Frequency of hypertension in chronic Chagas' disease: retrospective clinical study

OBJECTIVE: To assess the frequency of hypertension in chagasic patients, as well as its clinical behavior and cardiologic findings. METHODS: We carried out a retrospective study with 225 patients with chronic Chagas' disease and hypertension (104 males), mean age of 55.1 ± 11.8. These patients were being followed up in the outpatient care clinics from 1984 to 2000. The study assessed the clinical, electrocardiographic, and radiological viewpoints. RESULTS: Of the 225 hypertensive patients (prevalence = 33.3%), 78 (34.7%) had mild hypertension, 108 (48%) had moderate hypertension, and 39 (17.3%) had severe hypertension. The association of left anterosuperior divisional block and right bundle-branch block occurred in 39 cases (17.3%), and enlargement of the cardiac area on radiological examination occurred in 93 (44.9%) of the 207 cases studied. The undetermined form of Chagas' disease was the most prevalent, 30.2% of the cases, followed by the form associated with conduction disorders in 27.1%, and the isolated form of conduction disorders in 21.3%. CONCLUSION: Chagasic patients had a frequency of hypertension similar to that of the general population, and the clinical profile of the hypertensive chagasic patients seemed not to differ a lot from that of the chagasic patients.

Estructuras regionales de Governance en Córdoba. Democracia y desempeño (Pict 2005 Joven)

La proliferación de entes intermunicipales e intralocales (que involucran actores sociales) que se ha dado en la última década, indica que los decisores políticos advierten la necesidad de avanzar en procesos de coordinación política. Sin embargo, pese a la importancia y cuantía de estas estrategias, la literatura indica que estos intentos no lograron consolidar estructuras institucionalizadas de coordinación y cooperación. Frente a la inestabilidad de estos procesos, el Gobierno Provincial en el 2001 lanzó un proyecto de constitución de Entes de Recaudación Fiscal y Gestión (primer mandato del gobernador De la Sota) y, ante el fracaso, diseñó una nueva iniciativa con la Ley de Regionalización 9602 del año 2005 y hoy en vigencia, que crea Comunidades Regionales en base a los “Departamentos de la Provincia”. Este poyecto tiene como objetivo general estudiar los procesos de coordinación socio-política en dos comunidades regionales desde la prespectiva de la gobernanza. El enfoque problematiza dos cuestiones, la democracia de las estructuras y procesos y la efectividad de los mismos en la coordinación-conducción socio-política. En base a estos dos ejes de debate se plantean dos dimensiones de análisis que orientan las siguientes hipótesis de trabajo: A- la construcción de estructuras decisorias departamentales tienen una lógica de inclusión – exclusión que condiciona la representatividad democrática de las mismas. B- La lógica de inclusión-exclusión está enmarcada en una lucha de poder entre actores y grupos con intereses, quienes ven condicionado su éxito (y por tanto el resultado estructural del conjunto) por el capital social estructural que poseen. C- La conformación de un capital social grupal en términos de normas compartidas y de vínculos estructurales, permite procesar los conflictos y condicionan el desempeño de las redes políticas.

Estructura de governance y desempeño económico-social en la provincia de Córdoba. Desarrollo de indicadores y evaluación en perspectiva comparada.

