast, circumvents these issues. The signal-on detection assay translates methylation events into electrochemical signals via a methylation-specific restriction enzyme. Using the two working electrode platform combined with this assay, DNMT1 activity from tumor and healthy adjacent tissue lysate were evaluated. Our electrochemical measurements revealed significant differences in methyltransferase activity between tumor tissue and healthy adjacent tissue.

As differential activity was observed between colorectal tumor tissue and healthy adjacent tissue, ten tumor sets were subsequently analyzed for DNMT1 activity both electrochemically and by tritium incorporation. These results were compared to expression levels of DNMT1, measured by qPCR, and total DNMT1 protein content, measured by Western blot. The only trend detected was that hyperactivity was observed in the tumor samples as compared to the healthy adjacent tissue when measured electrochemically. These advances in DNA CT-based platforms have propelled this class of sensors from the purely academic realm into the realm of clinically relevant detection.

Effect of dietary protein level on the growth of Deccan mahseer fry Tor khudree Sykes

Four feeds having different protein levels were separately tested on Tor khudree fry having an average length of 23.5 mm and weight 55 mg. The best average growth of 15.66 mg and 0.456 mm/day was obtained with Feed IV which comprised rice bran, ground nut oil cake, Acetes, wheat flour and mineral mix at the ratio of 1:1:1:0.7143:0.01428. These constitute 35.29% of proteins. The Feed II which comprised R.B + G.O.C. + prawn shell + wheat flour and mineral mix at a ratio of 1:1:1:0.7143:0.01428 contained 32.61% crude proteins. It provided a growth rate of 14.83 mg and 0.440 mm per day. The conversion rates were 38.258 and 37.776 for feeds IV and II respectively. Since Feed II is cheaper than Feed IV and provides almost equal growth rate, it can be used in the nurseries for intensive rearing of T. khudree fry.