El presente proyecto pretende llevar adelante una caracterización de las estructuras de governance en dos áreas clave de política pública de la provincia de Córdoba como son el sistema previsional y el desarrollo vial. La hipótesis que guía la investigación es que estas dos áreas presentan una serie de ineficiencias que deben imputarse a factores institucionales que han impedido la generación de transacciones intertemporales eficientes y, en consecuencia, la adopción de políticas de largo plazo y de alta calidad. El objetivo general del proyecto es establecer los aspectos fundamentales de las estructuras de governance que han dado lugar a la configuración y a los resultados en estas dos áreas con el fin de realizar recomendaciones de rediseño institucional orientados a mejorar la eficiencia en estos ámbitos de la gestión pública. Los objetivos particulares son: 1) establecer las características básicas que ha asumido el policy making en el área previsional y de desarrollo de la red vial en los últimos años; 2) especificar en estas áreas los resultados de las políticas públicas, evaluándolos en términos de los resultados y elaborando al respecto una serie de indicadores que permitan establecer las brechas de eficiencia existentes; 3) establecer en cada caso las instituciones políticas implicadas y la organización de las reglas bajo las cuales las decisiones son tomadas, elaborando una serie de indicadores de “calidad institucional”; 4) precisar en cada área los actores involucrados (políticos, electores, burócratas y grupos de interés), estableciendo en cada caso los incentivos que instituciones vigentes implican para cada uno de ellos; 5) desarrollar en cada una de estas dimensiones una estrategia comparativa con la provincia de Santa Fé, de tal modo de poder dar mayor precisión a las conclusiones y a los respectivos indicadores; 6) Desarrollar un modelo formal que de cuenta de las características del proceso de policy making en las dos áreas estudiadas. La estrategia metodológica es una combinación del método comparativo con estudio de caso. Los casos seleccionados para la comparación, siguiendo el criterio de la máxima similitud, son Córdoba y Santa Fe. En cada uno de ellos se seguirá una estrategia de process-tracing, a partir de la cual, y sobre la base de diferentes técnicas de recolección de datos que incluyen pricipalmente la consulta documental y la realización de entrevistas semi-estructuradas, se procederá a reconstruir el proceso de policy making en las áreas de políticas estudiadas. La comparación permitirá mantener bajo cierto control algunas variables contextuales de tipo económico y social. Los resultados que se esperan obtener son: 1) un conjunto de indicadores relativos a la eficiencia de los resultados de las políticas estudiadas; 2) un conjunto de indicadores relativos a la calidad de las estructuras de governance en las áreas analizadas; 3) una evaluación comparativa respecto de la provincia de Santa Fé, de los incentivos derivados de las estructuras de governance en las áreas de políticas públicas estudiadas; 4) la identificación de los actores relevantes y sus orientaciones de comportamiento; 5) criterios de evaluación de los contextos institucionales más amplios que los correspondientes a las áreas especificadas pero vinculados a ellas; 6) modelos formales que den cuenta de los procesos de policy making y que permitan formular hipótesis fundadas sobre áreas diferentes de política pública; 7) una serie de recomendaciones bien fundamentadas empírica y analíticamente sobre diseño y rediseño institucional orientadas a mejorar el proceso de policy making en las áreas examinadas.

ESTRUCTURA DE GOVERNANCE Y DESEMPEÑO ECONÓMICO-SOCIAL EN LA PROVINCIA DE CÓRDOBA, 2003-2011. DESARROLLO DE INDICADORES Y EVALUACIÓN EN PERSPECTIVA COMPARADA

El presente proyecto pretende llevar adelante una caracterización de las estructuras de governance en dos áreas clave de política pública de la provincia de Córdoba como son el sistema previsional y el desarrollo vial. La hipótesis que guía la investigación es que estas dos áreas presentan una serie de ineficiencias que deben imputarse a factores institucionales que han impedido la generación de transacciones intertemporales eficientes y, en consecuencia, la adopción de políticas de largo plazo y de alta calidad. El objetivo general del proyecto es establecer los apectos fundamentales de las estructuras de governance que han dado lugar a la configuración y a los resultados en estas dos áreas con el fin de realizar recomendaciones de rediseño institucional orientados a mejorar la eficiencia en estos ámbitos de la gestión pública. Los objetivos particulares son: 1) establecer las características básicas que ha asumido el policy making en el área previsional y de desarrollo de la red vial en los últimos años; 2) especificar en estas áreas los resultados de las políticas públicas, evaluándolos en términos de los resultados y elaborando al respecto una serie de indicadores que permitan establecer las brechas de eficiencia existentes; 3) establecer en cada caso las instituciones políticas implicadas y la organización de las reglas bajo las cuales las decisiones son tomadas, elaborando una serie de indicadores de “calidad institucional”; 4) precisar en cada área los actores involucrados (políticos, electores, burócratas y grupos de interés), estableciendo en cada caso los incentivos que instituciones vigentes implican para cada uno de ellos; 5) desarrollar en cada una de estas dimensiones una estrategia comparativa con la provincia de Santa Fé, de tal modo de poder dar mayor precisión a las conclusiones y a los respectivos indicadores; 6) Desarrollar un modelo formal que de cuenta de las características del proceso de policy making en las dos áreas estudiadas. La estrategia metodológica es una combinación del método comparativo con estudio de caso. Los casos seleccionados para la comparación, siguiendo el criterio de la máxima similitud, son Córdoba y Santa Fe. En cada uno de ellos se seguirá una estrategia de process-tracing, a partir de la cual, y sobre la base de diferentes técnicas de recolección de datos que incluyen pricipalmente la consulta documental y la realización de entrevistas semi-estructuradas, se procederá a reconstruir el proceso de policy making en las áreas de políticas estudiadas. La comparación permitirá mantener bajo cierto control algunas variables contextutales de tipo económico y social. Los resultados que se esperan obtener son: 1) un conjunto de indicadores relativos a la eficiencia de los resultados de las políticas estudiadas; 2) un conjunto de indicadores relativos a la calidad de las estructuras de governance en las áreas analizadas; 3) una evaluación comparativa respecto de la provincia de Santa Fé, de los incentivos derivados de las estructuras de governance en las áreas de políticas públicas estudiadas; 4) la identificación de los actores relevantes y sus orientaciones de comportamiento; 5) criterios de evaluación de los contextos institucionales más amplios que los correspondientes a las áreas especificadas pero vinculados a ellas; 6) modelos formales que den cuenta de los procesos de policy making y que permitan formular hipótesis fundadas sobre áreas diferentes de política pública; 7) una serie de recomendaciones bien fundamentadas empírica y analíticamente sobre diseño y rediseño institucional orientadas a mejorar el proceso de policy making en las áreas examinadas. La importancia del proyecto surge de la ausencia casi total de este tipo de estudios a nivel provincial en la Argentina y la relevancia que sus resultados pueden tener en términos del diseño e implementación de políticas socio-económicas en la provincia de Córdoba.

Hepatology - A Clinical Textbook, Fifth Edition

Hepatology is an ever - changing field. The editors and authors of Hepatology − A Clinical Textbook have made every effort to provide information that is accurate and complete as of thedate of publication. However, in view of the rapid changes occurring in medical science, as well as the possibility of human error, this book may contain technical inaccuracies, typographical or other errors. Readers are advised to check the product information currently provided by the manufacturer of each drug to be administered to verify the recommen ded dose, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of the treating physician who relies on experience and knowledge about the patient to determine dosages and the best treatment for the patient. The informa tion contained herein is provided "as is" and without warranty of any kind. The editors and Flying Publisher & Kamps disclaim responsibility for any errors or omissions or for results obtained from the use of information contained herein.

Clinical and echocardiographic predictors of mortality in chagasic cardiomyopathy - systematic review

Diagnosis, prognosis and evaluation of death risk in Chagas cardiomyopathy still constitute a challenge due to the diversity of manifestations, which determine the importance of using echocardiography, tissue Doppler and biomarkers. To evaluate, within a systematic review, clinical and echocardiographic profiles of patients with chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy, which may be related to worse prognosis and major mortality risk. To perform the systematic review, we used Medline (via PubMed), LILACS and SciELO databases to identify 82 articles published from 1991 to 2012, with the following descriptors: echocardiography, mortality and Chagas disease. We selected 31 original articles, involving diagnostic and prognostic methods. The importance of Chagas disease has increased due to its emergence in Europe and United States, but most evidence came from Brazil. Among the predictors of worse prognosis and higher mortality risk are morphological and functional alterations in the left and right ventricles, evaluated by conventional echocardiography and tissue Doppler, as well as the increase in brain natriuretic peptide and troponin I concentrations. Recently, the evaluations of dyssynchrony, dysautonomia, as well as strain, strain rate and myocardial twisting were added to the diagnostic arsenal for the early differentiation of Chagas cardiomyopathy. Developments in imaging and biochemical diagnostic procedures have enabled more detailed cardiac evaluations, which demonstrate the early involvement of both ventricles, allowing a more accurate assessment of the mortality risk in Chagas disease.

Lipoprotein (a): Structure, Pathophysiology and Clinical Implications

The chemical structure of lipoprotein (a) is similar to that of LDL, from which it differs due to the presence of apolipoprotein (a) bound to apo B100 via one disulfide bridge. Lipoprotein (a) is synthesized in the liver and its plasma concentration, which can be determined by use of monoclonal antibody-based methods, ranges from < 1 mg to > 1,000 mg/dL. Lipoprotein (a) levels over 20-30 mg/dL are associated with a two-fold risk of developing coronary artery disease. Usually, black subjects have higher lipoprotein (a) levels that, differently from Caucasians and Orientals, are not related to coronary artery disease. However, the risk of black subjects must be considered. Sex and age have little influence on lipoprotein (a) levels. Lipoprotein (a) homology with plasminogen might lead to interference with the fibrinolytic cascade, accounting for an atherogenic mechanism of that lipoprotein. Nevertheless, direct deposition of lipoprotein (a) on arterial wall is also a possible mechanism, lipoprotein (a) being more prone to oxidation than LDL. Most prospective studies have confirmed lipoprotein (a) as a predisposing factor to atherosclerosis. Statin treatment does not lower lipoprotein (a) levels, differently from niacin and ezetimibe, which tend to reduce lipoprotein (a), although confirmation of ezetimibe effects is pending. The reduction in lipoprotein (a) concentrations has not been demonstrated to reduce the risk for coronary artery disease. Whenever higher lipoprotein (a) concentrations are found, and in the absence of more effective and well-tolerated drugs, a more strict and vigorous control of the other coronary artery disease risk factors should be sought.

Corporate Governance als Problemlösungsstrategie bei der GmbH

Magdeburg, Univ., Fak. für Wirtschaftswiss., Diss., 2010

Atrial Fibrillation Ablation in Systolic Dysfunction: Clinical and Echocardiographic Outcomes

Background:Heart failure and atrial fibrillation (AF) often coexist in a deleterious cycle.Objective:To evaluate the clinical and echocardiographic outcomes of patients with ventricular systolic dysfunction and AF treated with radiofrequency (RF) ablation.Methods:Patients with ventricular systolic dysfunction [ejection fraction (EF) <50%] and AF refractory to drug therapy underwent stepwise RF ablation in the same session with pulmonary vein isolation, ablation of AF nests and of residual atrial tachycardia, named "background tachycardia". Clinical (NYHA functional class) and echocardiographic (EF, left atrial diameter) data were compared (McNemar test and t test) before and after ablation.Results:31 patients (6 women, 25 men), aged 37 to 77 years (mean, 59.8±10.6), underwent RF ablation. The etiology was mainly idiopathic (19 p, 61%). During a mean follow-up of 20.3±17 months, 24 patients (77%) were in sinus rhythm, 11 (35%) being on amiodarone. Eight patients (26%) underwent more than one procedure (6 underwent 2 procedures, and 2 underwent 3 procedures). Significant NYHA functional class improvement was observed (pre-ablation: 2.23±0.56; postablation: 1.13±0.35; p<0.0001). The echocardiographic outcome also showed significant ventricular function improvement (EF pre: 44.68%±6.02%, post: 59%±13.2%, p=0.0005) and a significant left atrial diameter reduction (pre: 46.61±7.3 mm; post: 43.59±6.6 mm; p=0.026). No major complications occurred.Conclusion:Our findings suggest that AF ablation in patients with ventricular systolic dysfunction is a safe and highly effective procedure. Arrhythmia control has a great impact on ventricular function recovery and functional class improvement.

Clinical Coronary In-Stent Restenosis Follow-Up after Treatment and Analyses of Clinical Outcomes

Background: Clinical in-stent restenosis (CISR) is the main limitation of coronary angioplasty with stent implantation. Objective: Describe the clinical and angiographic characteristics of CISR and the outcomes over a minimum follow-up of 12 months after its diagnosis and treatment. Methods: We analyzed in 110 consecutive patients with CISR the clinical presentation, angiographic characteristics, treatment and combined primary outcomes (cardiovascular death, nonfatal acute myocardial infarction [AMI]) and combined secondary (unstable angina with hospitalization, target vessel revascularization and target lesion revascularization) during a minimal follow-up of one year. Results: Mean age was 61 ± 11 years (68.2% males). Clinical presentations included acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in 62.7% and proliferative ISR in 34.5%. CISR was treated with implantation of drug-eluting stents (DES) in 36.4%, Bare Metal Stent (BMS) in 23.6%, myocardial revascularization surgery in 18.2%, balloon angioplasty in 15.5% and clinical treatment in 6.4%. During a median follow-up of 19.7 months, the primary outcome occurred in 18 patients, including 6 (5.5%) deaths and 13 (11.8%) AMI events. Twenty-four patients presented a secondary outcome. Predictors of the primary outcome were CISR with DES (HR = 4.36 [1.44–12.85]; p = 0.009) and clinical treatment for CISR (HR = 10.66 [2.53–44.87]; p = 0.001). Treatment of CISR with BMS (HR = 4.08 [1.75–9.48]; p = 0.001) and clinical therapy (HR = 6.29 [1.35–29.38]; p = 0.019) emerged as predictors of a secondary outcome. Conclusion: Patients with CISR present in most cases with ACS and with a high frequency of adverse events during a medium-term follow-up.

I Brazilian Registry of Heart Failure - Clinical Aspects, Care Quality and Hospitalization Outcomes

Background:Heart failure (HF) is one of the leading causes of hospitalization in adults in Brazil. However, most of the available data is limited to unicenter registries. The BREATHE registry is the first to include a large sample of hospitalized patients with decompensated HF from different regions in Brazil.Objective:Describe the clinical characteristics, treatment and prognosis of hospitalized patients admitted with acute HF.Methods:Observational registry study with longitudinal follow-up. The eligibility criteria included patients older than 18 years with a definitive diagnosis of HF, admitted to public or private hospitals. Assessed outcomes included the causes of decompensation, use of medications, care quality indicators, hemodynamic profile and intrahospital events.Results:A total of 1,263 patients (64±16 years, 60% women) were included from 51 centers from different regions in Brazil. The most common comorbidities were hypertension (70.8%), dyslipidemia (36.7%) and diabetes (34%). Around 40% of the patients had normal left ventricular systolic function and most were admitted with a wet-warm clinical-hemodynamic profile. Vasodilators and intravenous inotropes were used in less than 15% of the studied cohort. Care quality indicators based on hospital discharge recommendations were reached in less than 65% of the patients. Intrahospital mortality affected 12.6% of all patients included.Conclusion:The BREATHE study demonstrated the high intrahospital mortality of patients admitted with acute HF in Brazil, in addition to the low rate of prescription of drugs based on evidence.

Depression as a Clinical Determinant of Dependence and Low Quality of Life in Elderly Patients with Cardiovascular Disease

Background:The aging process promotes a progressive increase in chronic-degenerative diseases. The effect of these diseases on the functional capacity has been well recognized. Another health parameter concerns “quality of life related to health”. Among the elderly population, cardiovascular diseases stand out due to the epidemiological and clinical impact. Usually, these diseases have been associated with others. This set of problems may compromise both independence and quality of life in elderly patients who seek cardiologic treatment. These health parameters have not been well contemplated by cardiologists.Objective:Evaluating, among the elderly population with cardiovascular disease, which are the most relevant clinical determinants regarding dependence and quality of life.Methods:This group was randomly and consecutively selected and four questionnaires were applied: HAQ, SF-36, PRIME-MD e Mini Mental State.Results:The study included 1,020 elderly patients, 63.3% women. The group had been between 60 and 97 years-old (mean: 75.56 ± 6.62 years-old). 61.4% were independent or mild dependence. The quality of life total score was high (HAQ: 88.66 ± 2.68). 87.8% of patients had a SF-36 total score > 66. In the multivariate analysis, the association between diagnoses and high degrees of dependence was significant only for previous stroke (p = 0.014), obesity (p < 0.001), lack of physical activity (p = 0.016), osteoarthritis (p < 0.001), cognitive impairment (p < 0.001), and major depression (p < 0.001). Analyzing the quality of life, major depression and physical illness for depression was significantly associated with all domains of the SF-36.Conclusion:Among an elderly outpatient cardiology population, dependence and quality of life clinical determinants are not cardiovascular comorbidities, especially the depression.

Clinical Differences between Subtypes of Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter: Cross-Sectional Registry of 407 Patients

Introduction:Atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter account for one third of hospitalizations due to arrhythmias, determining great social and economic impacts. In Brazil, data on hospital care of these patients is scarce.Objective:To investigate the arrhythmia subtype of atrial fibrillation and flutter patients in the emergency setting and compare the clinical profile, thromboembolic risk and anticoagulants use.Methods:Cross-sectional retrospective study, with data collection from medical records of every patient treated for atrial fibrillation and flutter in the emergency department of Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul during the first trimester of 2012.Results:We included 407 patients (356 had atrial fibrillation and 51 had flutter). Patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation were in average 5 years younger than those with persistent atrial fibrillation. Compared to paroxysmal atrial fibrillation patients, those with persistent atrial fibrillation and flutter had larger atrial diameter (48.6 ± 7.2 vs. 47.2 ± 6.2 vs. 42.3 ± 6.4; p < 0.01) and lower left ventricular ejection fraction (66.8 ± 11 vs. 53.9 ± 17 vs. 57.4 ± 16; p < 0.01). The prevalence of stroke and heart failure was higher in persistent atrial fibrillation and flutter patients. Those with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and flutter had higher prevalence of CHADS2 score of zero when compared to those with persistent atrial fibrillation (27.8% vs. 18% vs. 4.9%; p < 0.01). The prevalence of anticoagulation in patients with CHA2DS2-Vasc ≤ 2 was 40%.Conclusions:The population in our registry was similar in its comorbidities and demographic profile to those of North American and European registries. Despite the high thromboembolic risk, the use of anticoagulants was low, revealing difficulties for incorporating guideline recommendations. Public health strategies should be adopted in order to improve these rates.

One-year Mortality after an Acute Coronary Event and its Clinical Predictors: The ERICO Study

Background:Information about post-acute coronary syndrome (ACS) survival have been mostly short-term findings or based on specialized, cardiology referral centers.Objectives:To describe one-year case-fatality rates in the Strategy of Registry of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ERICO) cohort, and to study baseline characteristics as predictors.Methods:We analyzed data from 964 ERICO participants enrolled from February 2009 to December 2012. We assessed vital status by telephone contact and official death certificate searches. The cause of death was determined according to the official death certificates. We used log-rank tests to compare the probabilities of survival across subgroups. We built crude and adjusted (for age, sex and ACS subtype) Cox regression models to study if the ACS subtype or baseline characteristics were independent predictors of all-cause or cardiovascular mortality.Results:We identified 110 deaths in the cohort (case-fatality rate, 12.0%). Age [Hazard ratio (HR) = 2.04 per 10 year increase; 95% confidence interval (95%CI) = 1.75–2.38], non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (HR = 3.82 ; 95%CI = 2.21–6.60) or ST elevation myocardial infarction (HR = 2.59; 95%CI = 1.38–4.89) diagnoses, and diabetes (HR = 1.78; 95%CI = 1.20‑2.63) were significant risk factors for all-cause mortality in the adjusted models. We found similar results for cardiovascular mortality. A previous coronary artery disease diagnosis was also an independent predictor of all-cause mortality (HR = 1.61; 95%CI = 1.04–2.50), but not for cardiovascular mortality.Conclusion:We found an overall one-year mortality rate of 12.0% in a sample of post-ACS patients in a community, non-specialized hospital in São Paulo, Brazil. Age, ACS subtype, and diabetes were independent predictors of poor one‑year survival for overall and cardiovascular-related causes.